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Sallam M, Khalil R. Contemporary Insights into Hepatitis C Virus: A Comprehensive Review. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1035. [PMID: 38930417 PMCID: PMC11205832 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains a significant global health challenge. Approximately 50 million people were living with chronic hepatitis C based on the World Health Organization as of 2024, contributing extensively to global morbidity and mortality. The advent and approval of several direct-acting antiviral (DAA) regimens significantly improved HCV treatment, offering potentially high rates of cure for chronic hepatitis C. However, the promising aim of eventual HCV eradication remains challenging. Key challenges include the variability in DAA access across different regions, slightly variable response rates to DAAs across diverse patient populations and HCV genotypes/subtypes, and the emergence of resistance-associated substitutions (RASs), potentially conferring resistance to DAAs. Therefore, periodic reassessment of current HCV knowledge is needed. An up-to-date review on HCV is also necessitated based on the observed shifts in HCV epidemiological trends, continuous development and approval of therapeutic strategies, and changes in public health policies. Thus, the current comprehensive review aimed to integrate the latest knowledge on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic approaches, treatment options and preventive strategies for HCV, with a particular focus on the current challenges associated with RASs and ongoing efforts in vaccine development. This review sought to provide healthcare professionals, researchers, and policymakers with the necessary insights to address the HCV burden more effectively. We aimed to highlight the progress made in managing and preventing HCV infection and to highlight the persistent barriers challenging the prevention of HCV infection. The overarching goal was to align with global health objectives towards reducing the burden of chronic hepatitis, aiming for its eventual elimination as a public health threat by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik Sallam
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
- Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, Jordan University Hospital, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Roaa Khalil
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
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2
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Pauly MD, Ganova-Raeva L. Point-of-Care Testing for Hepatitis Viruses: A Growing Need. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2271. [PMID: 38137872 PMCID: PMC10744957 DOI: 10.3390/life13122271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral hepatitis, caused by hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), or hepatitis E virus (HEV), is a major global public health problem. These viruses cause millions of infections each year, and chronic infections with HBV, HCV, or HDV can lead to severe liver complications; however, they are underdiagnosed. Achieving the World Health Organization's viral hepatitis elimination goals by 2030 will require access to simpler, faster, and less expensive diagnostics. The development and implementation of point-of-care (POC) testing methods that can be performed outside of a laboratory for the diagnosis of viral hepatitis infections is a promising approach to facilitate and expedite WHO's elimination targets. While a few markers of viral hepatitis are already available in POC formats, tests for additional markers or using novel technologies need to be developed and validated for clinical use. Potential methods and uses for the POC testing of antibodies, antigens, and nucleic acids that relate to the diagnosis, monitoring, or surveillance of viral hepatitis infections are discussed here. Unmet needs and areas where additional research is needed are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lilia Ganova-Raeva
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA;
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3
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Pauly MD, Weis-Torres S, Hayden TM, Ganova-Raeva LM, Kamili S. Development of simple, rapid, and sensitive methods for detection of hepatitis C virus RNA from whole blood using reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification. J Clin Microbiol 2023; 61:e0077123. [PMID: 37933990 PMCID: PMC10662345 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00771-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is an underdiagnosed global health problem. Diagnosis of current HCV infections typically requires testing for HCV RNA using high-complexity laboratory tests. Methods for the detection of HCV RNA that are simple, inexpensive, rapid, and compatible with use outside of a laboratory setting are very important in order to improve access to hepatitis C diagnostic testing and facilitate accelerated linkage to care. We developed and evaluated three simple workflows for extracting HCV RNA from small volumes of whole blood for use in a sensitive, pan-genotypic RT-LAMP assay. The water workflow uses osmotic stress to release HCV RNA and has a limit of detection of 4.3 log10(IU/mL) (95% CI 4.0-4.9). The heat workflow uses a heating step to release HCV RNA and has a limit of detection of 4.2 log10(IU/mL) (95% CI 3.8-5.1). The bead workflow, which uses chemical lysis of the sample and a streamlined paramagnetic solid phase reversible immobilization bead procedure for nucleic acid purification, has a limit of detection of 2.8 log10(IU/mL) (95% CI 2.5-3.4). When used to test whole blood spiked with HCV RNA-positive plasma samples in which most HCV levels were below 5.0 log10(IU/mL), the water, heat, and bead workflows detected HCV RNA in 69%, 75%, and 94% of samples, respectively. These workflows are compatible with visual lateral flow dipsticks, and each takes less than 60 min from sample to result. Each workflow can be performed with minimal and inexpensive equipment. With further procedural simplifications, these workflows may form the basis of assays for the point-of-care diagnosis of HCV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Pauly
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sabrina Weis-Torres
