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Nasir SN, Iftikhar A, Zubair F, Alshammari A, Alharbi M, Alasmari AF, Khan A, Waseem M, Ali SS, Ali L, Waheed Y, Wei DQ. Structural vaccinology-based design of multi-epitopes vaccine against Streptococcus gordonii and validation using molecular modeling and immune simulation approaches. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16148. [PMID: 37234653 PMCID: PMC10208844 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus gordonii is an oral bacterium colonizing the dental cavity and leading to plaque formation. This pervasive colonizer is also the etiologic agent of bacterial endocarditis and has a major role in infective endocarditis. The bacteria reach the heart through oral bleeding, leading to inflammation of cardiovascular valves. Over the past 50 years, it has shown a significant pathogenic role in immunocompromised and neutropenic patients. Since antibiotic resistance has created prophylaxis failure towards infective endocarditis, a potent therapeutic candidate is needed. Therefore, multi-epitopes vaccine offers advantages over the other approaches. Thus, herein, numerous molecular-omics tools were exploited to mine immunogenic peptides, i.e., T-cell and B-cell epitopes, and construct a vaccine sequence. Our findings revealed a total of 24 epitopes, including CTL, HTL, and B-cell are responsible for imparting immune responses, which were combined with the help of different linkers, and MEVC was constructed. Multifactorial validation of the candidate vaccine was performed to minimize the risk factors. The final sequence was docked with TLR2 to validate its conformation compatibility with receptor and long-term interactions stability. Our analysis revealed that the vaccine construct is immunogenic and non-allergenic. The construct also established various contacts with the immune receptor. Finally, the vaccine sequence was reverse-translated, optimized for codon usage, and analyzed for expression in the Escherichia coli K12 strain. Maximum expression was noted with a CAI score of 0.95. In silico immune simulation revealed that the antigen was neutralized on the 3rd day after injection. In conclusion, the current study warrants validation of the vaccine construct both in in vitro and in vivo models for accurate therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Nouman Nasir
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Iftikhar
- Government Khwaja Muhammad Safdar Medical College, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Farukh Zubair
- Rashid Latif Medical College, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Abdulrahman Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Post Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Metab Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Post Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah F. Alasmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Post Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abbas Khan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biological Statistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
- Zhongjing Research and Industrialization Institute of Chinese Medicine, Zhongguancun Scientific Park, Meixi, Nayang, Henan, 473006, PR China
| | - Muhammad Waseem
- Faculty of Rehabilitation and Allied Health Science, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Shujait Ali
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Liaqat Ali
- Fisch College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA
| | - Yasir Waheed
- Office of Research, Innovation, and Commercialization (ORIC), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (SZABMU), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, 1401, Lebanon
| | - Dong-Qing Wei
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biological Statistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
- Zhongjing Research and Industrialization Institute of Chinese Medicine, Zhongguancun Scientific Park, Meixi, Nayang, Henan, 473006, PR China
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2
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Kang CW, Pu XB, Tan G, Dong CC, Yan ZK, Wu LX. Streptococcus gordonii finger infection: Case report and a review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e32506. [PMID: 36595860 PMCID: PMC9794357 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Streptococcus gordonii is a rare cause of finger suppurative infection. Very few cases have been reported of its treatment. PATIENT CONCERNS A 68-year-old male of severe finger infection. Bacterial culture of synovial fluid revealed S gordonii.According to the patient's history and auxiliary examination, the patient was diagnosed with S gordonii infection. Here, we review the diagnosis and treatment of this patient and describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the patient. DIAGNOSES Streptococcus gordonii finger infection.Interventions: In the case of ineffective oral antibiotics, this patient chose to pursue an abscess incision, but in the course of treatment,the flexor digitorum tendon dissolved and eventually ruptured. OUTCOMES The infection was controlled after intravenous injection of vancomycin. The incision was sutured 2 weeks later. No recurrence of infection was found after 3 months of follow-up. LESSONS The treatment included antibacterial and abscess treatments. In the absence of drug sensitivity results, antibiotics can be used empirically. If empirical anti-microbial treatment fails, the antibiotic regimen should be changed in a timely manner, Vancomycin may be an antibiotic choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Kang
- Department of Orthopedics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Pu
- Department of Orthopedics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Tan
- Department of Orthopedics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chang-Chao Dong
- Department of Orthopedics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhao-Kui Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li-Xue Wu
- Department of Pathology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- * Correspondence: Li-Xue Wu, Department of Pathology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China (e-mail: )
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3
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Chahal G, Quintana-Hayashi MP, Gaytán MO, Benktander J, Padra M, King SJ, Linden SK. Streptococcus oralis Employs Multiple Mechanisms of Salivary Mucin Binding That Differ Between Strains. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:889711. [PMID: 35782137 PMCID: PMC9247193 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.889711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus oralis is an oral commensal and opportunistic pathogen that can enter the bloodstream and cause bacteremia and infective endocarditis. Here, we investigated the mechanisms of S. oralis binding to oral mucins using clinical isolates, isogenic mutants and glycoconjugates. S. oralis bound to both MUC5B and MUC7, with a higher level of binding to MUC7. Mass spectrometry identified 128 glycans on MUC5B, MUC7 and the salivary agglutinin (SAG). MUC7/SAG contained a higher relative abundance of Lewis type structures, including Lewis b/y, sialyl-Lewis a/x and α2,3-linked sialic acid, compared to MUC5B. S. oralis subsp. oralis binding to MUC5B and MUC7/SAG was inhibited by Lewis b and Lacto-N-tetraose glycoconjugates. In addition, S. oralis binding to MUC7/SAG was inhibited by sialyl Lewis x. Binding was not inhibited by Lacto-N-fucopentaose, H type 2 and Lewis x conjugates. These data suggest that three distinct carbohydrate binding specificities are involved in S. oralis subsp. oralis binding to oral mucins and that the mechanisms of binding MUC5B and MUC7 differ. Efficient binding of S. oralis subsp. oralis to MUC5B and MUC7 required the gene encoding sortase A, suggesting that the adhesin(s) are LPXTG-containing surface protein(s). Further investigation demonstrated that one of these adhesins is the sialic acid binding protein AsaA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurdeep Chahal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Meztlli O. Gaytán
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children´s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - John Benktander
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Medea Padra
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Samantha J. King
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children´s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Sara K. Linden, ; Samantha J. King,
| | - Sara K. Linden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Sara K. Linden, ; Samantha J. King,
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4
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Solakyildirim K, Li Y, Bayer AS, Sullam PM, Xiong YQ, Lebrilla CB, Bensing BA. Proteoglycan 4 (lubricin) is a highly sialylated glycoprotein associated with cardiac valve damage in animal models of infective endocarditis. Glycobiology 2021; 31:1582-1595. [PMID: 34459483 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
