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Le Dortz LL, Rouxel C, Leroy Q, Ducongé F, Boulouis HJ, Haddad N, Deshuillers PL, Lagrée AC. Aptamer selection against cell extracts containing the zoonotic obligate intracellular bacterium, Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2465. [PMID: 38291133 PMCID: PMC10828505 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52808-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
A. phagocytophilum is a zoonotic and tick-borne bacterium, threatening human and animal health. Many questions persist concerning the variability of strains and the mechanisms governing the interactions with its different hosts. These gaps can be explained by the difficulty to cultivate and study A. phagocytophilum because of its strict intracellular location and the lack of specific tools, in particular monoclonal antibodies, currently unavailable. The objective of our study was to develop DNA aptamers against A. phagocytophilum, or molecules expressed during the infection, as new study and/or capture tools. Selecting aptamers was a major challenge due to the strict intracellular location of the bacterium. To meet this challenge, we set up a customized selection protocol against an enriched suspension of A. phagocytophilum NY18 strain, cultivated in HL-60 cells. The implementation of SELEX allowed the selection of three aptamers, characterized by a high affinity for HL-60 cells infected with A. phagocytophilum NY18 strain. Interestingly, the targets of these three aptamers are most likely proteins expressed at different times of infection. The selected aptamers could contribute to increase our understanding of the interactions between A. phagocytophilum and its hosts, as well as permit the development of new diagnostic, therapeutic or drug delivery appliances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Lucie Le Dortz
- Anses, INRAe, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratory of Animal Health, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Clotilde Rouxel
- Anses, INRAe, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratory of Animal Health, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Quentin Leroy
- Anses, INRAe, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratory of Animal Health, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Frédéric Ducongé
- CEA, Fundamental Research Division (DRF), Institute of Biology François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center, CNRS UMR9199, Paris-Saclay University, 92265, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Henri-Jean Boulouis
- Anses, INRAe, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratory of Animal Health, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Nadia Haddad
- Anses, INRAe, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratory of Animal Health, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Pierre Lucien Deshuillers
- Anses, INRAe, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratory of Animal Health, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Anne-Claire Lagrée
- Anses, INRAe, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratory of Animal Health, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
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2
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Zhou S, Huang L, Lin Y, Bhowmick B, Zhao J, Liao C, Guan Q, Wang J, Han Q. Molecular surveillance and genetic diversity of Anaplasma spp. in cattle (Bos taurus) and goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) from Hainan island/province, China. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:213. [PMID: 37853405 PMCID: PMC10583423 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03766-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplasmosis is a highly prevalent tick-borne intracellular bacterial disease that affects various host species globally, particularly ruminants in tropical and subtropical regions. However, information regarding the distribution and epidemiology of anaplasmosis in small and large ruminants on Hainan Isalnd is limited. To address this knowledge gap, the present study aimed to assess the occurrence of Anaplasma spp. infections in goats (N = 731) and cattle (N = 176) blood samples using nested PCR and conventional PCR based assays. The results revealed an overall prevalence of 30.1% in goats and 14.8% in cattle. The infection rates of A. bovis, A. phagocytophilum, A. ovis and A. capra in goat samples were 22.7%, 13.8%, 2.0% and 3.4%, respectively, while the infection rates of A. bovis, A. phagocytophilum and A. marginale in cattle samples were 11.4%, 6.3% and 5.7%, respectively. A. bovis exhibited the highest prevalence among the Anaplasma spp. in both goat and cattle samples. In addition, the most frequent co-infection was the one with A. phagocytophilum and A. bovis. It was found that the age, sex and feeding habits of cattle and goats were considered to be important risk factors. Evaluation of the risk factor relating to the rearing system showed that the infection rate for the free-range goats and cattle was significantly higher when compared with stall-feeding system.This study represents one of the largest investigations on the distribution, prevalence, and risk factors associated with Anaplasma infection in ruminants on Hainan Island, highlighting a higher circulation of the infection in the region than previously anticipated. Further reasesrch is necessary to investigate tick vectors, reservoir animals, and the zoonotic potential of the Anaplasma spp. in this endemic region of Hainan Island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa Zhou
- One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
| | - Liangyuan Huang
- One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
| | - Yang Lin
- One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
| | - Biswajit Bhowmick
- One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
| | - Chenghong Liao
- One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
| | - Qingfeng Guan
- One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China.
