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Chirkin E, Muthusamy V, Mann P, Roemer T, Nantermet PG, Spiegel DA. Neutralization of Pathogenic Fungi with Small-Molecule Immunotherapeutics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Egor Chirkin
- Department of Chemistry; Yale University; 225 Prospect Street New Haven CT 06511 USA
| | - Viswanathan Muthusamy
- Department of Chemistry; Yale University; 225 Prospect Street New Haven CT 06511 USA
| | - Paul Mann
- Merck & Co., Inc.; 2000 Galloping Hill Road Kenilworth NJ 07033 USA
| | - Terry Roemer
- Prokaryotics, Inc.; 1000 Morris Ave, STEM Bldg., Suite 5-13 Union NJ 07083 USA
| | | | - David A. Spiegel
- Department of Chemistry; Yale University; 225 Prospect Street New Haven CT 06511 USA
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Chirkin E, Muthusamy V, Mann P, Roemer T, Nantermet PG, Spiegel DA. Neutralization of Pathogenic Fungi with Small-Molecule Immunotherapeutics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13036-13040. [PMID: 28793176 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Systemic fungal infections represent an important public health concern, and new antifungal agents are highly desirable. Herein, we describe the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a novel class of antifungal compounds called antibody-recruiting molecules targeting fungi (ARM-Fs). Our approach relies on the use of non-peptidic small molecules, which selectively bind fungal cells and recruit endogenous antibodies to their surfaces, resulting in immune-mediated clearance. Using the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans as a model, we identified a highly specific bifunctional molecule able to mediate the engulfment and phagocytosis of C. albicans cells by human immune cells in biologically relevant functional assays. This work represents a novel therapeutic approach to treating fungal illness with significant potential to complement and/or combine with existing treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egor Chirkin
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Viswanathan Muthusamy
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Paul Mann
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Terry Roemer
- Prokaryotics, Inc., 1000 Morris Ave, STEM Bldg., Suite 5-13, Union, NJ, 07083, USA
| | | | - David A Spiegel
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
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Release of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha and Interleukin-1 Beta from THP-1 Cells Infected with Candida parapsilosis. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2016. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.39155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Vogelpoel LTC, Baeten DLP, de Jong EC, den Dunnen J. Control of cytokine production by human fc gamma receptors: implications for pathogen defense and autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2015; 6:79. [PMID: 25759693 PMCID: PMC4338787 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Control of cytokine production by immune cells is pivotal for counteracting infections via orchestration of local and systemic inflammation. Although their contribution has long been underexposed, it has recently become clear that human Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs), which are receptors for the Fc region of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies, play a critical role in this process by controlling tissue- and pathogen-specific cytokine production. Whereas individual stimulation of FcγRs does not evoke cytokine production, FcγRs cell-type specifically interact with various other receptors for selective amplification or inhibition of particular cytokines, thereby tailoring cytokine responses to the immunological context. The physiological function of FcγR-mediated control of cytokine production is to counteract infections with various classes of pathogens. Upon IgG opsonization, pathogens are simultaneously recognized by FcγRs as well as by various pathogen-sensing receptors, leading to the induction of pathogen class-specific immune responses. However, when erroneously activated, the same mechanism also contributes to the development of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. In this review, we discuss control of cytokine production as a novel function of FcγRs in human innate immune cells in the context of homeostasis, infection, and autoimmunity and address the possibilities for future therapeutic exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa T C Vogelpoel
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Dominique L P Baeten
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Esther C de Jong
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Jeroen den Dunnen
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
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Abstract
Whereas active immunity refers to the process of exposing the individual to an antigen to generate an adaptive immune response, passive immunity refers to the transfer of antibodies from one individual to another. Passive immunity provides immediate but short-lived protection, lasting several weeks up to 3 or 4 months. Passive immunity can occur naturally, when maternal antibodies are transferred to the fetus through the placenta or from breast milk to the gut of the infant. It can also be produced artificially, when antibody preparations derived from sera or secretions of immunized donors or, more recently, different antibody producing platforms are transferred via systemic or mucosal route to nonimmune individuals. Passive immunization has recently become an attractive approach because of the emergence of new and drug-resistant microorganisms, diseases that are unresponsive to drug therapy and individuals with an impaired immune system who are unable to respond to conventional vaccines. This chapter addresses the contributions of natural and artificial acquired passive immunity in understanding the concept of passive immunization. We will mainly focus on administration of antibodies for protection against various infectious agents entering through mucosal surfaces.