S. gordonii and S. sanguinis are primary colonizers of tooth surfaces, and are generally associated with oral health, but can also cause infective endocarditis (IE). These species express "Siglec-like" adhesins that bind sialylated glycans on host glycoproteins, which can aid the formation of infected platelet-fibrin thrombi (vegetations) on cardiac valve surfaces. We previously determined that the ability of S. gordonii to bind sialyl T-antigen (sTa) increased pathogenicity, relative to recognition of sialylated core 2 O-glycan structures, in an animal model of IE. However, it is unclear when and where the sTa structure is displayed, and which sTa-modified host factors promote valve colonization. In this study, we identified sialylated glycoproteins in the aortic valve vegetations and plasma of rat and rabbit models of this disease. Glycoproteins that display sTa versus core 2 O-glycan structures were identified by using recombinant forms of the streptococcal Siglec-like adhesins for lectin blotting and affinity capture, and the O-linked glycans were profiled by mass spectrometry. Proteoglycan 4 (PRG4), also known as lubricin, was a major carrier of sTa in the infected vegetations. Moreover, plasma PRG4 levels were significantly higher in animals with damaged or infected valves, as compared with healthy animals. The combined results demonstrate that, in addition to platelet GPIbα, PRG4 is a highly sialylated mucin-like glycoprotein found in aortic valve vegetations and may contribute to the persistence of oral streptococci in this protected endovascular niche. Moreover, plasma PRG4 could serve as a biomarker for endocardial injury and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Solakyildirim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America.,Department of Chemistry, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Erzincan, 24100, Turkey
| | - Yi Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Arnold S Bayer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America.,David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Paul M Sullam
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yan Q Xiong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America.,David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Carlito B Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Barbara A Bensing
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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5
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Avila-Herrera A, Thissen J, Urbaniak C, Be NA, Smith DJ, Karouia F, Mehta S, Venkateswaran K, Jaing C. Crewmember microbiome may influence microbial composition of ISS habitable surfaces. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231838. [PMID: 32348348 PMCID: PMC7190111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The International Space Station (ISS) is a complex built environment physically isolated from Earth. Assessing the interplay between the microbial community of the ISS and its crew is important for preventing biomedical and structural complications for long term human spaceflight missions. In this study, we describe one crewmember’s microbial profile from body swabs of mouth, nose, ear, skin and saliva that were collected at eight different time points pre-, during and post-flight. Additionally, environmental surface samples from eight different habitable locations in the ISS were collected from two flights. Environmental samples from one flight were collected by the crewmember and samples from the next flight were collected after the crewmember departed. The microbial composition in both environment and crewmember samples was measured using shotgun metagenomic sequencing and processed using the Livermore Metagenomics Analysis Toolkit. Ordination of sample to sample distances showed that of the eight crew body sites analyzed, skin, nostril, and ear samples are more similar in microbial composition to the ISS surfaces than mouth and saliva samples; and that the microbial composition of the crewmember’s skin samples are more closely related to the ISS surface samples collected by the crewmember on the same flight than ISS surface samples collected by other crewmembers on different flights. In these collections, species alpha diversity in saliva samples appears to decrease during flight and rebound after returning to Earth. This is the first study to compare the ISS microbiome to a crewmember’s microbiome via shotgun metagenomic sequencing. We observed that the microbiome of the surfaces inside the ISS resemble those of the crew’s skin. These data support future crew and ISS microbial surveillance efforts and the design of preventive measures to maintain crew habitat onboard spacecraft destined for long term space travel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram Avila-Herrera
- Computating Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - James Thissen
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Camilla Urbaniak
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Nicholas A. Be
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - David J. Smith
- Space Biosciences Research Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, United States of America
| | - Fathi Karouia
- KBRwyle, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Satish Mehta
- Microbiology Lab, Wyle Laboratories, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kasthuri Venkateswaran
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Crystal Jaing
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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6
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Carlson-Jones JAP, Kontos A, Kennedy D, Martin J, Lushington K, McKerral J, Paterson JS, Smith RJ, Dann LM, Speck P, Mitchell JG. The microbial abundance dynamics of the paediatric oral cavity before and after sleep. J Oral Microbiol 2020; 12:1741254. [PMID: 32341758 PMCID: PMC7170375 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1741254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Microhabitats in the oral cavity differ in microbial taxonomy. However, abundance variations of bacterial and viral communities within these microhabitats are not fully understood. Aims and Hypothesis: To assess the spatial distribution and dynamics of the microbial abundances within 6 microhabitats of the oral cavity before and after sleep. We hypothesise that the abundance distributions of these microbial communities will differ among oral sites. Methods: Using flow cytometry, bacterial and virus-like particle (VLP) abundances were enumerated for 6 oral microhabitats before and after sleep in 10 healthy paediatric sleepers. Results: Bacterial counts ranged from 7.2 ± 2.8 × 105 at the palate before sleep to 1.3 ± 0.2 × 108 at the back of the tongue after sleep, a difference of 187 times. VLPs ranged from 1.9 ± 1.0 × 106 at the palate before sleep to 9.2 ± 5.0 × 107 at the back of the tongue after sleep, a difference of 48 times. Conclusion: The oral cavity is a dynamic numerically heterogeneous environment where microbial communities can increase by a count of 100 million during sleep. Quantification of the paediatric oral microbiome complements taxonomic diversity information to show how biomass varies and shifts in space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A P Carlson-Jones
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Anna Kontos
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Declan Kennedy
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - James Martin
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kurt Lushington
- School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jody McKerral
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - James S Paterson
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Renee J Smith
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lisa M Dann
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Speck
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - James G Mitchell
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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7
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Kebouchi M, Hafeez Z, Le Roux Y, Dary-Mourot A, Genay M. Importance of digestive mucus and mucins for designing new functional food ingredients. Food Res Int 2020; 131:108906. [PMID: 32247482 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mucus, mainly composed of the glycoproteins mucins, is a rheological substance that covers the intestinal epithelium and acts as a protective barrier against a variety of harmful molecules, microbial infection and varying lumen environment conditions. Alterations in the composition or structure of the mucus could lead to various diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease or colorectal cancer. Recent studies revealed that an exogenous intake of probiotic bacteria or other dietary components (such as bioactive peptides and probiotics) derived from food influence mucus layer properties as well as modulate gene expression and secretion of mucins. Therefore, the use of such components for designing new functional ingredients and then foods, could constitute a novel approach to preserve the properties of mucus. After presenting some aspects of the mucus and mucins in the gastrointestinal tract as well as mucus role in the gut health, this review will address role of dietary ingredients in improving mucus/mucin production and provides new suggestions for further investigations of how dietary ingredients/probiotics based functional foods can be developed to maintain or improve the gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounira Kebouchi
- Université de Lorraine, CALBINOTOX, F-54000 Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, INRA, URAFPA, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Zeeshan Hafeez
- Université de Lorraine, CALBINOTOX, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Yves Le Roux
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, URAFPA, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | | | - Magali Genay
- Université de Lorraine, CALBINOTOX, F-54000 Nancy, France.
