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Probiotic-Based Vaccines May Provide Effective Protection against COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Disease. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050466. [PMID: 34066443 PMCID: PMC8148110 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus (SARS-CoV-2) infection, the causative agent of COVID-19, now represents the sixth Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC)—as declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) since 2009. Considering that SARS-CoV-2 is mainly transmitted via the mucosal route, a therapy administered by this same route may represent a desirable approach to fight SARS-CoV-2 infection. It is now widely accepted that genetically modified microorganisms, including probiotics, represent attractive vehicles for oral or nasal mucosal delivery of therapeutic molecules. Previous studies have shown that the mucosal administration of therapeutic molecules is able to induce an immune response mediated by specific serum IgG and mucosal IgA antibodies along with mucosal cell-mediated immune responses, which effectively concur to neutralize and eradicate infections. Therefore, advances in the modulation of mucosal immune responses, and in particular the use of probiotics as live delivery vectors, may encourage prospective studies to assess the effectiveness of genetically modified probiotics for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Emerging trends in the ever-progressing field of vaccine development re-emphasize the contribution of adjuvants, along with optimization of codon usage (when designing a synthetic gene), expression level, and inoculation dose to elicit specific and potent protective immune responses. In this review, we will highlight the existing pre-clinical and clinical information on the use of genetically modified microorganisms in control strategies against respiratory and non-respiratory viruses. In addition, we will discuss some controversial aspects of the use of genetically modified probiotics in modulating the cross-talk between mucosal delivery of therapeutics and immune system modulation.
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Chen L, Wu D, Schlundt J, Conway PL. Development of a Dairy-Free Fermented Oat-Based Beverage With Enhanced Probiotic and Bioactive Properties. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:609734. [PMID: 33343554 PMCID: PMC7744343 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.609734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus fermentum PC1 with proven probiotic properties was used to ferment oats with added honey to develop a probiotic beverage with enhanced bioactive ingredients. The viable Lactobacilli were enumerated during the fermentation and storage at 4°C, as well as after exposure to simulated gastrointestinal tract conditions. Good survival was noted both during storage as well as when exposed to the in vitro digestive tract conditions. Comparative analysis of the antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and phenolic composition indicated fermentation improved the total antioxidant capacity and phenolic acid concentration. An increase of more than 50% of gallic acid, catechin, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid was observed in the methanol extracts. Moreover, no significant decrease in the β-glucan content was noted during fermentation and storage. In conclusion, this fermented product has a great potential as a functional food with enhanced probiotic survival and increased bioactive ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Nanyang Technological University Food Technology Centre (NAFTEC), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daoyan Wu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Key Laboratory of Biological Resource and Ecological Environment of Chinese Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Joergen Schlundt
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Nanyang Technological University Food Technology Centre (NAFTEC), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Patricia L Conway
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Nanyang Technological University Food Technology Centre (NAFTEC), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Alshammari E, Patel M, Sachidanandan M, Kumar P, Adnan M. Potential Evaluation and Health Fostering Intrinsic Traits of Novel Probiotic Strain Enterococcus durans F3 Isolated from the Gut of Fresh Water Fish Catla catla. Food Sci Anim Resour 2019; 39:844-861. [PMID: 31728452 PMCID: PMC6837897 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2019.e57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, marine environment was found to be a source of surplus
natural products and microorganisms with new bioactive secondary metabolites of
interest which can divulge nutritional and biological impact on the host. This
study aims to assess the possible, inherent and functional probiotic properties
of a novel probiotic strain Enterococcus durans F3 (E.
durans F3) isolated from the gut of fresh water fish Catla
catla. Parameters for evaluating and describing the probiotics
described in FAD/WHO guidelines were followed. E. durans F3
demonstrated affirmative results including simulated bile, acid and gastric
juice tolerance with exhibited significant bactericidal effect against pathogens
Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Typhi,
Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa. This can be due to the enterocin produced by E.
