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Zhao B, Chen L, Zhang M, Nie C, Yang Q, Yu K, Xia Y. Electric-Inducive Microbial Interactions in a Thermophilic Anaerobic Digester Revealed by High-Throughput Sequencing of Micron-Scale Single Flocs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:4367-4378. [PMID: 36791305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Although conductive materials have been shown to improve efficiency in anaerobic digestion (AD) by modifying microbial interactions, the interacting network under thermophilic conditions has not been examined. To identify the true taxon-taxon associations within thermophilic anaerobic digestion (TAD) microbiome and reveal the influence of carbon cloth (CC) addition, we sampled micron-scale single flocs (40-70 μm) randomly isolated from lab-scale thermophilic digesters. Results revealed that CC addition not only significantly boosted methane yield by 25.3% but also increased the spatial heterogeneity of the community in the sludge medium. After CC addition, an evident translocation of Pseudomonas from the medium to the biofilm was observed, showing their remarkable capacity for biofilm formation. Additionally, Clostridium and Thermotogaceae tightly aggregated and steadily co-occurred in the medium and biofilm of the TAD microbiome, which might be associated with their unique extracellular sugar metabolizing style. Finally, CC induced syntrophic interaction between Syntrophomonas and denitrifiers of Rhodocyclaceae. The upregulated respiration-associated electron transferring genes (Cyst-c, complex III) on the cellular membranes of these collaborating partners indicated a potential coupling of the denitrification pathway with syntrophic acetate oxidation via direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET). These findings provide an insight into how conductive materials promote thermophilic digestion performance and open the path for improved community monitoring of biotreatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bixi Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liming Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Cailong Nie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qing Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kaiqiang Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yu Xia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Effect of Cellulase Enzyme Produced from Penicilliumchrysogenum on the Milk Production, Composition, Amino Acid, and Fatty Acid Profiles of Egyptian Buffaloes Fed a High-Forage Diet. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113066. [PMID: 34827797 PMCID: PMC8614441 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Exogenous fibrolytic enzymes can improve nutrient digestibility of feeds high in fibrous content offered to Egyptian lactating buffaloes. The proposed cellulase exclusively produced in-farm using Penicillium Chrysogenum showed higher activity in previous in vitro studies. That is why it was chosen to get tested against a well-known commercial source of cellulase enzyme from the Egyptian markets for its efficiency in increasing milk productivity and composition. Profiles of amino acids and fatty acids were also recorded. The initial results highlighted a superiority of the produced enzyme (FENZ) against the commercial source (CENZ). It was also clear that FENZ can preserve higher proportions of fatty acids in the milk, primarily conjugated linoleic acid. Based on the idea rationale, our conclusion is to promote setting a small cellulase production unit in each farm in Egypt to decrease the cost of feeding by using agricultural and agro-industrial waste during the cellulase production and feeding process. Abstract The experiment was conducted to study the effects of supplementing a cellulase enzymes cocktail to lactating buffaloes’ diet, on the nutrient intake, nutrient digestibility, and milk production performance and composition. Twenty-four lactating Egyptian buffaloes were assigned into one of the following treatments: CON—control consisted of a total mixed ration, CENZ—the total mixed ration supplemented by a commercial source of cellulase enzyme, FENZ—the total mixed ration supplemented with cellulase enzyme cocktail produced in-farm. Supplementing the diet with the in-farm source of cellulase (FENZ) had a significantly higher impact on crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber digestibility. However, FENZ tended to increase the EE digestibility compared to CENZ. FENZ showed significantly higher nutrient digestibility percentages compared to other groups. Supplementing the diet with cellulase enzymes (CON vs. ENZ) significantly increased the daily milk yield and the fat correct milk yield; both yields were significantly higher with FENZ than all groups. Oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid concentration were significantly higher with cellulase enzymes supplementation (CON vs. ENZ) and the conjugated linoleic acid concentration. Supplementing fungal cellulase enzyme produced on a farm-scale has improved milk productivity, fat yield, and milk fat unsaturated fatty acids profile in lactating buffaloes.