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Lipinski T, Fitieh A, St. Pierre J, Ostergaard HL, Bundle DR, Touret N. Enhanced Immunogenicity of a Tricomponent Mannan Tetanus Toxoid Conjugate Vaccine Targeted to Dendritic Cells via Dectin-1 by Incorporating β-Glucan. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:4116-28. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Kuhn DM, Vyas VK. The Candida glabrata adhesin Epa1p causes adhesion, phagocytosis, and cytokine secretion by innate immune cells. FEMS Yeast Res 2012; 12:398-414. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2011.00785.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Duncan M. Kuhn
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research; 9 Cambridge Center; Cambridge; MA; USA
| | - Valmik K. Vyas
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research; 9 Cambridge Center; Cambridge; MA; USA
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Linden JR, Maccani MA, Laforce-Nesbitt SS, Bliss JM. High efficiency opsonin-independent phagocytosis of Candida parapsilosis by human neutrophils. Med Mycol 2010; 48:355-64. [PMID: 19672781 DOI: 10.1080/13693780903164566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida species are associated with invasive fungal infections, and C. parapsilosis has become increasingly prevalent. As key antifungal effector cells, the function of human neutrophils confronting C. parapsilosis was investigated. We hypothesized that interaction between neutrophils and Candida species may not be uniform. Opsonins were omitted from these studies to understand the antifungal mechanisms at their most basic level. Human neutrophils underwent phagocytosis of C. parapsilosis with much higher efficiency than with C. albicans. Immunofluorescence assays with ss-glucan specific antibody detected more surface exposed ss-glucan on C. parapsilosis than C. albicans. However, blockade of the ss-glucan receptor Dectin-1, reduced phagocytosis of C. albicans but not C. parapsilosis. Inclusion of excess beta-glucan, mannan, or chitin also had no effect on phagocytosis of C. parapsilosis. Consistent with the differences noted in phagocytosis, neutrophils mediated damage to C. parapsilosis but not C. albicans in assays of residual metabolic activity. C. parapsilosis was more sensitive to oxidative stress, and inclusion of antioxidant in toxicity assays decreased neutrophil mediated damage, suggesting that generation of reactive oxygen species contributes to the toxicity mechanism. These data suggest that the interaction between neutrophils and Candida species is not uniform and may partially account for differences observed in the epidemiology and natural history of infections caused by these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Linden
- Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA
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Linden JR, Maccani MA, Laforce-Nesbitt SS, Bliss JM. High efficiency opsonin-independent phagocytosis ofCandida parapsilosisby human neutrophils. Med Mycol 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/13693780903164566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Ferwerda G, Netea MG, Joosten LA, van der Meer JW, Romani L, Kullberg BJ. The role of Toll-like receptors and C-type lectins for vaccination against Candida albicans. Vaccine 2010; 28:614-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Lee HS, Lee CS, Yang CJ, Su SL, Salter DM. Candida albicans induces cyclo-oxygenase 2 expression and prostaglandin E2 production in synovial fibroblasts through an extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 dependent pathway. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:R48. [PMID: 19327173 PMCID: PMC2688198 DOI: 10.1186/ar2661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Synovial cells are potential sources of inflammatory mediators in bacterial-induced arthritis but their involvement in the inflammatory response to Candida albicans-induced septic arthritis is largely unknown. Methods Primary cultures of rat synovial fibroblasts were infected with C. albicans (ATCC90028). Immunocytochemistry, western blotting, and RT-PCR were performed to assess cyclo-oxygenase 2 induction. Phosphorylation of extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) following infection in the absence or presence of U0126 was assessed by western blotting whilst prostaglandin E2 production was measured by ELISA. Nuclear factor κB (NFκB) translocation was evaluated by an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Results Infection of synovial fibroblasts with C. albicans resulted in cyclo-oxygenase 2 expression and prostaglandin E2 production. Cyclo-oxygenase 2 expression and prostaglandin E2 production was dependent upon extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation, associated with activation of NFκB and significantly elevated in the presence of laminarin, an inhibitor of dectin-1 activity. Synovial fibroblasts adjacent to C. albicans hyphae aggregates appeared to be the major contributors to the increased levels of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and phosphorylated extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2. Conclusions C. albicans infection of synovial fibroblasts in vitro results in upregulation of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and prostaglandin E2 by mechanisms that may involve activation of extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 and are associated with NFκB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herng-Sheng Lee
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan.