durans F3 strain, which was resolute by sodium dodecyl sulphate
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) gel with amplification of the
anticipated fragment of a structural gene; enterocin A, followed by antibiotic
susceptibility assessment. Effective antioxidant potentiality against
α-diphenyl-α-picrylhydrazyl free radicals including lipase, bile
salt hydrolase activity with auto-aggregation and cell surface hydrophobicity
was similarly observed. Results are proving the potentiality of E.
durans F3, which can also be used as probiotic starter culture in
dairy industries for manufacturing new products that imparts health benefits to
the host. Finding the potent and novel probiotic strains will also satisfy the
current developing market demand for probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyad Alshammari
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mitesh Patel
- Department of Biosciences, Bapalal Vaidya Botanical Research Centre, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, Gujarat 395007, India
| | | | | | - Mohd Adnan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia
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Mukdsi MA, Argañaraz Martínez E, Chaia AP, Medina R. Feruloyl esterase activity is influenced by bile, probiotic intestinal adhesion and milk fat. Benef Microbes 2016; 7:597-607. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2015.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cinnamoyl esterases (CE) are microbial and mammalian intestinal enzymes able to release antioxidant hydroxycinnamic acids from their non-digestible ester-linked forms naturally present in vegetable foods. Previous findings showed that oral administration of Lactobacillus fermentum CRL1446 increased intestinal CE activity and improved oxidative status in mice. The aim of this work was to evaluate the in vitro CE activity of L. fermentum CRL1446 and the effect of bile on this activity, as well as strain resistance to simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT) conditions and its ability to adhere to intestinal epithelium and influence its basal CE activity. L. fermentum CRL1446 and L. fermentum ATCC14932 (positive control for CE activity) were able to hydrolyse different synthetic hydroxycinnamates, with higher specificity toward methyl ferulate (3,853.73 and 899.19 U/g, respectively). Feruloyl esterase (FE) activity was mainly intracellular in L. fermentum CRL1446 and cell-surface associated in L. fermentum ATCC14932. Both strains tolerated simulated GIT conditions and were able to adhere ex vivo to intestinal epithelium. Pre-incubation of L. fermentum strains with bile increased FE activity in both whole cells and supernatants (~2-fold), compared to controls, suggesting that cells were permeabilised by bile, allowing more substrate to enter the cell and/or leakage of FE enzymes. Three-fold higher FE activities were detected in intestinal tissue fragments with adhered L. fermentum CRL1446 cells compared to control fragments (without bacteria), indicating that this strain provides exogenous FE activity and could stimulate esterase activity in the intestinal mucosa. Finally, we found that milk fat had a negative effect on FE activity of intestinal tissue, in absence or presence of adhered L. fermentum. These results help explaining the increase in intestinal FE activity previously observed in mice fed with L. fermentum CRL1446, and support the potential use of this strain for the development of new functional foods directed to oxidative stress-related ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.C. Abeijón Mukdsi
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA)-CONICET, Chacabuco 145, 4000 Tucumán, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Norte Santo Tomás de Aquino, 9 de Julio 165, 4000 Tucumán, Argentina
| | | | - A. Perez Chaia
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA)-CONICET, Chacabuco 145, 4000 Tucumán, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Ayacucho 491, 4000 Tucumán, Argentina
| | - R.B. Medina
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA)-CONICET, Chacabuco 145, 4000 Tucumán, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Norte Santo Tomás de Aquino, 9 de Julio 165, 4000 Tucumán, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Ayacucho 491, 4000 Tucumán, Argentina
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Factors that Influence the Immunological Adjuvant Effect of Lactobacillus fermentum PC1 on Specific Immune Responses in Mice to Orally Administered Antigens. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:vaccines4030024. [PMID: 27447674 PMCID: PMC5041018 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the influences of the dosage of the adjuvant, the nature of the antigen and the host genetics on the capacity of L. fermentum PC1 (PC1) to function as an oral adjuvant. BALB/c and DBA/1 mice were vaccinated with either ovalbumin (OVA) or Salmonella Typhimurium on days 0 and 14, Mice were also dosed with the PC1 (108 CFU or 1011 CFU per dose per mouse) with the antigens (days 0 and 14) and alone (days −1 and 13). The higher PC1 dose elicited a greater specific serum IgG2a response than IgG1 for both antigens and mice strains, indicating a Th1-biased humoral immune response. The Th1 bias was also observed at the cellular level with greater specific IFN-γ levels than IL-4 and IL-10 with both antigen types and mouse strains. With the particulate antigen, the lower dose of PC1 elicited a Th1 bias at the cellular level, but a balanced Th1/Th2 response at the systemic humoral level. With the soluble antigen, a strong Th1-biased response occurred at the cellular level while the systemic humoral response was Th2-biased. In conclusion, PC1 at the higher dose was an excellent Th1 adjuvant, which was unaffected by the nature of the antigen or the host’s genetic background.
