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Tuuminen T, Lounamo K, Leirisalo-Repo M. A review of serological tests to assist diagnosis of reactive arthritis: critical appraisal on methodologies. Front Immunol 2013; 4:418. [PMID: 24363655 PMCID: PMC3849596 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
On a population-based level, the incidence of reactive arthritis (ReA) is 0.6–27/100,000. The definition of ReA varies and its pathogenesis is not yet clear. Attempts in basic immunology to suggest hypotheses for proliferation of forbidden B cell clones, molecular mimicry, and involvement of cross-reactive antibodies are helpful but not sufficient. Importantly, for the clinical diagnosis of the preceding infection, serology is widely used. Unfortunately, the accuracy of associations between serologic findings and clinical conclusions is plagued by poor standardization of methods. So far, few attempts have been done to examine the pitfalls of different approaches. Here, we review several serologic techniques, their performance and limitations. We will focus on serology for Yersinia, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, and Chlamydia trachomatis because these bacteria have a longer history of being associated with ReA. We also address controversies regarding the role of serology for some other bacteria linked to autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Tuuminen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland ; Eastern Finland Laboratory Centre Joint Authority Enterprise (ISLAB), Mikkeli District Laboratory , Mikkeli , Finland
| | - Kari Lounamo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Health Centre of Lahti , Lahti , Finland
| | - Marjatta Leirisalo-Repo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland ; Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
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Recrudescent Campylobacter jejuni infection in an immunocompetent adult following experimental infection with a well-characterized organism. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 17:80-6. [PMID: 19923572 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00252-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The recrudescence of infection with Campylobacter jejuni after appropriate antibiotic treatment has not been previously reported in an immunocompetent adult. We present the complete clinical, microbiologic, and immunologic evaluation of a closely monitored healthy male with recrudescent C. jejuni infection occurring in the absence of immunodeficiency following experimental infection with a well-characterized strain. After antibiotic treatment, the initial infection was clinically cleared and microbiologically undetectable. Subsequently, two episodes of recrudescence occurred, with no change in in vitro antibiotic sensitivity being detected. The immune responses of the individual were compared to those of other participants in the experimental infection study: innate immune responses, including fecal cytokines and C-reactive protein, were intact; however, measures of Campylobacter-specific adaptive immune responses were absent, including serum antibodies, antibody-secreting cells, and in vitro gamma interferon responses. No primary or secondary immunodeficiency was identified. Recrudescent Campylobacter infections after treatment may be more common than has previously been appreciated. This work adds to our understanding of the human immune response to natural Campylobacter infection and reiterates the importance of pathogen-specific adaptive immune responses to this globally important pathogen.
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Scott NE, Bogema DR, Connolly AM, Falconer L, Djordjevic SP, Cordwell SJ. Mass Spectrometric Characterization of the Surface-Associated 42 kDa Lipoprotein JlpA as a Glycosylated Antigen in Strains of Campylobacter jejuni. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:4654-64. [DOI: 10.1021/pr900544x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nichollas E. Scott
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, The University of Sydney, Australia 2006, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Camden, Australia 2570, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia 2522, and Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia 2006
| | - Daniel R. Bogema
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, The University of Sydney, Australia 2006, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Camden, Australia 2570, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia 2522, and Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia 2006
| | - Angela M. Connolly
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, The University of Sydney, Australia 2006, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Camden, Australia 2570, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia 2522, and Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia 2006
| | - Linda Falconer
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, The University of Sydney, Australia 2006, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Camden, Australia 2570, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia 2522, and Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia 2006
| | - Steven P. Djordjevic
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, The University of Sydney, Australia 2006, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Camden, Australia 2570, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia 2522, and Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia 2006
| | - Stuart J. Cordwell
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, The University of Sydney, Australia 2006, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Camden, Australia 2570, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia 2522, and Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia 2006