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8
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Bensing BA, Li Q, Park D, Lebrilla CB, Sullam PM. Streptococcal Siglec-like adhesins recognize different subsets of human plasma glycoproteins: implications for infective endocarditis. Glycobiology 2018; 28:601-611. [PMID: 29796594 PMCID: PMC6054165 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus sanguinis are typically found among the normal oral microbiota but can also cause infective endocarditis. These organisms express cell surface serine-rich repeat adhesins containing "Siglec-like" binding regions (SLBRs) that mediate attachment to α2-3-linked sialic acids on human glycoproteins. Two known receptors for the Siglec-like adhesins are the salivary mucin MG2/MUC7 and platelet GPIbα, and the interaction of streptococci with these targets may contribute to oral colonization and endocarditis, respectively. The SLBRs display a surprising diversity of preferences for defined glycans, ranging from highly selective to broader specificity. In this report, we characterize the glycoproteins in human plasma recognized by four SLBRs that prefer different α2-3 sialoglycan structures. We found that the SLBRs recognize a surprisingly small subset of plasma proteins that are extensively O-glycosylated. The preferred plasma protein ligands for a sialyl-T antigen-selective SLBR are proteoglycan 4 (lubricin) and inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4. Conversely, the preferred ligand for a 3'sialyllactosamine-selective SLBR is glycocalicin (the extracellular portion of platelet GPIbα). All four SLBRs recognize C1 inhibitor but detect distinctly different glycoforms of this key regulator of the complement and kallikrein protease cascades. The four plasma ligands have potential roles in thrombosis and inflammation, and each has been cited as a biomarker for one or more vascular or other diseases. The combined results suggest that the interaction of Siglec-like adhesins with different subsets of plasma glycoproteins could have a significant impact on the propensity of streptococci to establish endocardial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Bensing
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Qiongyu Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Dayoung Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Paul M Sullam
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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9
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Kreth J, Giacaman RA, Raghavan R, Merritt J. The road less traveled - defining molecular commensalism with Streptococcus sanguinis. Mol Oral Microbiol 2017; 32:181-196. [PMID: 27476770 PMCID: PMC5288394 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The commensal oral microbial flora has evolved with the human host to support colonization of the various intraoral sites without triggering a significant immune response. In exchange, the commensal microbes provide critical protection against invading pathogens. The intrinsic ability of the oral flora to create a symbiotic microbial community with the host can be disturbed, selecting for the overgrowth of a dysbiotic community that can result in dental diseases, such as caries and periodontitis. Although the mechanisms of molecular pathogenesis in oral diseases are well characterized, much less is known about the molecular mechanisms used by the commensal flora to maintain oral health. Here we focus on the commensal species Streptococcus sanguinis, which is found in abundance in the early oral biofilm and is strongly correlated with oral health. Streptococcus sanguinis exhibits a variety of features that make it ideally suited as a model organism to explore the molecular basis for commensalism. As such, this review will describe our current mechanistic understanding of S. sanguinis commensalism and speculate upon its molecular traits that may be exploitable to maintain or restore oral health under conditions that would otherwise lead to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Kreth
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Rodrigo A. Giacaman
- Cariology Unit, Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), University of Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Rahul Raghavan
- Department of Biology and Center for Life in Extreme Environments, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Justin Merritt
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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10
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Streptococcus oralis Neuraminidase Modulates Adherence to Multiple Carbohydrates on Platelets. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00774-16. [PMID: 27993975 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00774-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adherence to host surfaces is often mediated by bacterial binding to surface carbohydrates. Although it is widely appreciated that some bacterial species express glycosidases, previous studies have not considered whether bacteria bind to multiple carbohydrates within host glycans as they are modified by bacterial glycosidases. Streptococcus oralis is a leading cause of subacute infective endocarditis. Binding to platelets is a critical step in disease; however, the mechanisms utilized by S. oralis remain largely undefined. Studies revealed that S. oralis, like Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus sanguinis, binds platelets via terminal sialic acid. However, unlike those organisms, S. oralis produces a neuraminidase, NanA, which cleaves terminal sialic acid. Further studies revealed that following NanA-dependent removal of terminal sialic acid, S. oralis bound exposed β-1,4-linked galactose. Adherence to both these carbohydrates required Fap1, the S. oralis member of the serine-rich repeat protein (SRRP) family of adhesins. Mutation of a conserved residue required for sialic acid binding by other SRRPs significantly reduced platelet binding, supporting the hypothesis that Fap1 binds this carbohydrate. The mechanism by which Fap1 contributes to β-1,4-linked galactose binding remains to be defined; however, binding may occur via additional domains of unknown function within the nonrepeat region, one of which shares some similarity with a carbohydrate binding module. This study is the first demonstration that an SRRP is required to bind β-1,4-linked galactose and the first time that one of these adhesins has been shown to be required for binding of multiple glycan receptors.
