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Robinson K, Neal KR, Howard C, Stockton J, Atkinson K, Scarth E, Moran J, Robins A, Todd I, Kaczmarski E, Gray S, Muscat I, Slack R, Ala'Aldeen DAA. Characterization of humoral and cellular immune responses elicited by meningococcal carriage. Infect Immun 2002; 70:1301-9. [PMID: 11854214 PMCID: PMC127751 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.3.1301-1309.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to study the immune response elicited by asymptomatic carriage of Neisseria meningitidis, samples of serum, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and saliva were collected from a cohort of more than 200 undergraduate students in Nottingham, United Kingdom, who were subject to high rates of acquisition and carriage of meningococci. Serum immunoglobulin G levels were elevated following increases in the rate of carriage, and these responses were specific for the colonizing strains. In order to investigate T-cell responses, PBMCs from 15 individuals were stimulated with a whole-cell lysate of the H44/76 meningococcal strain (B:15:P1.7,16), stained to detect cell surface markers and intracellular cytokines, and examined by flow cytometry. The cells were analyzed for expression of CD69 (to indicate activation), gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) (a representative T-helper 1 subset [Th1]-associated cytokine), and interleukin-5 (IL-5) (a Th2-associated cytokine). Following a brief meningococcal stimulation, the numbers of CD69(+) IFN-gamma(+) CD56/16(+) NK cells were much higher than cytokine-positive CD4(+) events. Both IFN-gamma(+) and IL-5(+) events were detected among the CD69(+) CD4(+) population, leading to the conclusion that an unbiased T-helper subset response was elicited by meningococcal carriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Robinson
- Divisions of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Public Health Medicine and Epidemiology, Immunology, Molecular Bacteriology and Immunology Group, University Hospital, Nottingham, Meningococcal Reference Unit, Public Health Laboratory Service, Withington Hospital, Manchester, Department of Pathology, The General Hospital, Jersey, United Kingdom
| | - K. R. Neal
- Divisions of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Public Health Medicine and Epidemiology, Immunology, Molecular Bacteriology and Immunology Group, University Hospital, Nottingham, Meningococcal Reference Unit, Public Health Laboratory Service, Withington Hospital, Manchester, Department of Pathology, The General Hospital, Jersey, United Kingdom
| | - C. Howard
- Divisions of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Public Health Medicine and Epidemiology, Immunology, Molecular Bacteriology and Immunology Group, University Hospital, Nottingham, Meningococcal Reference Unit, Public Health Laboratory Service, Withington Hospital, Manchester, Department of Pathology, The General Hospital, Jersey, United Kingdom
| | - J. Stockton
- Divisions of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Public Health Medicine and Epidemiology, Immunology, Molecular Bacteriology and Immunology Group, University Hospital, Nottingham, Meningococcal Reference Unit, Public Health Laboratory Service, Withington Hospital, Manchester, Department of Pathology, The General Hospital, Jersey, United Kingdom
| | - K. Atkinson
- Divisions of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Public Health Medicine and Epidemiology, Immunology, Molecular Bacteriology and Immunology Group, University Hospital, Nottingham, Meningococcal Reference Unit, Public Health Laboratory Service, Withington Hospital, Manchester, Department of Pathology, The General Hospital, Jersey, United Kingdom
| | - E. Scarth
- Divisions of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Public Health Medicine and Epidemiology, Immunology, Molecular Bacteriology and Immunology Group, University Hospital, Nottingham, Meningococcal Reference Unit, Public Health Laboratory Service, Withington Hospital, Manchester, Department of Pathology, The General Hospital, Jersey, United Kingdom
| | - J. Moran
- Divisions of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Public Health Medicine and Epidemiology, Immunology, Molecular Bacteriology and Immunology Group, University Hospital, Nottingham, Meningococcal Reference Unit, Public Health Laboratory Service, Withington Hospital, Manchester, Department of Pathology, The General Hospital, Jersey, United Kingdom
| | - A. Robins
- Divisions of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Public Health Medicine and Epidemiology, Immunology, Molecular Bacteriology and Immunology Group, University Hospital, Nottingham, Meningococcal Reference Unit, Public Health Laboratory Service, Withington Hospital, Manchester, Department of Pathology, The General Hospital, Jersey, United Kingdom
| | - I. Todd