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tonya M. Hayden
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lilia M. Ganova-Raeva
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Saleem Kamili
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA, Atlanta, Georgia
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4
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Chia CT, Bender AT, Lillis L, Sullivan BP, Martin CD, Burke W, Landis C, Boyle DS, Posner JD. Rapid detection of hepatitis C virus using recombinase polymerase amplification. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276582. [PMID: 36282844 PMCID: PMC9595512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 71 million people are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) worldwide, and approximately 400,000 global deaths result from complications of untreated chronic HCV. Pan-genomic direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have recently become widely available and feature high cure rates in less than 12 weeks of treatment. The rollout of DAAs is reliant on diagnostic tests for HCV RNA to identify eligible patients with viremic HCV infections. Current PCR-based HCV RNA assays are restricted to well-resourced central laboratories, and there remains a prevailing clinical need for expanded access to decentralized HCV RNA testing to provide rapid chronic HCV diagnosis and linkage to DAAs in outpatient clinics. This paper reports a rapid, highly accurate, and minimally instrumented assay for HCV RNA detection using reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA). The assay detects all HCV genotypes with a limit of detection of 25 copies per reaction for genotype 1, the most prevalent in the United States and worldwide. The clinical sensitivity and specificity of the RT-RPA assay were both 100% when evaluated using 78 diverse clinical serum specimens. The accuracy, short runtime, and low heating demands of RT-RPA may enable implementation in a point-of-care HCV test to expand global access to effective treatment via rapid chronic HCV diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine T. Chia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Andrew T. Bender
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Benjamin P. Sullivan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Coleman D. Martin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Wynn Burke
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Charles Landis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Jonathan D. Posner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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5
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Paper microfluidic implementation of loop mediated isothermal amplification for early diagnosis of hepatitis C virus. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6994. [PMID: 34848705 PMCID: PMC8632961 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27076-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The early diagnosis of active hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains a significant barrier to the treatment of the disease and to preventing the associated significant morbidity and mortality seen, worldwide. Current testing is delayed due to the high cost, long turnaround times and high expertise needed in centralised diagnostic laboratories. Here we demonstrate a user-friendly, low-cost pan-genotypic assay, based upon reverse transcriptase loop mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP). We developed a prototype device for point-of-care use, comprising a LAMP amplification chamber and lateral flow nucleic acid detection strips, giving a visually-read, user-friendly result in <40 min. The developed assay fulfils the current guidelines recommended by World Health Organisation and is manufactured at minimal cost using simple, portable equipment. Further development of the diagnostic test will facilitate linkage between disease diagnosis and treatment, greatly improving patient care pathways and reducing loss to follow-up, so assisting in the global elimination strategy. Current HCV nucleic acid-based diagnosis is largely performed in centralised laboratories. Here, the authors present a pan-genotypic RNA assay, based on reverse transcriptase loop mediated isothermal amplification and develop a low-cost prototype paper-based lateral flow device for point-of-care use, providing a visually read result within 40 min.
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Chouikha A, Ghrabi A, Ghodbane A, Hammemi W, Khedhiri M, Sadraoui A, Touzi H, Hassine HB, Maatoug S, Bensaoud C, Abdelhak S, Bouarrouj S, Gdoura M, Chaouachi H, Triki H. Distribution of HCV Genotypes Among People Who Inject Drugs in Tunisia: New Evidence for Scaling Up Prevention and Treatment Toward National Elimination Goal. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:697859. [PMID: 34385988 PMCID: PMC8353188 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.697859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes among people who inject drugs (PWID) in North African countries, including Tunisia. This study aims to describe HCV genotypes circulating among Tunisian PWID. A cross-sectional study was conducted, and 128 HCV-positive PWID were recruited between 2018 and 2019 from community-based harm reduction centers. After informed consent, sociodemographic characteristics and risk behavior data were obtained using an interviewer-administrated questionnaire. Blood samples were collected for further serological and molecular testing. Overall, five women and 123 men were included. The median age was 39.5 years. The majority of PWID (56.3%) had less than a secondary level of education, were single (57%), were unemployed (65.6%), were incarcerated at least once (93.0%), and had a history of residency in at least one foreign country (50.8%). During the previous 12 months, 82.0% reported having reused syringes at least once, 43.8% shared syringes at least once, while 56.2% had at least one unprotected sexual relation, and 28.1% had more than two different sexual partners. Tattooing was reported among 60.2%. All positive results for HCV-infection by rapid testing were confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HCV-RNA was detectable in 79.7%. Genotyping showed a predominance of genotype 1 (52%) followed by genotype 3 (34%) and genotype 4 (10%). Four patients (4%) had an intergenotype mixed infection. Subtyping showed the presence of six different HCV subtypes as follows: 1a (53.2%), 1b (6.4%), 3a (33.0%), 4a (3.2%), and 4d (4.3%). This is the first study describing circulating HCV genotypes among PWID in Tunisia. The distribution of HCV genotypes is distinct from the general population with a predominance of subtypes 1a and 3a. These findings can be used to guide national efforts aiming to optimize the access of PWID to relevant HCV prevention and treatment measures including pangenotypic regimens for patients infected with HCV genotype 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anissa Chouikha