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11
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Carmona IT, Diz Dios P, Scully C. Efficacy of Antibiotic Prophylactic Regimens for the Prevention of Bacterial Endocarditis of Oral Origin. J Dent Res 2016; 86:1142-59. [DOI: 10.1177/154405910708601203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the controversy about the risk of individuals developing bacterial endocarditis of oral origin, numerous Expert Committees in different countries continue to publish prophylactic regimens for the prevention of bacterial endocarditis secondary to dental procedures. In this paper, we analyze the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis in the prevention of bacteremia following dental manipulations and in the prevention of bacterial endocarditis (in both animal models and human studies). Antibiotic prophylaxis guidelines remain consensus-based, and there is scientific evidence of the efficacy of amoxicillin in the prevention of bacteremia following dental procedures, although the results reported do not confirm the efficacy of other recommended antibiotics. The majority of studies on experimental models of bacterial endocarditis have verified the efficacy of antibiotics administered after the induction of bacteremia, confirming the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis in later stages in the development of bacterial endocarditis. There is no scientific evidence that prophylaxis with penicillin is effective in reducing bacterial endocarditis secondary to dental procedures in patients considered to be "at risk". It has been suggested that there is a high risk of severe allergic reactions secondary to prophylactically administered penicillins, but, in reality, very few cases have been reported in the literature. It has been demonstrated that antibiotic prophylaxis could contribute to the development of bacterial resistance, but only after the administration of several consecutive doses. Future research on bacterial endocarditis prophylactic protocols should involve the re-evaluation of the time and route of administration of antibiotic prophylaxis, and a search for alternative antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Tomás Carmona
- Special Needs Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Santiago de Compostela University -Spain-; and
- Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Gray’s Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK
| | - P. Diz Dios
- Special Needs Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Santiago de Compostela University -Spain-; and
- Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Gray’s Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK
| | - C. Scully
- Special Needs Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Santiago de Compostela University -Spain-; and
- Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Gray’s Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK
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Loukachevitch LV, Bensing BA, Yu H, Zeng J, Chen X, Sullam PM, Iverson TM. Structures of the Streptococcus sanguinis SrpA Binding Region with Human Sialoglycans Suggest Features of the Physiological Ligand. Biochemistry 2016; 55:5927-5937. [PMID: 27685666 PMCID: PMC5388602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus sanguinis is a leading cause of bacterial infective endocarditis, a life-threatening infection of heart valves. S. sanguinis binds to human platelets with high avidity, and this adherence is likely to enhance virulence. Previous studies suggest that a serine-rich repeat adhesin termed SrpA mediates the binding of S. sanguinis to human platelets via its interaction with sialoglycans on the receptor GPIbα. However, in vitro binding assays with SrpA and defined sialoglycans failed to identify specific high-affinity ligands. To improve our understanding of the interaction between SrpA and human platelets, we determined cocrystal structures of the SrpA sialoglycan binding region (SrpABR) with five low-affinity ligands: three sialylated trisaccharides (sialyl-T antigen, 3'-sialyllactose, and 3'-sialyl-N-acetyllactosamine), a sialylated tetrasaccharide (sialyl-LewisX), and a sialyl galactose disaccharide component common to these sialoglyans. We then combined structural analysis with mutagenesis to further determine whether our observed interactions between SrpABR and glycans are important for binding to platelets and to better map the binding site for the physiological receptor. We found that the sialoglycan binding site of SrpABR is significantly larger than the sialoglycans cocrystallized in this study, which suggests that binding of SrpA to platelets either is multivalent or occurs via a larger, disialylated glycan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara A. Bensing
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California at San Francisco and the Northern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, California 94121, USA
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jie Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA,School of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Paul M. Sullam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California at San Francisco and the Northern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, California 94121, USA
| | - T M Iverson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA,Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA,Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA,Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA,Corresponding Author To whom correspondence should be addressed:
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Varki A. Biological roles of glycans. Glycobiology 2016; 27:3-49. [PMID: 27558841 PMCID: PMC5884436 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1448] [Impact Index Per Article: 181.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple and complex carbohydrates (glycans) have long been known to play major metabolic, structural and physical roles in biological systems. Targeted microbial binding to host glycans has also been studied for decades. But such biological roles can only explain some of the remarkable complexity and organismal diversity of glycans in nature. Reviewing the subject about two decades ago, one could find very few clear-cut instances of glycan-recognition-specific biological roles of glycans that were of intrinsic value to the organism expressing them. In striking contrast there is now a profusion of examples, such that this updated review cannot be comprehensive. Instead, a historical overview is presented, broad principles outlined and a few examples cited, representing diverse types of roles, mediated by various glycan classes, in different evolutionary lineages. What remains unchanged is the fact that while all theories regarding biological roles of glycans are supported by compelling evidence, exceptions to each can be found. In retrospect, this is not surprising. Complex and diverse glycans appear to be ubiquitous to all cells in nature, and essential to all life forms. Thus, >3 billion years of evolution consistently generated organisms that use these molecules for many key biological roles, even while sometimes coopting them for minor functions. In this respect, glycans are no different from other major macromolecular building blocks of life (nucleic acids, proteins and lipids), simply more rapidly evolving and complex. It is time for the diverse functional roles of glycans to be fully incorporated into the mainstream of biological sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Varki
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
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Plantar Purpura as the Initial Presentation of Viridians Streptococcal Shock Syndrome Secondary to Streptococcus gordonii Bacteremia. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2016; 2016:9463895. [PMID: 27366188 PMCID: PMC4904574 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9463895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Viridians streptococcal shock syndrome is a subtype of toxic shock syndrome. Frequently, the diagnosis is missed initially because the clinical features are nonspecific. However, it is a rapidly progressive disease, manifested by hypotension, rash, palmar desquamation, and acute respiratory distress syndrome within a short period. The disease course is generally fulminant and rarely presents initially as a purpura over the plantar region. We present a case of a 54-year-old female hospital worker diagnosed with viridians streptococcal shock syndrome caused by Streptococcus gordonii. Despite aggressive antibiotic treatment, fluid hydration, and use of inotropes and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, the patient succumbed to the disease. Early diagnosis of the potentially fatal disease followed by a prompt antibiotic regimen and appropriate use of steroids are cornerstones in the management of this disease to reduce the risk of high morbidity and mortality.