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Avidan O, Kaltageser E, Pechatnikov I, Wexler HM, Shainskaya A, Nitzan Y. Isolation and characterization of porins from Desulfovibrio piger and Bilophila wadsworthia: structure and gene sequencing. Arch Microbiol 2008; 190:641-50. [PMID: 18709355 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-008-0416-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2008] [Revised: 06/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The outer membrane proteins of Desulfovibrio piger and Bilophila wadsworthia (Omp-DP and Omp-BW, respectively) and the genes encoding them (omp-DP and omp-BW) were isolated and characterized. Native Omp-DP and Omp-BW form a trimeric structure of approximately 120 kDa. These proteins disaggregated into monomers with a molecular weight of approximately 53 kDa after heating at 95 degrees C for 10 min. The pore-forming abilities of these oligomeric proteins demonstrated that they form small nonspecific channels with an exclusion limit of 260-300 Da. The omp-DP and omp-BW genes were cloned and sequenced. Sequence analyses revealed an open reading frame of 1,512 bp for omp-DP and 1,440 bp for omp-BW. The mature Omp-DP protein consisted of 480 amino acids and had a calculated MW of 53,290 Da. The mature Omp-BW protein consisted of 456 amino acids and had a calculated MW of 50.050 Da. Alignment of Omp-DP with Omp-BW revealed 54% homology, whereas alignment with other known porins showed a low level of homology. Analysis of the secondary structures indicated that both proteins span the outer membrane 18 times with amphipathic beta-strands. This research presents porins which were isolated and characterized for the first time from bacteria belonging to the Desulfovibrionaceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofir Avidan
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, 52900 Ramat Gan, Israel
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McNally DJ, Jarrell HC, Khieu NH, Li J, Vinogradov E, Whitfield DM, Szymanski CM, Brisson JR. The HS:19 serostrain of Campylobacter jejuni has a hyaluronic acid-type capsular polysaccharide with a nonstoichiometric sorbose branch and O-methyl phosphoramidate group. FEBS J 2006; 273:3975-89. [PMID: 16879613 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05401.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A recent study that examined multiple strains of Campylobacter jejuni reported that HS:19, a serostrain that has been associated with the onset of Guillain-Barré syndrome, had unidentified labile, capsular polysaccharide (CPS) structures. In this study, we expand on this observation by using current glyco-analytical technologies to characterize these unknown groups. Capillary electrophoresis electrospray ionization MS and NMR analysis with a cryogenically cooled probe (cold probe) of CPS purified using a gentle enzymatic method revealed a hyaluronic acid-type [-4)-beta-D-GlcA6NGro-(1-3)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1-]n repeating unit, where NGro is 2-aminoglycerol. A labile alpha-sorbofuranose branch located at C2 of GlcA was determined to have the L configuration using a novel pyranose oxidase assay and is the first report of this sugar in a bacterial glycan. A labile O-methyl phosphoramidate group, CH3OP(O)(NH2)(OR) (MeOPN), was found at C4 of GlcNAc. Structural heterogeneity of the CPS was due to nonstoichiometric glycosylation with sorbose at C2 of GlcA and the nonstoichiometric, variably methylated phosphoramidate group. Examination of whole bacterial cells using high-resolution magic angle spinning NMR revealed that the MeOPN group is a prominent feature on the cell surface for this serostrain. These results are reminiscent of those in the 11168 and HS:1 strains and suggest that decoration of CPS with nonstoichiometric elements such as keto sugars and the phosphoramidate is a common mechanism used by this bacterium to produce a structurally complex surface glycan from a limited number of genes. The findings of this work with the HS:19 serostrain now present a means to explore the role of CPS as a virulence factor in C. jejuni.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J McNally
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa Ontario, Canada
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Labesse G, Garnotel E, Bonnel S, Dumas C, Pages JM, Bolla JM. MOMP, a divergent porin from Campylobacter: cloning and primary structural characterization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 280:380-7. [PMID: 11162527 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.4129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We report a structural analysis at the molecular level of MOMP from Campylobacter, a gram-negative bacteria responsible for diarrhea. The corresponding gene was cloned and sequenced. Sequence comparison of seven MOMP sequences (three extracted from protein databases and four determined in this study) from distinct strains indicated alternation of preserved and divergent regions. No other significant sequence similarities could be detected. Comparison of MOMP with the crystal structures of other porins strongly suggested that it might adopt a similar fold and revealed the conservation of the monomer-monomer interface. The conservation clustered in the regions comprising or interacting with the loop L2. On the contrary, strands not involved in the interface are more divergent. Proteolysis assays and biochemical treatment supported the proposed model. Our study suggested that MOMP belong to the maltoporin super-family sharing common structural motifs. In view of this model we discuss its specificity and its global stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Labesse
- INSERM-CJF, 9606 Faculté de Médecine, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 5, France
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