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amine Ghrabi
- Association Tunisienne d'Information et d'Orientation sur le SIDA et la Toxicomanie (Tunisian Association for Information and Orientation on HIV/AIDS and Toxicomania - ATIOST), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amira Ghodbane
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Walid Hammemi
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Marwa Khedhiri
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amel Sadraoui
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Henda Touzi
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Sonia Maatoug
- Science Shop, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Chaima Bensaoud
- Science Shop, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | | | - Samir Bouarrouj
- Association Tunisienne d'Information et d'Orientation sur le SIDA et la Toxicomanie (Tunisian Association for Information and Orientation on HIV/AIDS and Toxicomania - ATIOST), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mariem Gdoura
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hedia Chaouachi
- Association Tunisienne d'Information et d'Orientation sur le SIDA et la Toxicomanie (Tunisian Association for Information and Orientation on HIV/AIDS and Toxicomania - ATIOST), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Henda Triki
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
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Hongjaisee S, Doungjinda N, Khamduang W, Carraway TS, Wipasa J, Debes JD, Supparatpinyo K. Rapid visual detection of hepatitis C virus using a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 102:440-445. [PMID: 33130211 PMCID: PMC7794100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The aim was to develop a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for the detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in a single closed tube. Methods: Plasma samples were collected from 200 HCV-infected patients. HCV-RNA was detected by one-step RT-LAMP processed at 65 °C for 60 min. The amplified products were detected by hydroxynaphthol blue (HNB)-dependent visual method and gel electrophoresis. Specificity was tested against other viruses. Sensitivity was determined using serial dilutions of extracted RNA. Results: The RT-LAMP assay detected 97.5% of HCV-RNA genotype 1, 91.1% of genotype 3, and 100% of genotype 6. The color change was evidenced with the naked eye. The assay demonstrated a clinical sensitivity of 95.5% and specificity of 100%, as well as no cross-reactivity with other viruses (i.e., hepatitis B virus, HIV). The limit of detection was as low as 10 ng per reaction for HCV genotypes 1a and 6, while it was 100 ng for genotype 3a. The assay showed a 100% detection threshold at a viral load of 5.00 log10 IU/mL in the clinical samples tested. Conclusions: This study demonstrated the use of an RT-LAMP assay for the detection of HCV in a simple, rapid, and cost-effective manner, which will be useful in resource-limited settings to allow the identification of individuals in need of HCV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayamon Hongjaisee
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiangmai, Thailand.
| | - Natteewan Doungjinda
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiangmai, Thailand
| | - Woottichai Khamduang
- Infectious Disease Research Unit, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiangmai, Thailand
| | - Tanawan Samleerat Carraway
- Infectious Disease Research Unit, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiangmai, Thailand
| | - Jiraprapa Wipasa
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiangmai, Thailand
| | - Jose D Debes
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Gomes Y, Caterino-de-Araujo A, Campos K, Gonçalves MG, Leite AC, Lima MA, Araújo A, Silva MT, Espíndola O. Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Assay for Rapid and Accurate Confirmatory Diagnosis of HTLV-1/2 Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090981. [PMID: 32899621 PMCID: PMC7552020 DOI: 10.3390/v12090981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory diagnosis of human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLV) 1 and 2 infection is performed by serological screening and further confirmation with serological or molecular assays. Thus, we developed a loop-mediated isothermal nucleic acid amplification (LAMP) assay for the detection of HTLV-1/2 in blood samples. The sensitivity and accuracy of HTLV-1/2 LAMP were defined with DNA samples from individuals infected with HTLV-1 (n = 125), HTLV-2 (n = 19), and coinfected with HIV (n = 82), and compared with real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The overall accuracy of HTLV-1/2 LAMP (95% CI 74.8-85.5%) was slightly superior to qPCR (95% CI 69.5-81.1%) and similar to PCR-RFLP (95% CI 79.5-89.3%). The sensitivity of LAMP was greater for HTLV-1 (95% CI 83.2-93.4%) than for HTLV-2 (95% CI 43.2-70.8%). This was also observed in qPCR and PCR-RFLP, which was associated with the commonly lower HTLV-2 proviral load. All molecular assays tested showed better results with samples from HTLV-1/2 mono-infected individuals compared with HIV-coinfected patients, who present lower CD4 T-cell counts. In conclusion, HTLV-1/2 LAMP had similar to superior performance than PCR-based assays, and therefore may represent an attractive alternative for HTLV-1/2 diagnosis due to reduced working time and costs, and the simple infrastructure needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yago Gomes
- Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (A.C.L.); (M.A.L.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (M.T.S.); (O.E.)