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Bensing BA, Khedri Z, Deng L, Yu H, Prakobphol A, Fisher SJ, Chen X, Iverson TM, Varki A, Sullam PM. Novel aspects of sialoglycan recognition by the Siglec-like domains of streptococcal SRR glycoproteins. Glycobiology 2016; 26:1222-1234. [PMID: 27037304 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine-rich repeat glycoproteins are adhesins expressed by commensal and pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria. A subset of these adhesins, expressed by oral streptococci, binds sialylated glycans decorating human salivary mucin MG2/MUC7, and platelet glycoprotein GPIb. Specific sialoglycan targets were previously identified for the ligand-binding regions (BRs) of GspB and Hsa, two serine-rich repeat glycoproteins expressed by Streptococcus gordonii While GspB selectively binds sialyl-T antigen, Hsa displays broader specificity. Here we examine the binding properties of four additional BRs from Streptococcus sanguinis or Streptococcus mitis and characterize the molecular determinants of ligand selectivity and affinity. Each BR has two domains that are essential for sialoglycan binding by GspB. One domain is structurally similar to the glycan-binding module of mammalian Siglecs (sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins), including an arginine residue that is critical for glycan recognition, and that resides within a novel, conserved YTRY motif. Despite low sequence similarity to GspB, one of the BRs selectively binds sialyl-T antigen. Although the other three BRs are highly similar to Hsa, each displayed a unique ligand repertoire, including differential recognition of sialyl Lewis antigens and sulfated glycans. These differences in glycan selectivity were closely associated with differential binding to salivary and platelet glycoproteins. Specificity of sialoglycan adherence is likely an evolving trait that may influence the propensity of streptococci expressing Siglec-like adhesins to cause infective endocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Bensing
- Department of Medicine, The San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Zahra Khedri
- The Glycobiology Research and Training Center, and the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lingquan Deng
- The Glycobiology Research and Training Center, and the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Akraporn Prakobphol
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, The University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Susan J Fisher
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, The University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Tina M Iverson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 27232, USA
| | - Ajit Varki
- The Glycobiology Research and Training Center, and the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Paul M Sullam
- Department of Medicine, The San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
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16
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Thamadilok S, Roche-Håkansson H, Håkansson AP, Ruhl S. Absence of capsule reveals glycan-mediated binding and recognition of salivary mucin MUC7 by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Mol Oral Microbiol 2016; 31:175-88. [PMID: 26172471 PMCID: PMC4713356 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Salivary proteins modulate bacterial colonization in the oral cavity and interact with systemic pathogens that pass through the oropharynx. An interesting example is the opportunistic respiratory pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae that normally resides in the nasopharynx, but belongs to the greater Mitis group of streptococci, most of which colonize the oral cavity. Streptococcus pneumoniae also expresses a serine-rich repeat (SRR) adhesin, PsrP, which is a homologue to oral Mitis group SRR adhesins, such as Hsa of Streptococcus gordonii and SrpA of Streptococcus sanguinis. As the latter bind to salivary glycoproteins through recognition of terminal sialic acids, we wanted to determine whether S. pneumoniae also binds to salivary proteins through possibly the same mechanism. We found that only a capsule-free mutant of S. pneumoniae TIGR4 binds to salivary proteins, most prominently to mucin MUC7, but that this binding was not mediated through PsrP or recognition of sialic acid. We also found, however, that PsrP is involved in agglutination of human red blood cells (RBCs). After removal of PsrP, an additional previously masked lectin-like adhesin activity mediating agglutination of sialidase-treated RBCs becomes revealed. Using a custom-spotted glycoprotein and neoglycoprotein dot blot array, we identify candidate glycan motifs recognized by PsrP and by the putative S. pneumoniae adhesin that could perhaps be responsible for pneumococcal binding to salivary MUC7 and glycoproteins on RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supaporn Thamadilok
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Hazeline Roche-Håkansson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Anders P. Håkansson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Stefan Ruhl
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214
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17
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Frenkel ES, Ribbeck K. Salivary mucins in host defense and disease prevention. J Oral Microbiol 2015; 7:29759. [PMID: 26701274 PMCID: PMC4689954 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v7.29759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucus forms a protective coating on wet epithelial surfaces throughout the body that houses the microbiota and plays a key role in host defense. Mucins, the primary structural components of mucus that creates its viscoelastic properties, are critical components of the gel layer that protect against invading pathogens. Altered mucin production has been implicated in diseases such as ulcerative colitis, asthma, and cystic fibrosis, which highlights the importance of mucins in maintaining homeostasis. Different types of mucins exist throughout the body in various locations such as the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and female genital tract, but this review will focus on mucins in the oral cavity. Salivary mucin structure, localization within the oral cavity, and defense mechanisms will be discussed. These concepts will then be applied to present what is known about the protective function of mucins in oral diseases such as HIV/AIDS, oral candidiasis, and dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Shapiro Frenkel
- Biological Sciences in Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Katharina Ribbeck
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA;
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18
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Klein R, Dababneh AS, Palraj BRV. Streptococcus gordonii prosthetic joint infection in the setting of vigorous dental flossing. BMJ Case Rep 2015; 2015:bcr-2015-210695. [PMID: 26264944 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2015-210695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A 65-year-old woman with osteoarthritis, who underwent knee replacement 5 years prior, developed sudden onset knee pain and swelling. She had voluntarily starting a vigorous dental flossing regimen prior to the onset of symptoms. The patient underwent right knee arthrotomy, irrigation and debridement of right total knee arthroplasty and exchange of polyethylene with retention of the prosthesis. Intraoperative cultures grew Streptococcus gordonii. She was treated with 6 weeks of ceftriaxone and was later placed on oral antibiotic suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick Klein
- Mayo Clinic Health System, Lacrosse, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ala S Dababneh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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19
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Abstract
Multiple studies have now shown that various species of bacteria can stimulate platelets; many in a strain and donor-dependent manner. The signalling pathways underlying this platelet activation has been the subject of scrutiny for the last decade. The best-delineated pathway is that in response to Streptococcal species, such as Streptococcus sanguinis (S. sanguinis), Streptococcus gordonii (S. gordonii) and Streptococcus oralis (S. oralis), where a pathway is initiated by the engagement of the low affinity IgG receptor, FcγRIIA. This leads to and involves the tyrosine kinase Syk, the adaptor protein Linker of Activated T Cells (LAT) and subsequently both phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI-3-K). Finally, this leads to the expression of the αIIbβ3 integrin, the synthesis and release of thromboxane A2 (T × A2) and the exocytosis of PF4, each of which plays a crucial role in secondary signalling and full platelet activation. Roles for other signalling pathways in Streptococcal-induced platelet activation are less clear, although an ADP-mediated inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, a glycoprotein Ib/IX/V-mediated pathway and perhaps a complement-induced pathway have each been proposed. Platelet activation by Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) at least partially shares the FcγRIIA/Syk/PLCγ2/PI-3-K mechanism utilised by Streptococcal species. However, it has also been suggested that P. gingivalis activates platelets by two additional methods; stimulation of the protease-activated receptors leading to activation of phospholipase Cβ (PLCβ), and the engagement of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 by released lipopolysaccharide leading to an ill-defined pathway which may involve PI-3-K. Consequently, it appears that bacteria can stimulate platelets by eliciting multiple signalling pathways some of which are common, and some unique, to individual species.