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Zhang Q, Li R, Guo B, Zhang L, Liu Y. Thermophilic co-digestion of blackwater and organic kitchen waste: Impacts of granular activated carbon and different mixing ratios. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 131:453-461. [PMID: 34265699 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biogas (methane) as a source of renewable energy, was produced in the anaerobic co-digestion of blackwater (BW, municipal toilet wastewater) and organic kitchen waste (KW). The impact on methane production of various BW to KW mixing ratios, with and without the addition of granular activated carbon (GAC), were studied under thermophilic (55 °C) temperatures. GAC is reported to enhance methane production in such digestions through direct interspecies electron transfer. The results showed that the co-digestion of BW and KW under the 1:2 VS ratio significantly improved the biomethane potential (BMP). In the absence of GAC, an optimal BW:KW ratio was found to be 1:2, achieving a BMP of 0.76 g CH4-COD/g feed-COD. With GAC addition, the BMP increased to 0.81 g CH4-COD/g feed-COD, the lag phase in the digestion was significantly reduced, and the methane production rate increased. Microbial communities in the BW-KW anaerobic digestion were analyzed with and without the addition of GAC. Methanothermobacter and Methanosarcina were predominant archaea in BW-KW digests, with and without GAC amendment, while a third methanogen, Methanomassiliicoccus, was enriched with the addition of GAC to the digest. Further, through SEM image, the enrichment of pili-like stucture was observed in GAC surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyi Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada; College of Petroleum Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Bing Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
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Yeoman CJ, Fields CJ, Lepercq P, Ruiz P, Forano E, White BA, Mosoni P. In Vivo Competitions between Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and Ruminoccus albus in a Gnotobiotic Sheep Model Revealed by Multi-Omic Analyses. mBio 2021; 12:e03533-20. [PMID: 33658330 PMCID: PMC8092306 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03533-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus, and Ruminococcus flavefaciens are the three predominant cellulolytic bacterial species found in the rumen. In vitro studies have shown that these species compete for adherence to, and growth upon, cellulosic biomass. Yet their molecular interactions in vivo have not heretofore been examined. Gnotobiotically raised lambs harboring a 17-h-old immature microbiota devoid of culturable cellulolytic bacteria and methanogens were inoculated first with F. succinogenes S85 and Methanobrevibacter sp. strain 87.7, and 5 months later, the lambs were inoculated with R. albus 8 and R. flavefaciens FD-1. Longitudinal samples were collected and profiled for population dynamics, gene expression, fibrolytic enzyme activity, in sacco fibrolysis, and metabolite profiling. Quantitative PCR, metagenome and metatranscriptome data show that F. succinogenes establishes at high levels initially but is gradually outcompeted following the introduction of the ruminococci. This shift resulted in an increase in carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) and xylanase activities but not in greater fibrolysis, suggesting that F. succinogenes and ruminococci deploy different but equally effective means to degrade plant cell walls. Expression profiles showed that F. succinogenes relied upon outer membrane vesicles and a diverse repertoire of CAZymes, while R. albus and R. flavefaciens preferred type IV pili and either CBM37-harboring or cellulosomal carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), respectively. The changes in cellulolytics also affected the rumen metabolome, including an increase in acetate and butyrate at the expense of propionate. In conclusion, this study provides the first demonstration of in vivo competition between the three predominant cellulolytic bacteria and provides insight on the influence of these ecological interactions on rumen fibrolytic function and metabolomic response.IMPORTANCE Ruminant animals, including cattle and sheep, depend on their rumen microbiota to digest plant biomass and convert it into absorbable energy. Considering that the extent of meat and milk production depends on the efficiency of the microbiota to deconstruct plant cell walls, the functionality of predominant rumen cellulolytic bacteria, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus, and Ruminococcus flavefaciens, has been extensively studied in vitro to obtain a better knowledge of how they operate to hydrolyze polysaccharides and ultimately find ways to enhance animal production. This study provides the first evidence of in vivo competitions between F. succinogenes and the two Ruminococcus species. It shows that a simple disequilibrium within the cellulolytic community has repercussions on the rumen metabolome and fermentation end products. This finding will have to be considered in the future when determining strategies aiming at directing rumen fermentations for animal production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl J Yeoman
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Christopher J Fields
- Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Pascale Lepercq
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Ruiz
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 454 MEDIS, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Evelyne Forano
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 454 MEDIS, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bryan A White
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Pascale Mosoni