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China.
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China.
| | - Qian Han
- One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China.
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China.
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3
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Li R, Ma Z, Zheng W, Xiao Y, Wang Z, Yi J, Wang Y, Chen C. Anaplasma phagocytophilum Ats-1 enhances exosome secretion through Syntenin-1. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:271. [PMID: 37759206 PMCID: PMC10523776 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an intracellular obligate parasite that causes granulocytic anaplasmosis. Effector Ats-1 is an important virulence factor of A. phagocytophilum. Multiomics screening and validation has been used to determine that Ats-1 regulates host cell apoptosis and energy metabolism through the respiratory chain mPTP axis. In this study, a total of 19 potential binding proteins of Ats-1 in host cells were preliminarily screened using a yeast two-hybrid assay, and the interaction between syntenin-1 (SDCBP) and Ats-1 was identified through immunoprecipitation. Bioinformatics analysis showed that SDCBP interacted with SDC1, SDC2, and SDC4 and participated in the host exosome secretion pathway. Further studies confirmed that Ats-1 induced the expression of SDC1, SDC2, and SDC4 in HEK293T cells through SDCBP and increased the exosome secretion of these cells. This indicated that SDCBP played an important role in Ats-1 regulating the exosome secretion of the host cells. These findings expand our understanding of the intracellular regulatory mechanism of A. phagocytophilum, which may enhance its own infection and proliferation by regulating host exosome pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Li
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Shihezi University, Shihezi City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhongchen Ma
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yangyang Xiao
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jihai Yi
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yong Wang
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.
| | - Chuangfu Chen
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.
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4
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Matulis GA, Sakolvaree J, Boldbaatar B, Cleary N, Takhampunya R, Poole-Smith BK, Lilak AA, Altantogtokh D, Tsogbadrakh N, Chanarat N, Youngdech N, Lindroth EJ, Fiorenzano JM, Letizia AG, von Fricken ME. Applying next generation sequencing to detect tick-pathogens in Dermacentor nuttalli, Ixodes persulcatus, and Hyalomma asiaticum collected from Mongolia. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102203. [PMID: 37290396 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ticks and tick-borne diseases represent major threats to the public health of the Mongolian population, of which an estimated 26% live a traditional nomadic pastoralist lifestyle that puts them at increased risk for exposure. Ticks were collected by dragging and removal from livestock in Khentii, Selenge, Tuv, and Umnugovi aimags (provinces) during March-May 2020. Using next-generation sequencing (NGS) with confirmatory PCR and DNA sequencing, we sought to characterize the microbial species present in Dermacentor nuttalli (n = 98), Hyalomma asiaticum (n = 38), and Ixodes persulcatus (n = 72) tick pools. Rickettsia spp. were detected in 90.4% of tick pools, with Khentii, Selenge, and Tuv tick pools all having 100% pool positivity. Coxiella spp. were detected at an overall pool positivity rate of 60%, while Francisella spp. were detected in 20% of pools and Borrelia spp. detected in 13% of pools. Additional confirmatory testing for Rickettsia-positive pools demonstrated Rickettsia raoultii (n = 105), Candidatus Rickettsia tarasevichiae (n = 65) and R. slovaca/R. sibirica (n = 2), as well as the first report of Candidatus Rickettsia jingxinensis (n = 1) in Mongolia. For Coxiella spp. reads, most samples were identified as a Coxiella endosymbiont (n = 117), although Coxiella burnetii was detected in eight pools collected in Umnugovi. Borrelia species that were identified include Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (n = 3), B. garinii (n = 2), B. miyamotoi (n = 16), and B. afzelii (n = 3). All Francisella spp. reads were identified as Francisella endosymbiont species. Our findings emphasize the utility of NGS to provide baseline data across multiple tick-borne pathogen groups, which in turn can be used to inform health policy, determine regions for expanded surveillance, and guide risk mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham A Matulis
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Jira Sakolvaree
- Department of Entomology, US Army Medical Directorate of the Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMD-AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bazartseren Boldbaatar
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Nora Cleary
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Ratree Takhampunya
- Department of Entomology, US Army Medical Directorate of the Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMD-AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - B Katherine Poole-Smith