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Live Candida albicans suppresses production of reactive oxygen species in phagocytes. Infect Immun 2008; 77:405-13. [PMID: 18981256 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00860-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an important aspect of phagocyte-mediated host responses. Since phagocytes play a crucial role in the host response to Candida albicans, we examined the ability of Candida to modulate phagocyte ROS production. ROS production was measured in the murine macrophage cell line J774 and in primary phagocytes using luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence. J774 cells, murine polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), human monocytes, and human PMN treated with live C. albicans produced significantly less ROS than phagocytes treated with heat-killed C. albicans. Live C. albicans also suppressed ROS production in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages from C57BL/6 mice, but not from BALB/c mice. Live C. albicans also suppressed ROS in response to external stimuli. C. albicans and Candida glabrata suppressed ROS production by phagocytes, whereas Saccharomyces cerevisiae stimulated ROS production. The cell wall is the initial point of contact between Candida and phagocytes, but isolated cell walls from both heat-killed and live C. albicans stimulated ROS production. Heat-killed C. albicans has increased surface exposure of 1,3-beta-glucan, a cell wall component that can stimulate phagocytes. To determine whether surface 1,3-beta-glucan exposure accounted for the difference in ROS production, live C. albicans cells were treated with a sublethal dose of caspofungin to increase surface 1,3-beta-glucan exposure. Caspofungin-treated C. albicans was fully able to suppress ROS production, indicating that suppression of ROS overrides stimulatory signals from 1,3-beta-glucan. These studies indicate that live C. albicans actively suppresses ROS production in phagocytes in vitro, which may represent an important immune evasion mechanism.
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Immune defence mechanisms and immunoenhancement strategies in oropharyngeal candidiasis. Expert Rev Mol Med 2008; 10:e29. [PMID: 18847522 DOI: 10.1017/s1462399408000835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of oropharyngeal candidiasis continues to be high, mainly because of an increasing population of immunocompromised patients. Traditional treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis has relied on the use of antimicrobial drugs. However, unsatisfactory results with drug monotherapy and the emergence of resistant strains have prompted investigations into the potential use of adjunctive immunoenhancing therapies for the treatment of these infections. Here we review the host-recognition systems of Candida albicans, the immune and inflammatory response to infection, and antifungal effector mechanisms. The potential of immune modulation as a therapeutic strategy in oropharyngeal candidiasis is also discussed.
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Nicola AM, Casadevall A, Goldman DL. Fungal killing by mammalian phagocytic cells. Curr Opin Microbiol 2008; 11:313-7. [PMID: 18573683 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2008.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytes are considered the most important effector cells in the immune response against fungal infections. To exert their role, they must recognize the invading fungi, internalise, and kill them within the phagosome. Major advances in the field have elucidated the roles of pattern-recognition receptors in the innate immunity sensing and the importance of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in intracellular killing of fungi. Surprising exit mechanisms for intracellular pathogens and extracellular traps have also been discovered. These and several other recent breakthroughs in our understanding of the mechanisms used by phagocytes to kill fungal pathogens are reviewed in this work.
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