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Zheng DJ, Abou Taka M, Heit B. Role of Apoptotic Cell Clearance in Pneumonia and Inflammatory Lung Disease. Pathogens 2021; 10:134. [PMID: 33572846 PMCID: PMC7912081 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia and inflammatory diseases of the pulmonary system such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma continue to cause significant morbidity and mortality globally. While the etiology of these diseases is highly different, they share a number of similarities in the underlying inflammatory processes driving disease pathology. Multiple recent studies have identified failures in efferocytosis-the phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells-as a common driver of inflammation and tissue destruction in these diseases. Effective efferocytosis has been shown to be important for resolving inflammatory diseases of the lung and the subsequent restoration of normal lung function, while many pneumonia-causing pathogens manipulate the efferocytic system to enhance their growth and avoid immunity. Moreover, some treatments used to manage these patients, such as inhaled corticosteroids for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the prevalent use of statins for cardiovascular disease, have been found to beneficially alter efferocytic activity in these patients. In this review, we provide an overview of the efferocytic process and its role in the pathophysiology and resolution of pneumonia and other inflammatory diseases of the lungs, and discuss the utility of existing and emerging therapies for modulating efferocytosis as potential treatments for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jiao Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N0M 2N0, Canada; (D.J.Z.); (M.A.T.)
| | - Maria Abou Taka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N0M 2N0, Canada; (D.J.Z.); (M.A.T.)
| | - Bryan Heit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N0M 2N0, Canada; (D.J.Z.); (M.A.T.)
- Robarts Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5K8, Canada
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Oliveira MME, Almeida-Paes R, Corrêa-Moreira D, Borba CDM, Menezes RC, Freitas DFS, do Valle ACF, Schubach ADO, Barros MBDL, Nosanchuk JD, Gutierrez-Galhardo MC, Zancopé-Oliveira RM. A case of sporotrichosis caused by different Sporothrix brasiliensis strains: mycological, molecular, and virulence analyses. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2019; 114:e190260. [PMID: 31644705 PMCID: PMC6804372 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760190260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis caused by dimorphic pathogenic fungi
belonging to the Sporothrix genus. Pathogenic
Sporothrix species typically produce melanin, which is
known to be a virulence factor. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to perform phenotypic, genotypic, and virulence
analyses of two distinct Sporothrix brasiliensis strains
isolated from the same lesion on a patient from Rio de Janeiro. METHODS AND FINDINGS Genotypic analyses by partial sequencing of the calmodulin,
β-tubulin, and chitin synthase genes,
as well as polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-fingerprinting by T3B, M13, and
GACA, showed that the isolates were very similar but not identical. Both
isolates had similar phenotypic characteristics and effectively produced
melanin in their yeast forms, accounting for their ability of causing
disease in a murine sporotrichosis model. Remarkably, isolate B was albino
in its environmental form but caused more severe disease than the pigmented
A isolate. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the patient was infected by two genetically and
biologically distinct S. brasiliensis that vary in their
production of melanin in their environmental forms. The results underscore
the importance of characterizing phenotypically different isolates found in
the same clinical specimen or patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoel Marques E Oliveira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Almeida-Paes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Micologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Danielly Corrêa-Moreira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Taxonomia, Bioquímica e Bioprospecção de Fungos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Cintia de Moraes Borba
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Taxonomia, Bioquímica e Bioprospecção de Fungos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Caldas Menezes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Dayvison Francis Saraiva Freitas
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatologia Infecciosa, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Antonio Carlos Francesconi do Valle
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatologia Infecciosa, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Armando de Oliveira Schubach
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Vigilância em Leishmaniose, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | | | - Maria Clara Gutierrez-Galhardo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatologia Infecciosa, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Micologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Law HT, Sriram A, Fevang C, Nix EB, Nano FE, Guttman JA. IglC and PdpA are important for promoting Francisella invasion and intracellular growth in epithelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104881. [PMID: 25115488 PMCID: PMC4130613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly infectious bacteria, Francisella tularensis, colonize a variety of organs and replicate within both phagocytic as well as non-phagocytic cells, to cause the disease tularemia. These microbes contain a conserved cluster of important virulence genes referred to as the Francisella Pathogenicity Island (FPI). Two of the most characterized FPI genes, iglC and pdpA, play a central role in bacterial survival and proliferation within phagocytes, but do not influence bacterial internalization. Yet, their involvement in non-phagocytic epithelial cell infections remains unexplored. To examine the functions of IglC and PdpA on bacterial invasion and replication during epithelial cell infections, we infected liver and lung epithelial cells with F. novicida and F. tularensis 'Type B' Live Vaccine Strain (LVS) deletion mutants (ΔiglC and ΔpdpA) as well as their respective gene complements. We found that deletion of either gene significantly reduced their ability to invade and replicate in epithelial cells. Gene complementation of iglC and pdpA partially rescued bacterial invasion and intracellular growth. Additionally, substantial LAMP1-association with both deletion mutants was observed up to 12 h suggesting that the absence of IglC and PdpA caused deficiencies in their ability to dissociate from LAMP1-positive Francisella Containing Vacuoles (FCVs). This work provides the first evidence that IglC and PdpA are important pathogenic factors for invasion and intracellular growth of Francisella in epithelial cells, and further highlights the discrete mechanisms involved in Francisella infections between phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. T. Law
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Aarati Sriram
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Charlotte Fevang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eli B. Nix
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Francis E. Nano
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julian Andrew Guttman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Glass AM, Coombs W, Taffet SM. Spontaneous cardiac calcinosis in BALB/cByJ mice. Comp Med 2013; 63:29-37. [PMID: 23561935 PMCID: PMC3567374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BALB/c mice are predisposed to dystrophic cardiac calcinosis-the mineralization of cardiac tissues, especially the right ventricular epicardium. In previous reports, the disease appeared in aged animals and had an unknown etiology. In the current study, we report a substrain of BALB/c mice (BALB/cByJ) that develops disease early and with high frequency. Here we analyzed hearts grossly to identify the presence and measure the severity of disease and to compare BALB/c substrains. Histologic analysis and fluorescent and immunofluorescent microscopy were used to characterize the calcinotic lesions. BALB/cByJ mice exhibited more frequent and severe calcium deposition than did BALB/c mice of other substrains (90% compared with 3% at 5 wk). At this age, lesions covered an average of 30% of the total ventricular surface area in BALB/cByJ mice, compared with less than 1% in other strains. In bone-marrow-chimeric mice, green fluorescent protein was used as a marker to show that the lesions contain an infiltration of cells of bone marrow origin. Lesion histology showed that calcium deposits were surrounded by fibrosis with interspersed immune cells. Lymphocytes, macrophages, and granulocytes were all present. Internalization of the gap-junction protein connexin 43 was observed in myocytes adjacent to lesions. In conclusion, BALB/cByJ mice exhibit more frequent and severe dystrophic cardiac calcinosis than do other BALB/c substrains. Our findings suggest that immune cells are actively recruited to lesions and that myocyte gap junctions are altered near lesions.
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van der Windt GJW, Hoogendijk AJ, Schouten M, Hommes TJ, de Vos AF, Florquin S, van der Poll T. Osteopontin Impairs Host Defense During Pneumococcal Pneumonia. J Infect Dis 2011; 203:1850-8. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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