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Gandhi A, Shah NP. Effect of salt stress on morphology and membrane composition of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, and Bifidobacterium bifidum, and their adhesion to human intestinal epithelial-like Caco-2 cells. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:2594-2605. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wang Z, Yu Q, Fu J, Liang J, Yang Q. Immune responses of chickens inoculated with recombinant Lactobacillus expressing the haemagglutinin of the avian influenza virus. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 115:1269-77. [PMID: 23937220 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To develop a safe, effective and convenient vaccine for the prevention of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), we have successfully constructed a recombinant lactobacillus (LDL17-pH) that expresses the foreign HPAI protein, haemagglutinin 1 (HA1 ). METHODS AND RESULTS The mucosal and systemic immune responses that are triggered by LDL17-pH following the oral administration to 10-day-old chickens were evaluated. The results showed that LDL17-pH could significantly increase the specific anti-HA1 IgA antibody level in the mucosa and the anti-HA1 IgG level in sera. Tissues were isolated from trachea and Peyer's patches(PPs)and caecal tonsils of chickens, and gene expression was analysed via real-time quantitative PCR. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that LDL17-pH could significantly induce the specific anti-HA1 IgA antibody level in the trachea and intestine and the specific anti-HA1 IgG antibody level in the serum (P < 0·05). Additionally, LDL17-pH was in the capacity to induce the expression of cytokines IFN-γ, TLR-2 and AvBD-9 in the PPs and caecal tonsils. Most importantly, the chickens that were immunized with LDL17-pH were protected against lethal challenge of the H5N1 virus to some extent. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Therefore, LDL17-pH could be a promising oral vaccine candidate against HPAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Wang
- Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Biomedical applications of fermenticin HV6b isolated from Lactobacillus fermentum HV6b MTCC10770. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:168438. [PMID: 23984320 PMCID: PMC3745898 DOI: 10.1155/2013/168438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fermenticin HV6b is a class IIa antimicrobial peptide produced by Lactobacillus fermentum HV6b MTCC 10770 isolated from human vaginal ecosystem. It shows growth inhibition of a wide range of opportunistic pathogens of humans, for example, Bacteroides, Gardnerella vaginalis, Mobiluncus, Staphylococci, and Streptococci, associated with bacterial vaginosis in humans. It does possess an impressive sperm immobilization and spermicidal activity tested against human sperms which makes it an attractive proposition for formulating antibacterial vaginosis and contraceptive products. Apart from this, in vitro studies conducted against four different tissue models have indicated its potential to be used as a component of anticancerous drug therapy as it is reported to induce apoptosis in cancerous cells. This information could be integrated in future studies focusing on in vivo assessment of anticancerous activity of lactic acid bacterial toxins or bacteriocins.