- Department of Entomology, US Army Medical Directorate of the Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMD-AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Abigail A Lilak
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Nitima Chanarat
- Department of Entomology, US Army Medical Directorate of the Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMD-AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nittayaphon Youngdech
- Department of Entomology, US Army Medical Directorate of the Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMD-AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Erica J Lindroth
- Department of Entomology, US Army Medical Directorate of the Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMD-AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Michael E von Fricken
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
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5
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Mohseni N, Chang M, Garcia K, Weakley M, Do T, Mir S. Development of a Syndromic Molecular Diagnostic Assay for Tick-Borne Pathogens Using Barcoded Magnetic Bead Technology. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0439522. [PMID: 37166314 PMCID: PMC10269837 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04395-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious disease diagnostics often depend on costly serological testing with poor sensitivity, low specificity, and long turnaround time. Here, we demonstrate proof of the principle for simultaneous detection of two tick-borne pathogens from a single test sample using barcoded magnetic bead technology on the BioCode 2500 system. Specific primer sets complementary to the conserved genes of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi were used in PCR amplification of the target, followed by the hybridization of the resulting biotinylated PCR products with specific probes tethered to the barcoded magnetic beads for simultaneous detection, using a fluorophore with high quantum yield. The assay has an extremely high signal to background ratio, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.81 50% tissue culture infection dose (TCID50)/mL and 1 CFU/mL for A. phagocytophilum and B. burgdorferi, respectively. The observed LOD for gene blocks was 1.8 copies/reaction for both the pathogens. The assay demonstrated 100% positive and negative agreement on performance evaluation using patient specimens and blood samples spiked with 1 × LOD of pathogen stock. No cross-reactivity was observed with other related tick-borne pathogens and genomic DNA of human, cattle, and canine origin. The assay can be upgraded to a sensitive and cost-effective multiplex diagnostic approach that can simultaneously detect multiple clinically important tick-borne pathogens in a single sample with a short turnaround time. IMPORTANCE The low pathogen load in the tick-borne disease test samples and the lack of highly sensitive multiplex diagnostic approaches have impacted diagnosis during clinical testing and limited surveillance studies to gauge prior insight about the prevalence of tick-borne infections in a geographical area. This article demonstrates proof of the principle for simultaneous detection of two important tick-borne pathogens from a single test sample using digital barcoded magnetic bead technology. Using a fluorophore of high quantum yield, the diagnostic approach showed high sensitivity and specificity. The LOD was 1.8 genome copies per reaction for both A. phagocytophilum and B. burgdorferi. The assay can be upgraded for the detection of all clinically important tick-borne pathogens from a single patient sample with high sensitivity and specificity. The assay can provide a diagnostic answer to the clinician in a short turnaround time to facilitate speedy therapeutic intervention to infected patients and implement public health measures to prevent community spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazleeen Mohseni
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Mariann Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Kathryn Garcia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Mina Weakley
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Tram Do
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Sheema Mir
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
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Londoño AF, Scorpio DG, Dumler JS. Innate immunity in rickettsial infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1187267. [PMID: 37228668 PMCID: PMC10203653 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1187267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Rickettsial agents are a diverse group of alpha-proteobacteria within the order Rickettsiales, which possesses two families with human pathogens, Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae. These obligate intracellular bacteria are most frequently transmitted by arthropod vectors, a first step in the pathogens' avoidance of host cell defenses. Considerable study of the immune responses to infection and those that result in protective immunity have been conducted. Less study has focused on the initial events and mechanism by which these bacteria avoid the innate immune responses of the hosts to survive within and propagate from host cells. By evaluating the major mechanisms of evading innate immunity, a range of similarities among these bacteria become apparent, including mechanisms to escape initial destruction in phagolysosomes of professional phagocytes, those that dampen the responses of innate immune cells or subvert signaling and recognition pathways related to apoptosis, autophagy, proinflammatory responses, and mechanisms by which these microbes attach to and enter cells or those molecules that trigger the host responses. To illustrate these principles, this review will focus on two common rickettsial agents that occur globally, Rickettsia species and Anaplasma phagocytophilum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés F. Londoño