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 454 MEDIS, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Pang J, Liu ZY, Hao M, Zhang YF, Qi QS. An isolated cellulolytic Escherichia coli from bovine rumen produces ethanol and hydrogen from corn straw. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:165. [PMID: 28652866 PMCID: PMC5483281 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0852-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignocellulosic biomass is the most abundant resource on earth. Lignocellulose is mainly composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. The special construction of three kinds of constituents led to the prevention of effective degradation. The goal of this work was to investigate the great potentials of bovine rumen for novel cellulolytic bacterial isolation, which may be used for chemicals and biofuel production from lignocellulose. RESULTS A cellulolytic strain, ZH-4, was isolated from Inner Mongolia bovine rumen. This strain was identified as Escherichia coli by morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA gene sequencing. The extracellular enzyme activity analysis showed that this strain produces extracellular cellulases with an exoglucanase activity of 9.13 IU, an endoglucanase activity of 5.31 IU, and a β-glucosidase activity of 7.27 IU at the pH 6.8. This strain was found to produce 0.36 g/L ethanol and 4.71 mL/g hydrogen from corn straw with cellulose degradation ratio of 14.30% and hemicellulose degradation ratio of 11.39%. CONCLUSIONS It is the first time that a cellulolytic E. coli was isolated and characterized form the bovine rumen. This provided a great opportunity for researchers to investigate the evolution mechanisms of the microorganisms in the rumen and provided great chance to produce biofuels and chemicals directly from engineered E. coli using consolidated bioprocess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Pang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010051 Inner Mongolia China
| | - Zhan-Ying Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010051 Inner Mongolia China
| | - Min Hao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010051 Inner Mongolia China
| | - Yong-Feng Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010051 Inner Mongolia China
- Institute of Coal Conversion & Cyclic Economy, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010051 Inner Mongolia China
| | - Qing-Sheng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 China
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Grimaldi R, Cela D, Swann JR, Vulevic J, Gibson GR, Tzortzis G, Costabile A. In vitro fermentation of B-GOS: impact on faecal bacterial populations and metabolic activity in autistic and non-autistic children. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2017; 93:fiw233. [PMID: 27856622 PMCID: PMC5155555 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) often suffer gastrointestinal problems consistent with imbalances in the gut microbial population. Treatment with antibiotics or pro/prebiotics has been postulated to regulate microbiota and improve gut symptoms, but there is a lack of evidence for such approaches, especially for prebiotics. This study assessed the influence of a prebiotic galactooligosaccharide (B-GOS) on gut microbial ecology and metabolic function using faecal samples from autistic and non-autistic children in an in vitro gut model system. Bacteriology was analysed using flow cytometry combined with fluorescence in situ hybridization and metabolic activity by HPLC and 1H-NMR. Consistent with previous studies, the microbiota of children with ASD contained a higher number of Clostridium spp. and a lower number of bifidobacteria compared with non-autistic children. B-GOS administration significantly increased bifidobacterial populations in each compartment of the models, both with autistic and non-autistic-derived samples, and lactobacilli in the final vessel of non-autistic models. In addition, changes in other bacterial population have been seen in particular for Clostridium, Rosburia, Bacteroides, Atopobium, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Sutterella spp. and Veillonellaceae. Furthermore, the addition of B-GOS to the models significantly altered short-chain fatty acid production in both groups, and increased ethanol and lactate in autistic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Grimaldi
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Drinalda Cela
- Democritus University of Thrace, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
| | - Jonathan R Swann
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jelena Vulevic
- Clasado Research Services Ltd., Science and Technology Centre, University of Reading, Reading RG2 9GW, UK
| | - Glenn R Gibson
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
| | - George Tzortzis
- Clasado Research Services Ltd., Science and Technology Centre, University of Reading, Reading RG2 9GW, UK
| | - Adele Costabile
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Life Sciences Department, Whitelands College, University of Roehampton, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Khattab MS, Tawab AMAE, Fouad MT. Isolation and Characterization of Anaerobic Bacteria from Frozen
Rumen Liquid and its Potential Characterizations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE 2016; 12:47-51. [DOI: 10.3923/ijds.2017.47.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Long-Term Enrichment on Cellulose or Xylan Causes Functional and Taxonomic Convergence of Microbial Communities from Anaerobic Digesters. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 82:1519-1529. [PMID: 26712547 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03360-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose and xylan are two major components of lignocellulosic biomass, which represents a potentially important energy source, as it is abundant and can be converted to methane by microbial action. However, it is recalcitrant to hydrolysis, and the establishment of a complete anaerobic digestion system requires a specific repertoire of microbial functions. In this study, we maintained 2-year enrichment cultures of anaerobic digestion sludge amended with cellulose or xylan to investigate whether a cellulose- or xylan-digesting microbial system could be assembled from sludge previously used to treat neither of them. While efficient methane-producing communities developed under mesophilic (35°C) incubation, they did not under thermophilic (55°C) conditions. Illumina amplicon sequencing results of the archaeal and bacterial 16S rRNA genes revealed that the mature cultures were much lower in richness than the inocula and were dominated by single archaeal (genus Methanobacterium) and bacterial (order Clostridiales) groups, although at finer taxonomic levels the bacteria were differentiated by substrates. Methanogenesis was primarily via the hydrogenotrophic pathway under all conditions, although the identity and growth requirements of syntrophic acetate-oxidizing bacteria were unclear. Incubation conditions (substrate and temperature) had a much greater effect than inoculum source in shaping the mature microbial community, although analysis based on unweighted UniFrac distance found that the inoculum still determined the pool from which microbes could be enriched. Overall, this study confirmed that anaerobic digestion sludge treating nonlignocellulosic material is a potential source of microbial cellulose- and xylan-digesting functions given appropriate enrichment conditions.