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Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to various microorganisms and changes in bowel function, and digestion and absorption of nutrients (ID 960, 961, 967, 969, 971, 975, 983, 985, 994, 996, 998, 1006, 1014), decreasing potenti. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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10
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Esvaran M, Conway P. Strain dependent protection conferred by Lactobacillus spp. administered orally with a Salmonella Typhimurium vaccine in a murine challenge model. Vaccine 2012; 30:2654-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Kandasamy M, Selvakumari Jayasurya A, Moochhala S, Huat Bay B, Kun Lee Y, Mahendran R. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG secreting an antigen and Interleukin-2 translocates across the gastrointestinal tract and induces an antigen specific immune response. Microbiol Immunol 2012; 55:704-14. [PMID: 21806675 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2011.00370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG (LGG) is a probiotic organism. In this present study, LGG that express the green fluorescence protein (LGG-GFP) and IL-2 and GFP as a fusion protein (LGG-IL-2-GFP) were used to examine bacterial uptake and the immune response induced by oral immunization. Using TEM to examine the intestinal tissue, the Lactobacilli were localized in M cells and in venules. After oral immunization, most of the bacteria were excreted in feces only a small fraction (0.15%) was retained in the intestine at 48 hr. However, more LGG-IL-2-GFP was found in the MLN and spleen than LGG-GFP. The loop ligation method was used to evaluate LGG uptake and both LGG-GFP and LGG-IL-2-GFP were found to translocate at the same rate. Analysis of LGG internalization in J774 macrophage cells indicated that IL-2 increased survival of LGG and this may explain the increased presence of these bacteria in the MLN for a longer period. After oral immunization, specific mucosal antibody production as well as GFP specific CTL activity was demonstrated. IL-2 co-expression with GFP further enhanced antibody production and CTL activity. In conclusion, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG expressing an antigen could generate an effective immune response to the antigen and IL-2 improved the response generated probably by increasing LGG expressing antigen survival in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheswaran Kandasamy
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Mucosal and systemic immune responses induced by recombinant Lactobacillus spp. expressing the hemagglutinin of the avian influenza virus H5N1. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 19:174-9. [PMID: 22131355 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05618-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To develop a safe, effective, and convenient vaccine for the prevention of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), we have successfully constructed two recombinant lactobacillus strains (LA4356-pH and DLD17-pH) that express the foreign HPAI virus protein hemagglutinin 1 (HA(1)). The mucosal and systemic immune responses triggered by these two recombinant lactobacilli following oral administration to BALB/c mice were evaluated. The results showed that both LA4356-pH and DLD17-pH could significantly increase the specific anti-HA(1) IgA antibody level in the mucosa and the anti-HA(1) IgG level in serum, as well as stimulating the splenic lymphocyte proliferative reaction through increased expression of interleukin-4 (IL-4). Compared with LA4356-pH, DLD17-pH was more effective at inducing systemic and mucosal immune responses, with higher anti-HA(1)-specific IgA and IgG levels. Therefore, DLD17-pH could be a promising oral vaccine candidate against HPAI.
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Hernani MDL, Ferreira PCD, Ferreira DM, Miyaji EN, Ho PL, Oliveira MLS. Nasal immunization of mice with Lactobacillus casei expressing the pneumococcal surface protein C primes the immune system and decreases pneumococcal nasopharyngeal colonization in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 62:263-72. [PMID: 21492260 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00809.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae colonizes the upper respiratory tract of healthy individuals, from where it can be transmitted to the community. Occasionally, bacteria invade sterile niches, causing diseases. The pneumococcal surface protein C (PspC) is a virulence factor that is important during colonization and the systemic phases of the diseases. Here, we have evaluated the effect of nasal or sublingual immunization of mice with Lactobacillus casei expressing PspC, as well as prime-boosting protocols using recombinant PspC, on nasopharyngeal pneumococcal colonization. None of the protocols tested was able to elicit significant levels of anti-PspC antibodies before challenge. However, a significant decrease in pneumococcal recovery from the nasopharynx was observed in animals immunized through the nasal route with L. casei-PspC. Immune responses evaluated after colonization challenge in this group of mice were characterized by an increase in mucosal anti-PspC immunoglobulin A (IgA) 5 days later, a time point in which the pneumococcal loads were already low. A negative correlation between the concentrations of anti-PspC IgA and pneumococcal recovery from the nasopharynx was observed, with animals with the lowest colonization levels having higher IgA concentrations. These results show that nasal immunization with L. casei-PspC primes the immune system of mice, prompting faster immune responses that result in a decrease in pneumococcal colonization.