| | - Adele Caterino-de-Araujo
- Laboratory of HTLV Research, Immunology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (A.C.-d.-A.); (K.C.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Karoline Campos
- Laboratory of HTLV Research, Immunology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (A.C.-d.-A.); (K.C.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Maria Gisele Gonçalves
- Laboratory of HTLV Research, Immunology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (A.C.-d.-A.); (K.C.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Ana Claudia Leite
- Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (A.C.L.); (M.A.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Marco Antonio Lima
- Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (A.C.L.); (M.A.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Abelardo Araújo
- Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (A.C.L.); (M.A.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Marcus Tulius Silva
- Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (A.C.L.); (M.A.L.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (M.T.S.); (O.E.)
| | - Otávio Espíndola
- Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (A.C.L.); (M.A.L.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (M.T.S.); (O.E.)
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9
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Chen HW, Belinskaya T, Zhang Z, Ching WM. Simple Detection of Hepatitis B Virus in Using Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method. Mil Med 2020; 184:e275-e280. [PMID: 30690497 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usy421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION US Military and civilian personnel regularly deploy to regions that are endemic for the Hepatitis B virus (HBV), including the Western Pacific, Africa, Eastern Mediterranean, Southeast Asia, and Europe. When patients have life-threatening injuries that require any blood component that is not immediately available, they are typically transfused with locally collected fresh whole blood from a walking blood bank. Currently, there is no simple and easy method for sensitively screening fresh blood in deployed theaters of conflict. MATERIALS AND METHODS In order to fill the gap, we have developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay to detect the presence of HBV in blood products. The primers were designed to target the gene of the pre-Surface/Surface antigen region of HBV. The amplification reaction mixture was incubated at 60°C for 60 min. The amplicon can be detected by a handheld fluorescence tube scanner or an immune-chromatography test strip. RESULTS We were able to detect down to 10 copies of viral DNA by LAMP reaction for HBV DNA extracted from HBV-positive plasma. We also identified the optimal heat treatment condition (125°C for 10 min) for plasma specimens without requiring DNA extraction for the LAMP assay. The sensitivity of the assay was evaluated with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed HBV-positive samples. Using LAMP, we detected HBV in 107 out of 127 (84%) samples. CONCLUSION This LAMP assay has the potential to be used in resource-limited settings to improve the safety of locally collected blood in endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Wei Chen
- Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Tatyana Belinskaya
- Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Zhiwen Zhang
- Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Wei-Mei Ching
- Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD.,Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD
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10
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Zhao N, Liu J, Sun D. Detection of HCV genotypes 1b and 2a by a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay. J Med Virol 2017; 89:1048-1054. [PMID: 27935066 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes 1b and 2a are the major cause of liver disease in northern China; however, conventional detection tools are labor-consuming, technically demanding, and costly. Here, we assessed the specificity, sensitivity, and clinical utility of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for detection of HCV genotypes 1b and 2a. Firstly, clinical samples were collected from HCV genotype 1b and 2a infected patients and the RNA were extracted. Secondly, specificity of RT-LAMP assay for detection HCV genotypes 1b and 2a were tested against viral genomes of other hepatitis viruses. Sensitivity of RT-LAMP assay was determined using serial dilutions of standard HCV genotypes 1b and 2a. The amplified products were detected by both electrophoresis and calcein/Mn2+ -dependent visual methods. Finally, we compared the clinical detection rate of RT-LAMP to that of real-time PCR. RT-LAMP assay showed high specificity to detect HCV genotypes 1b and 2b since there was no cross-reactivity with other hepatitis viruses. Sensitivity of RT-LAMP was 100 IU/mL for both genotypes detected by either electrophoresis or calcein/Mn2+ -dependent visual methods. The detection rate of RT-LAMP assay in clinical samples was also comparable to that of real-time PCR without significant difference between the both assays. This study proposes a newly developed RT-LAMP assay for detection of HCV genotypes 1b and 2a. RT-LAMP is highly specific, sensitive, and simple diagnostic tool which would be useful for screening and early diagnosis of HCV especially in resource-limited environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhao
- The Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of PLA, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China.,The Experiment Center of Pathogen Biology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jinxia Liu
- The Experiment Center of Pathogen Biology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
| | - Dianxing Sun
- The Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of PLA, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