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Vanwonterghem I, Jensen PD, Dennis PG, Hugenholtz P, Rabaey K, Tyson GW. Deterministic processes guide long-term synchronised population dynamics in replicate anaerobic digesters. THE ISME JOURNAL 2014; 8:2015-28. [PMID: 24739627 PMCID: PMC4184015 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2014.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A replicate long-term experiment was conducted using anaerobic digestion (AD) as a model process to determine the relative role of niche and neutral theory on microbial community assembly, and to link community dynamics to system performance. AD is performed by a complex network of microorganisms and process stability relies entirely on the synergistic interactions between populations belonging to different functional guilds. In this study, three independent replicate anaerobic digesters were seeded with the same diverse inoculum, supplied with a model substrate, α-cellulose, and operated for 362 days at a 10-day hydraulic residence time under mesophilic conditions. Selective pressure imposed by the operational conditions and model substrate caused large reproducible changes in community composition including an overall decrease in richness in the first month of operation, followed by synchronised population dynamics that correlated with changes in reactor performance. This included the synchronised emergence and decline of distinct Ruminococcus phylotypes at day 148, and emergence of a Clostridium and Methanosaeta phylotype at day 178, when performance became stable in all reactors. These data suggest that many dynamic functional niches are predictably filled by phylogenetically coherent populations over long time scales. Neutral theory would predict that a complex community with a high degree of recognised functional redundancy would lead to stochastic changes in populations and community divergence over time. We conclude that deterministic processes may play a larger role in microbial community dynamics than currently appreciated, and under controlled conditions it may be possible to reliably predict community structural and functional changes over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inka Vanwonterghem
- Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics (ACE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul D Jensen
- Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul G Dennis
- Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics (ACE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Philip Hugenholtz
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics (ACE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Korneel Rabaey
- Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Laboratory for Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gene W Tyson
- Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics (ACE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Nyonyo T, Shinkai T, Mitsumori M. Improved culturability of cellulolytic rumen bacteria and phylogenetic diversity of culturable cellulolytic and xylanolytic bacteria newly isolated from the bovine rumen. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2014; 88:528-37. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thet Nyonyo
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Tsukuba; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Takumi Shinkai
- National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Makoto Mitsumori
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Tsukuba; Tsukuba Japan
- National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science; Tsukuba Japan
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REVIEW: The rumen microbiome: Composition, abundance, diversity, and new investigative tools. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Caunii A, Pribac G, Grozea I, Gaitin D, Samfira I. Design of optimal solvent for extraction of bio-active ingredients from six varieties of Medicago sativa. Chem Cent J 2012; 6:123. [PMID: 23098128 PMCID: PMC3495705 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-6-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Extensive research has been performed worldwide and important evidences were collected to show the immense potential of plants used in various traditional therapeutic systems. The aim of this work is to investigate the different extracting solvents in terms of the influence of their polarity on the extracting ability of bioactive molecules (phenolic compounds) from the M. sativa flowers. Results The total phenolic content of samples was determined using the Folin Ciocalteu (FC) procedure and their antioxidant activity was assayed through in vitro radical decomposing activity using the radical DPPH° assay (IUPAC name for DPPH is (phenyl)–(2,4,6–trinitrophenyl) iminoazanium). The results showed that water was better than methanol and acetic acid for extracting bioactive compounds, in particular for total phenolic compounds from the flowers of alfalfa. The average content of bioactive molecules in methanol extract was 263.5±1.02 mg GAE/100g of dry weight lyophilized extract. The total phenolic content of the tested plant extracts was highly correlated with the radical decomposing activity. However, all extracts were free–radical inhibitors, but the water extract was more potent than the acetic and the methanol ones. The order of inhibitor effectiveness (expressed by IC50) proved to be: water extract (0.924mg/mL) > acetic acid extract (0.154mg/mL) > methanol (0.079mg/mL). The profiles of each extract (fingerprint) were characterized by FT–MIR spectroscopy. Conclusions The present study compares the fingerprint of different extracts of the M. sativa flowers, collected from the wild flora of Romania. The total phenolic content of the tested plant extracts was highly correlated with the radical decomposing activity. The dependence of the extract composition on the solvent polarity (acetic acid vs. methanol vs. water) was revealed by UV–VIS spectrometry and Infrared fingerprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Caunii
- Plant Protection Department, Grassland Department, Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine from Timisoara, Calea Aradului no, 119, Timisoara, 300645, Romania.
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Abstract
Most of the microorganisms responsible for nutrient cycling in the environment have yet to be cultivated, and this could include those species responsible for the degradation of cellulose. Known cellulases are well defined at the protein sequence level, but gene variants are difficult to amplify from environmental DNA. The identification of novel cellulase genes independent of DNA amplification is made possible by adopting a direct metagenome sequencing approach to provide genes that can be cloned, expressed, and characterized prior to potential exploitation, all in the absence of any information on the species from which they originated. In this chapter, emerging strategies and methods that will enable the identification of novel cellulase genes and provide an unbiased perspective on gene expression in situ are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Rooks
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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