- Divisions of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Public Health Medicine and Epidemiology, Immunology, Molecular Bacteriology and Immunology Group, University Hospital, Nottingham, Meningococcal Reference Unit, Public Health Laboratory Service, Withington Hospital, Manchester, Department of Pathology, The General Hospital, Jersey, United Kingdom
| | - E. Kaczmarski
- Divisions of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Public Health Medicine and Epidemiology, Immunology, Molecular Bacteriology and Immunology Group, University Hospital, Nottingham, Meningococcal Reference Unit, Public Health Laboratory Service, Withington Hospital, Manchester, Department of Pathology, The General Hospital, Jersey, United Kingdom
| | - S. Gray
- Divisions of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Public Health Medicine and Epidemiology, Immunology, Molecular Bacteriology and Immunology Group, University Hospital, Nottingham, Meningococcal Reference Unit, Public Health Laboratory Service, Withington Hospital, Manchester, Department of Pathology, The General Hospital, Jersey, United Kingdom
| | - I. Muscat
- Divisions of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Public Health Medicine and Epidemiology, Immunology, Molecular Bacteriology and Immunology Group, University Hospital, Nottingham, Meningococcal Reference Unit, Public Health Laboratory Service, Withington Hospital, Manchester, Department of Pathology, The General Hospital, Jersey, United Kingdom
| | - R. Slack
- Divisions of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Public Health Medicine and Epidemiology, Immunology, Molecular Bacteriology and Immunology Group, University Hospital, Nottingham, Meningococcal Reference Unit, Public Health Laboratory Service, Withington Hospital, Manchester, Department of Pathology, The General Hospital, Jersey, United Kingdom
| | - D. A. A. Ala'Aldeen
- Divisions of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Public Health Medicine and Epidemiology, Immunology, Molecular Bacteriology and Immunology Group, University Hospital, Nottingham, Meningococcal Reference Unit, Public Health Laboratory Service, Withington Hospital, Manchester, Department of Pathology, The General Hospital, Jersey, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author. Mailing address: Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, A Floor West Block, University Hospital, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom. Phone: 44 (0)115-849-3321. Fax: 44 (0)115-970-9233. E-mail:
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Rudney JD. Does variability in salivary protein concentrations influence oral microbial ecology and oral health? CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 1995; 6:343-67. [PMID: 8664423 DOI: 10.1177/10454411950060040501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Salivary protein interactions with oral microbes in vitro include aggregation, adherence, cell-killing, inhibition of metabolism, and nutrition. Such interactions might be expected to influence oral ecology. However, inconsistent results have been obtained from in vivo tests of the hypothesis that quantitative variation in salivary protein concentrations will affect oral disease prevalence. Results may have been influenced by choices made during study design, including saliva source, stimulation status, control for flow rate, and assay methods. Salivary protein concentrations also may be subject to circadian variation. Values for saliva collected at the same time of day tend to remain consistent within subjects, but events such as stress, inflammation, infection, menstruation, or pregnancy may induce short-term changes. Long-term factors such as aging, systemic disease, or medication likewise may influence salivary protein concentrations. Such sources of variation may increase the sample size needed to find statistically significant differences. Clinical studies also must consider factors such as human population variation, strain and species differences in protein-microbe interactions, protein polymorphism, and synergistic or antagonistic interaction between proteins. Salivary proteins may form heterotypic complexes with unique effects, and different proteins may exert redundant effects. Patterns of protein-microbe interaction also may differ between oral sites. Future clinical studies must take those factors into account. Promising approaches might involve meta-analysis or multi-center studies, retrospective and prospective longitudinal designs, short-term measurement of salivary protein effects, and consideration of individual variation in multiple protein effects such as aggregation, adherence, and cell-killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Rudney
- Department of Oral Science, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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