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Nyan DC, Swinson KL. A method for rapid detection and genotype identification of hepatitis C virus 1-6 by one-step reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Int J Infect Dis 2015; 43:30-36. [PMID: 26686938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is probably the leading cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma globally. Diagnostic tools conventionally used for the detection and identification of HCV infection are technically demanding, time-consuming, and costly for resource-limited environments. This study reports the development of the first rapid loop-mediated reverse transcription isothermal amplification assay that rapidly detects and identifies HCV genotypes in blood components. METHODS RNA extracted from donor plasma and serum specimens was applied to a one-step reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification reaction performed with HCV-specific oligonucleotides. Reactions were conducted at 63.5 °C for 30-60 min. The diagnostic characteristics of the assay were investigated and validated with clinical specimens. RESULTS Electrophoretic analysis of amplification revealed detection and identification of HCV genotypes 1-6. Positive amplification revealed unique ladder-like banding patterns that identified each HCV genotype. The assay demonstrated a sensitivity of 91.5% and specificity of 100%. Rapid naked-eye detection of HCV infection was facilitated by observation of an intense fluorescent glow of amplified targets under UV illumination. CONCLUSION These diagnostic characteristics highlight the potential utility of this assay for the rapid detection and genotype identification of HCV infection in field and point-of-care settings in endemic regions and resource-limited environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dougbeh-Chris Nyan
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion-Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Kevin L Swinson
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Mukherjee R, Burns A, Rodden D, Chang F, Chaum M, Garcia N, Bollipalli N, Niemz A. Diagnosis and Management of Hepatitis C Virus Infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:519-38. [PMID: 25609256 DOI: 10.1177/2211068214563794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects more than 200 million people globally, with increasing incidence, especially in developing countries. HCV infection frequently progresses to chronic liver disease, creating a heavy economic burden on resource-poor countries and lowering patient quality of life. Effective HCV diagnosis, treatment selection, and treatment monitoring are important in stopping disease progression. Serological assays, which detect anti-HCV antibodies in the patient after seroconversion, are used for initial HCV diagnosis. Qualitative and quantitative molecular assays are used to confirm initial diagnosis, determine viral load, and genotype the dominant strain. Viral load and genotype information are used to guide appropriate treatment. Various other biomarker assays are performed to assess liver function and enable disease staging. Most of these diagnostic methods are mature and routinely used in high-resource countries with well-developed laboratory infrastructure. Few technologies, however, are available that address the needs of low-resource areas with high HCV prevalence, such as Africa and Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronita Mukherjee
- Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Burns
- Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Diane Rodden
- Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Frances Chang
- Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Manita Chaum
- Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Nancy Garcia
- Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Claremont, CA, USA
| | | | - Angelika Niemz
- Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Claremont, CA, USA
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Heiat M, Ranjbar R, Alavian SM. Classical and modern approaches used for viral hepatitis diagnosis. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2014; 14:e17632. [PMID: 24829586 PMCID: PMC4006100 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.17632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Viral hepatitis diagnosis is an important issue in the treatment procedure of this infection. Late diagnosis and delayed treatment of viral hepatitis infections can lead to irreversible liver damages and occurrence of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. A variety of laboratory methods including old and new technologies are being applied to detect hepatitis viruses. Here we have tried to review, categorize, compare and illustrate the classical and modern approaches used for diagnosis of viral hepatitis. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION In order to achieve a comprehensive aspect in viral hepatitis detection methods, an extensive search using related keywords was done in major medical library and data were collected, categorized and summarized in different sections. RESULTS Analyzing of collected data resulted in the wrapping up the hepatitis virus detection methods in separate sections including 1) immunological methods such as enzyme immunoassay (EIA), radio-immunoassay (RIA) immuno-chromatographic assay (ICA), and immuno-chemiluminescence 2) molecular approaches including non-amplification and amplification based methods, and finally 3) advanced biosensors such as mass-sensitive, electrical, electrochemical and optical based biosensors and also new generation of detection methods. CONCLUSIONS Detection procedures in the clinical laboratories possess a large diversity; each has their individual advantages and facilities' differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Heiat
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Reza Ranjbar
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Reza Ranjbar, Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran, Tel: +98-2182482556, Fax: +98-2188039883, E-mail:
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