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Antimicrobial Effect of Lactobacillus reuteri on Cariogenic Bacteria Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus mutans, and Periodontal Diseases Actinomyces naeslundii and Tannerella forsythia. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2014; 7:1-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12602-014-9178-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Elshibly A, Coulter WA, Millar BC, Prendergast BD, Thornhill M, Irwin C, Goldsmith CE, Moore JE. Effective oral health in infective endocarditis: efficacy of high-street mouthwashes against the viridans group streptococci. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 5:151-3. [PMID: 24610586 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Recent UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence guidelines state that there is no longer a need for oral antibiotic prophylaxis in patients undergoing dental procedures who are at risk of infective endocarditis (IE), and advocate the importance of maintaining good oral health. As viridans group streptococci (VGS) are common etiological agents of IE and inhabitants of the mouth, the purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of common high-street mouthwashes against four classes of VGS organisms (salivarius, mitis, anginosus, and mutans groupings). METHODS The survival of VGS, Streptococcus gordonii (National Collection of Type Cultures [NCTC] 7865), Streptococcus intermedius (NCTC 11324), Streptococcus mutans (NCTC 10449), Streptococcus oralis (NCTC 11427), Streptococcus pneumoniae (NCTC 7465, NCTC 7978, & American Type Culture Collection 49619) and Streptococcus salivarius (NCTC 8618) was assessed in vitro following treatment of approximately 10(7) c.f.u. in planktonic state with four mouthwashes. RESULTS No organisms were culturable following 1-min exposure, and were not recovered following non-selective enrichment following incubation in Brain Heart Infusion broth supplemented with 0.8% (w/v) yeast extract. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that such mouthwashes are able to completely kill VGS organisms tested in planktonic solution, where their use would promote good oral hygiene in patients at risk of IE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elshibly
- Department of Bacteriology, Belfast City Hospital, Northern Ireland, UK
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22
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Tilley DO, Arman M, Smolenski A, Cox D, O'Donnell JS, Douglas CWI, Watson SP, Kerrigan SW. Glycoprotein Ibα and FcγRIIa play key roles in platelet activation by the colonizing bacterium, Streptococcus oralis. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11:941-50. [PMID: 23413961 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infective endocarditis (IE) is characterized by thrombus formation on a cardiac valve. The oral bacterium, Streptococcus oralis, is recognized for its ability to colonize damaged heart valves and is frequently isolated from patients with IE. Platelet interaction with S. oralis leads to the development of a thrombotic vegetation on heart valves, which results in valvular incompetence and congestive heart failure. OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanism through which platelets become activated upon binding S. oralis. PATIENTS AND METHODS Platelet interactions with immobilized bacteria under shear conditions were assessed using a parallel flow chamber. S. oralis-inducible platelet reactivity was determined using light transmission aggregometry. Dense granule secretion was measured by luminometry using a luciferin/luciferase assay. RESULTS Using shear rates that mimic physiological conditions, we demonstrated that S. oralis was able to support platelet adhesion under venous (50-200 s(-1) ) and arterial shear conditions (800 s(-1) ). Platelets rolled along immobilized S. oralis through an interaction with GPIbα. Following rolling, platelet microaggregate formation was observed on immobilized S. oralis. Aggregate formation was dependent on S. oralis binding IgG, which cross-links to platelet FcγRIIa. This interaction led to phosphorylation of the ITAM domain on FcγRIIa, resulting in dense granule secretion, amplification through the ADP receptor and activation of RAP1, culminating in platelet microaggregate formation. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a model of interaction between S. oralis and platelets that leads to the formation of a stable septic vegetation on damaged heart valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- D O Tilley
- Cardiovascular Infection Group, Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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23
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Characterization of the fibrinogen binding domain of bacteriophage lysin from Streptococcus mitis. Infect Immun 2011; 79:3518-26. [PMID: 21690235 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05088-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The binding of bacteria to human platelets is a likely central mechanism in the pathogenesis of infective endocarditis. Platelet binding by Streptococcus mitis SF100 is mediated in part by a lysin encoded by the lysogenic bacteriophage SM1. In addition to its role in the phage life cycle, lysin mediates the binding of S. mitis to human platelets via its interaction with fibrinogen on the platelet surface. To better define the region of lysin mediating fibrinogen binding, we tested a series of purified lysin truncation variants for their abilities to bind this protein. These studies revealed that the fibrinogen binding domain of lysin is contained within the region spanned by amino acid residues 102 to 198 (lysin(102-198)). This region has no sequence homology to other known fibrinogen binding proteins. Lysin(102-198) bound fibrinogen comparably to full-length lysin and with the same selectivity for the fibrinogen Aα and Bβ chains. Lysin(102-198) also inhibited the binding in vitro of S. mitis to human fibrinogen and platelets. When assessed by platelet aggregometry, the disruption of the lysin gene in SF100 resulted in a significantly longer time to the onset of aggregation of human platelets than that of the parent strain. The preincubation of platelets with purified lysin(102-198) also delayed the onset of aggregation by SF100. These results indicate that the binding of lysin to fibrinogen is mediated by a specific domain of the phage protein and that this interaction is important for both platelet binding and aggregation by S. mitis.
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Almaguer-Flores A, Olivares-Navarrete R, Wieland M, Ximénez-Fyvie LA, Schwartz Z, Boyan BD. Influence of topography and hydrophilicity on initial oral biofilm formation on microstructured titanium surfaces in vitro. Clin Oral Implants Res 2011; 23:301-7. [PMID: 21492236 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2011.02184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of the microtopography and hydrophilicity of titanium (Ti) substrates on initial oral biofilm formation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nine bacterial species belonging to the normal oral microbiota, including: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Actinomyces israelii, Campylobacter rectus, Eikenella corrodens, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Parvimonas micra, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, and Streptococcus sanguinis were tested on Ti surfaces: pretreatment (PT [R(a) <0.2 μm]), acid-etched (A [R(a) <0.8 μm]), A modified to be hydrophilic (modA), sand-blasted/acid-etched (SLA [R(a) =4 μm]), and hydrophilic SLA (modSLA). Disks were incubated for 24 h in anaerobic conditions using a normal culture medium (CM) or human saliva (HS). The total counts of bacteria and the proportion of each bacterial species were analysed by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. RESULTS Higher counts of bacteria were observed on all surfaces incubated with CM compared with the samples incubated with HS. PT, SLA, and modSLA exhibited higher numbers of attached bacteria in CM, whereas SLA and modSLA had a significant increase in bacterial adhesion in HS. The proportion of the species in the initial biofilms was also influenced by the surface properties and the media used: SLA and modSLA increased the proportion of species like A. actinomycetemcomitans and S. sanguinis in both media, while the adhesion of A. israelii and P. gingivalis on the same surfaces was affected in the presence of saliva. CONCLUSIONS The initial biofilm formation and composition were affected by the microtopography and hydrophilicity of the surface and by the media used.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Almaguer-Flores
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional, Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, DF México
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25
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Mitchell J. Streptococcus mitis: walking the line between commensalism and pathogenesis. Mol Oral Microbiol 2011; 26:89-98. [PMID: 21375700 DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1014.2010.00601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus mitis is a viridans streptococcus and a normal commensal of the human oropharynx. However, S. mitis can escape from this niche and cause a variety of infectious complications including infective endocarditis, bacteraemia and septicaemia. It uses a variety of strategies to effectively colonize the human oropharynx. These include expression of adhesins, immunoglobulin A proteases and toxins, and modulation of the host immune system. These various colonization factors allow S. mitis to compete for space and nutrients in the face of its more pathogenic oropharyngeal microbial neighbours. However, it is likely that in vulnerable immune-compromised patients S. mitis will use the same colonization and immune modulation factors as virulence factors promoting its opportunistic pathogenesis. The recent publication of a complete genome sequence for S. mitis strain B6 will allow researchers to thoroughly investigate which genes are involved in S. mitis host colonization and pathogenesis. Moreover, it will help to give insight into where S. mitis fits in the complicated oral microbiome. This review will discuss the current knowledge of S. mitis factors involved in host colonization, their potential role in virulence and what needs to be done to fully understand how a an oral commensal successfully transitions to a virulent pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mitchell
- University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.