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Kim SY, Shin KS, Lee H. Adhesive Properties of Lactobacillus brevis FSB-1 In Vivo. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2010. [DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2010.30.4.560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Hosseini S, Arlindo S, Böhme K, Fernández-No C, Calo-Mata P, Barros-Velázquez J. Molecular and probiotic characterization of bacteriocin-producing Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from nonfermented animal foods. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 107:1392-403. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mohamadzadeh M, Duong T, Hoover T, Klaenhammer TR. Targeting mucosal dendritic cells with microbial antigens from probiotic lactic acid bacteria. Expert Rev Vaccines 2008; 7:163-74. [PMID: 18324887 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.2.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of vaccines against infectious microbes has been critical to the advancement of medicine. Vaccine strategies combined with, or without, adjuvants have been established to eradicate various bacterial and viral pathogens. A new generation of vaccines is being developed using specific strains of Gram-positive, lactic acid bacteria and, notably, some probiotic lactobacilli. These bacteria have been safely consumed by humans for centuries in fermented foods. Thus, they can be orally administered, are well tolerated by recipients and could be easily and economically provided to large populations. In this overview, we focus on mucosal immunity and how its cellular component(s), particularly dendritic cells, can be specifically targeted to deliver immunogenic subunits, such as the protective antigen from Bacillus anthracis (the causative agent of anthrax). An antigen-specific immune response can be elicited using specific strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus expressing the protective antigen. A mucosal, dendritic cell-targeted approach increases the bioavailability of an immunogen of interest when delivered orally by L. acidophilus. This provides an efficiently elegant natural strategy and serves a dual function as an immune-stimulating adjuvant in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Mohamadzadeh
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Oliveira MLS, Arêas APM, Campos IB, Monedero V, Perez-Martínez G, Miyaji EN, Leite LCC, Aires KA, Lee Ho P. Induction of systemic and mucosal immune response and decrease in Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization by nasal inoculation of mice with recombinant lactic acid bacteria expressing pneumococcal surface antigen A. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:1016-24. [PMID: 16549380 PMCID: PMC7110601 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2005] [Revised: 10/20/2005] [Accepted: 10/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal epithelia constitute the first barriers to be overcome by pathogens during infection. The induction of protective IgA in this location is important for the prevention of infection and can be achieved through different mucosal immunization strategies. Lactic acid bacteria have been tested in the last few years as live vectors for the delivery of antigens at mucosal sites, with promising results. In this work, Streptococcus pneumoniae PsaA antigen was expressed in different species of lactic acid bacteria, such as Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus helveticus. After nasal inoculation of C57Bl/6 mice, their ability to induce both systemic (IgG in serum) and mucosal (IgA in saliva, nasal and bronchial washes) anti-PsaA antibodies was determined. Immunization with L. lactis MG1363 induced very low levels of IgA and IgG, possibly by the low amount of PsaA expressed in this strain and its short persistence in the nasal mucosa. All three lactobacilli persisted in the nasal mucosa for 3 days and produced a similar amount of PsaA protein (150–250 ng per 109 CFU). However, L. plantarum NCDO1193 and L. helveticus ATCC15009 elicited the highest antibody response (IgA and IgG). Vaccination with recombinant lactobacilli but not with recombinant L. lactis led to a decrease in S. pneumoniae recovery from nasal mucosa upon a colonization challenge. Our results confirm that certain Lactobacillus strains have intrinsic properties that make them suitable candidates for mucosal vaccination experiments.