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McNicol A, Israels SJ. Mechanisms of oral bacteria-induced platelet activation. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2010; 88:510-24. [DOI: 10.1139/y10-029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The oral cavity is inhabited by over 500 different bacterial species that normally exist in ecological balance both with each other and with the host. When this equilibrium is disturbed, an overgrowth of individual organisms can occur, which, in turn, can lead to the onset of pathological processes, notably dental caries and periodontitis. Generally, bacteraemias occur more frequently in individuals with periodontal disease, and these bacteraemias have been implicated in the development of a range of systemic diseases, including atherothrombotic disorders. The mechanism underlying this relationship remains to be precisely defined, although studies have shown a link between bacteria of oral origin and platelet activation. Several orally derived species of bacteria interact with platelets, including those of the Streptococcus ( Streptococcus sanguinis , Streptococcus mutans , Streptococcus agalactiae , Streptococcus pyogenes , Streptococcus gordonii , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Streptococcus mitis ) and Staphylococcus ( Staphylococcus epidermidis , Staphylococcus capitis ) genera, as well as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Porphyromonas gingivalis . In addition, some members of both the Streptococcus and the Staphylococcus genera, as well as Porphyromonas gingivalis , can activate platelets in vitro. The current review describes the heterogeneous mechanisms of platelet activation employed by individual bacterial species. The pathological and clinical implications of platelet activation by orally derived bacteria are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archibald McNicol
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada
- International Centre for Oral Systemic Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada
| | - Sara J. Israels
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada
- International Centre for Oral Systemic Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada
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Derrien M, van Passel MWJ, van de Bovenkamp JHB, Schipper RG, de Vos WM, Dekker J. Mucin-bacterial interactions in the human oral cavity and digestive tract. Gut Microbes 2010; 1:254-268. [PMID: 21327032 PMCID: PMC3023607 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.1.4.12778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 06/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucins are a family of heavily glycosylated proteins that are the major organic components of the mucus layer, the protective layer covering the epithelial cells in many human and animal organs, including the entire gastro-intestinal tract. Microbes that can associate with mucins benefit from this interaction since they can get available nutrients, experience physico-chemical protection and adhere, resulting in increased residence time. Mucin-degrading microorganisms, which often are found in consortia, have not been extensively characterized as mucins are high molecular weight glycoproteins that are hard to study because of their size, complexity and heterogeneity. The purpose of this review is to discuss how advances in mucus and mucin research, and insight in the microbial ecology promoted our understanding of mucin degradation. Recent insight is presented in mucin structure and organization, the microorganisms known to use mucin as growth substrate, with a specific attention on Akkermansia muciniphila, and the molecular basis of microbial mucin degradation owing to availability of genome sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Derrien
- TI Food and Nutrition; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen, The Netherlands,Laboratory of Microbiology; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark WJ van Passel
- Laboratory of Microbiology; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen HB van de Bovenkamp
- TI Food and Nutrition; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen, The Netherlands,Laboratory of Food Chemistry; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond G Schipper
- TI Food and Nutrition; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen, The Netherlands,Laboratory of Food Chemistry; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem M de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen, The Netherlands,Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences; University of Helsinki; Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jan Dekker
- TI Food and Nutrition; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Kesimer M, Kiliç N, Mehrotra R, Thornton DJ, Sheehan JK. Identification of salivary mucin MUC7 binding proteins from Streptococcus gordonii. BMC Microbiol 2009; 9:163. [PMID: 19671172 PMCID: PMC2775355 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The salivary mucin MUC7 (previously known as MG2) can adhere to various strains of streptococci that are primary colonizers and predominant microorganisms of the oral cavity. Although there is a growing interest in interaction between oral pathogens and salivary mucins, studies reporting the specific binding sites on the bacteria are rather limited. Identification and characterization of the specific interacting proteins on the bacterial cell surface, termed adhesins, are crucial to further understand host-pathogen interactions. RESULTS We demonstrate here, using purified MUC7 to overlay blots of SDS-extracts of Streptococcus gordonii cell surface proteins, 4 MUC7-binding bands, with apparent molecular masses of 62, 78, 84 and 133 kDa from the Streptococcus gordonii strain, PK488. Putative adhesins were identified by in-gel digestion and subsequent nanoLC-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of resultant peptides. The 62 kDa and 84 kDa bands were identified as elongation factor (EF) Tu and EF-G respectively. The 78 kDa band was a hppA gene product; the 74 kDa oligopeptide-binding lipoprotein. The 133 kDa band contained two proteins; alpha enolase and DNA-directed RNA polymerase, beta' subunit. Some of these proteins, for example alpha enolase are expected to be intracellular, however, flow cytometric analysis confirmed its location on the bacterial surface. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrated that S. gordonii expressed a number of putative MUC7 recognizing proteins and these contribute to MUC7 mucin binding of this streptococcal strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Kesimer
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, 06510 Besevler, Ankara, Turkey.
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Jakubovics NS, Brittan JL, Dutton LC, Jenkinson HF. Multiple adhesin proteins on the cell surface of Streptococcus gordonii are involved in adhesion to human fibronectin. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 155:3572-3580. [PMID: 19661180 PMCID: PMC2885655 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.032078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion of bacterial cells to fibronectin (FN) is thought to be a pivotal step in the pathogenesis of invasive infectious diseases. Viridans group streptococci such as Streptococcus gordonii are considered commensal members of the oral microflora, but are important pathogens in infective endocarditis. S. gordonii expresses a battery of cell-surface adhesins that act alone or in concert to bind host receptors. Here, we employed molecular genetic approaches to determine the relative contributions of five known S. gordonii surface proteins to adherence to human FN. Binding levels to FN by isogenic mutants lacking Hsa glycoprotein were reduced by 70 %, while mutants lacking CshA and CshB fibrillar proteins showed approximately 30 % reduced binding. By contrast, disruption of antigen I/II adhesin genes sspA and sspB in a wild-type background did not result in reduced FN binding. Enzymic removal of sialic acids from FN led to reduced S. gordonii DL1 adhesion (>50 %), but did not affect binding by the hsa mutant, indicating that Hsa interacts with sialic acid moieties on FN. Conversely, desialylation of FN did not affect adherence levels of Lactococcus lactis cells expressing SspA or SspB polypeptides. Complementation of the hsa mutant partially restored adhesion to FN. A model is proposed for FN binding by S. gordonii in which Hsa and CshA/CshB are primary adhesins, and SspA or SspB play secondary roles. Understanding the basis of oral streptococcal interactions with FN will provide a foundation for development of new strategies to control infective endocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S. Jakubovics
- School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK
| | - Jane L. Brittan
- Department of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Lindsay C. Dutton
- Department of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Howard F. Jenkinson
- Department of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
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Characterisation and expression of SPLUNC2, the human orthologue of rodent parotid secretory protein. Histochem Cell Biol 2009; 132:339-49. [PMID: 19499239 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-009-0610-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We recently described the Palate Lung Nasal Clone (PLUNC) family of proteins as an extended group of proteins expressed in the upper airways, nose and mouth. Little is known about these proteins, but they are secreted into the airway and nasal lining fluids and saliva where, due to their structural similarity with lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein, they may play a role in the innate immune defence. We now describe the generation and characterisation of novel affinity-purified antibodies to SPLUNC2, and use them to determine the expression of this, the major salivary gland PLUNC. Western blotting showed that the antibodies identified a number of distinct protein bands in saliva, whilst immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated protein expression in serous cells of the major salivary glands and in the ductal lumens as well as in cells of minor mucosal glands. Antibodies directed against distinct epitopes of the protein yielded different staining patterns in both minor and major salivary glands. Using RT-PCR of tissues from the oral cavity, coupled with EST analysis, we showed that the gene undergoes alternative splicing using two 5' non-coding exons, suggesting that the gene is regulated by alternative promoters. Comprehensive RACE analysis using salivary gland RNA as template failed to identify any additional exons. Analysis of saliva showed that SPLUNC2 is subject to N-glycosylation. Thus, our study shows that multiple SPLUNC2 isoforms are found in the oral cavity and suggest that these proteins may be differentially regulated in distinct tissues where they may function in the innate immune response.
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Persson GR, Persson RE. Cardiovascular disease and periodontitis: an update on the associations and risk. J Clin Periodontol 2009; 35:362-79. [PMID: 18724863 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2008.01281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations between periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases have been recognized. MATERIAL AND METHODS New literature since the last European Workshop on Periodontology has been reviewed. RESULTS The lack of reliable epidemiological data on disease prevalence makes an assessment of the associations and risks between periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases difficult. Two recent meta-analysis reports have identified associations between periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases (odds ratios: 1.1-2.2). Different surrogate markers for both disease entities, including serum biomarkers, have been investigated. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation, and carotid intima media thickness have in some studies been linked to periodontitis. Studies are needed to confirm early results of improvements of such surrogate markers following periodontal therapy. While intensive periodontal therapy may enhance inflammatory responses and impair vascular functions, studies are needed to assess the outcome of periodontal therapies in subjects with confirmed cardiovascular conditions. Tooth eradication may also reduce the systemic inflammatory burden of individuals with severe periodontitis. The role of confounders remain unclear. CONCLUSIONS Periodontitis may contribute to cardiovascular disease and stroke in susceptible subjects. Properly powered longitudinal case-control and intervention trials are needed to identify how periodontitis and periodontal interventions may have an impact on cardiovascular diseases.
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Yazdankhah S, Midtvedt T, Narvhus J, Berstad A, Lassen J, Halvorsen R. The use of probiotics for critically ill patients in hospitals. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/08910600903495046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Yazdankhah
- Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety, Norwegian Institute of Public Health
| | | | - Judith Narvhus
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Arnold Berstad
- Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Nobbs AH, Zhang Y, Khammanivong A, Herzberg MC. Streptococcus gordonii Hsa environmentally constrains competitive binding by Streptococcus sanguinis to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:3106-14. [PMID: 17277052 PMCID: PMC1855861 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01535-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Competition between pioneer colonizing bacteria may determine polymicrobial succession during dental plaque development, but the ecological constraints are poorly understood. For example, more Streptococcus sanguinis than Streptococcus gordonii organisms are consistently isolated from the same intraoral sites, yet S. gordonii fails to be excluded and survives as a species over time. To explain this observation, we hypothesized that S. gordonii could compete with S. sanguinis to adhere to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite (sHA), an in vitro model of the tooth surface. Both species bound similarly to sHA, yet 10- to 50-fold excess S. gordonii DL1 reduced binding of S. sanguinis SK36 by 85 to >95%. S. sanguinis, by contrast, did not significantly compete with S. gordonii to adhere. S. gordonii competed with S. sanguinis more effectively than other species of oral streptococci and depended upon the salivary film on HA. Next, putative S. gordonii adhesins were analyzed for contributions to interspecies competitive binding. Like wild-type S. gordonii, isogenic mutants with mutations in antigen I/II polypeptides (sspAB), amylase-binding proteins (abpAB), and Csh adhesins (cshAB) competed effectively against S. sanguinis. By contrast, an hsa-deficient mutant of S. gordonii showed significantly reduced binding and competitive capabilities, while these properties were restored in an hsa-complemented strain. Thus, Hsa confers a selective advantage to S. gordonii over S. sanguinis in competitive binding to sHA. Hsa expression may, therefore, serve as an environmental constraint against S. sanguinis, enabling S. gordonii to persist within the oral cavity, despite the greater natural prevalence of S. sanguinis in plaque and saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela H Nobbs
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, 17-164 Moos Tower, 515 Delaware Street, S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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