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Klingberg TD, Axelsson L, Naterstad K, Elsser D, Budde BB. Identification of potential probiotic starter cultures for Scandinavian-type fermented sausages. Int J Food Microbiol 2005; 105:419-31. [PMID: 16076509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2004] [Revised: 03/17/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Potential probiotic cultures suitable as starter cultures for the Scandinavian-type fermented sausages were identified among strains well-adapted to fermented meats as well as strains originating from a culture collection. From 15 different fermented meat products, 22 strains were isolated as dominant non-starter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB). The isolates were identified by RAPD, API and sequence analysis of 16S rRNA and showed to be five strains of Lactobacillus sakei, five strains of Lactobacillus farciminis, five strains belonging to the group of Lactobacillus plantarum/pentosus, four strains of Lactobacillus alimentarius, two strains of Lactobacillus brevis and one strain of Lactobacillus versmoldensis. Heterofermentative strains as well as strains not growing at 37 degrees C and not lowering pH below 5.1 in a meat model were excluded leaving 9 strains for further studies. These strains together with 19 strains from a culture collection were evaluated by in vitro methods including survival upon exposure to pH 2.5 or 0.3% oxgall and adhesion to the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2 as well as antimicrobial activity against potential pathogens. Strains that fulfilled all the probiotic criteria and showed to be fast acid producers in a meat model included three strains belonging to the group of Lb. plantarum/pentosus (MF1291, MF1298, MF1300) which originated from the dominant NSLAB of fermented meat products. MF1291 and MF 1298 were further identified as Lb. plantarum and MF1300 as Lb. pentosus. The three strains were all successfully applied as starter cultures for the production of fermented sausage. The viable count at the end of the processing period reached high cell numbers (4.7x10(7)-2.9x10(8) cfu/g) and pH of the sausages decreased to pH 4.8-4.9 without any flavour deviation compared to sausage fermented by a commercial meat starter culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Danø Klingberg
- Department of Food Science, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Bautista CR, Giles I, Montenegro N, Figueroa JV. Immunization of Bovines with Concealed Antigens fromHaematobia irritans. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1026:284-8. [PMID: 15604507 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1307.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate an immunization procedure using antigens from Haematobia irritans intestine (AgHiI), four bovines (group I) were inoculated with AgHiI mixed with Freund's incomplete adjuvant containing Lactobacillus casei, three bovines (group II) received AgHiI, and three bovines (group III) received saline solution. At day 35, blood was collected from each animal to feed H. irritans flies. There was no difference in the fly mortality observed in the three groups. The percentage of reduction of eggs oviposited by each female in 8 days (%RE), as compared with group III, was 29.45 for group I and 11.02 for group II. Antibody levels (AbL) to AgHiI were higher in group I than in groups II and III. A high correlation between %RE and AbL was observed.
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Maassen CBM, Boersma WJA, van Holten-Neelen C, Claassen E, Laman JD. Growth phase of orally administered Lactobacillus strains differentially affects IgG1/IgG2a ratio for soluble antigens: implications for vaccine development. Vaccine 2003; 21:2751-7. [PMID: 12798614 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus strains with probiotic activity are major constituents of numerous common food products. Due to their 'generally regarded as safe'-status (GRAS-status), Lactobacillus strains can also be genetically engineered for use in oral immunotherapeutic applications, such as vaccination and T lymphocyte tolerance induction in autoimmune disease.In the current study, we demonstrate that the growth phase of orally administered individual Lactobacillus strains can differentially affect antigen-specific antibody subclasses IgG1 and IgG2a, which might reflect skewing of systemic activity of T helper cell type 2 (Th2) and T helper cell type 1 (Th1) pathways, respectively. Mice were orally fed different wild type Lactobacillus strains in log phase or stationary phase and immunized intraperitoneally with a T-cell dependent protein antigen. Sera were evaluated for the ratio of antigen-specific IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies. Stationary Lactobacillus murines and Lactobacillus casei cultures, but not two other Lactobacillus strains, evoked significantly higher IgG1/IgG2a ratios than log phase cultures, possibly relating to increased activity of the Th2-pathway. Despite normal variation in antibody responses against TNP-CGG among individual mice, a high correlation was found between the IgG1 and IgG2a responses of mice within experimental groups. This differential antibody response is likely due to growth phase-dependent differences in bacterial cell composition.Since Lactobacillus growth phase dependent skewing of antibody responses possibly reflecting T-cell pathways can inadvertently affect allergic and (auto)-immune responses, the current findings strongly caution against unidimensional views on the oral administration of individual Lactobacillus strains for probiotic or immunotherapeutic purposes, but also suggest additional possibilities for immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina B M Maassen
- Division of Immunological and Infectious Diseases, TNO-Prevention and Health (TNO-PG), P.O. Box 2215, 2301 CE Leiden, The Netherlands
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