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Advancement in Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Diana G. Scorpio
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - J. Stephen Dumler
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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7
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Hoffman T, Olsen B, Lundkvist Å. The Biological and Ecological Features of Northbound Migratory Birds, Ticks, and Tick-Borne Microorganisms in the African-Western Palearctic. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11010158. [PMID: 36677450 PMCID: PMC9866947 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying the species that act as hosts, vectors, and vehicles of vector-borne pathogens is vital for revealing the transmission cycles, dispersal mechanisms, and establishment of vector-borne pathogens in nature. Ticks are common vectors for pathogens causing human and animal diseases, and they transmit a greater variety of pathogenic agents than any other arthropod vector group. Ticks depend on the movements by their vertebrate hosts for their dispersal, and tick species with long feeding periods are more likely to be transported over long distances. Wild birds are commonly parasitized by ticks, and their migration patterns enable the long-distance range expansion of ticks. The African-Palearctic migration system is one of the world's largest migrations systems. African-Western Palearctic birds create natural links between the African, European, and Asian continents when they migrate biannually between breeding grounds in the Palearctic and wintering grounds in Africa and thereby connect different biomes. Climate is an important geographical determinant of ticks, and with global warming, the distribution range and abundance of ticks in the Western Palearctic may increase. The introduction of exotic ticks and their microorganisms into the Western Palearctic via avian vehicles might therefore pose a greater risk for the public and animal health in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove Hoffman
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Björn Olsen
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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Rana VS, Kitsou C, Dumler JS, Pal U. Immune evasion strategies of major tick-transmitted bacterial pathogens. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:62-75. [PMID: 36055896 PMCID: PMC9772108 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tick-transmitted bacterial pathogens thrive in enzootic infection cycles, colonizing disparate vertebrate and arthropod tissues, often establishing persistent infections. Therefore, the evolution of robust immune evasion strategies is central to their successful persistence or transmission between hosts. To survive in nature, these pathogens must counteract a broad range of microbicidal host responses that can be localized, tissue-specific, or systemic, including a mix of these responses at the host-vector interface. Herein, we review microbial immune evasion strategies focusing on Lyme disease spirochetes and rickettsial or tularemia agents as models for extracellular and intracellular tick-borne pathogens, respectively. A better understanding of these adaptive strategies could enrich our knowledge of the infection biology of relevant tick-borne diseases, contributing to the development of future preventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Singh Rana
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Chrysoula Kitsou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - J Stephen Dumler
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Utpal Pal
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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9
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Ladha D, Khalife R, Hummel B, Purssell A. Human granulocytic anaplasmosis complicated by hemophagocytic syndrome and coinfection. CMAJ 2022; 194:E1685-E1688. [PMID: 36535681 PMCID: PMC9829056 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.220638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Danyal Ladha
- Department of Medicine (Ladha); Division of Hematology (Khalife), Department of Medicine; Division of Infectious Diseases (Purssell), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hummel), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Roy Khalife
- Department of Medicine (Ladha); Division of Hematology (Khalife), Department of Medicine; Division of Infectious Diseases (Purssell), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hummel), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Brian Hummel
- Department of Medicine (Ladha); Division of Hematology (Khalife), Department of Medicine; Division of Infectious Diseases (Purssell), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hummel), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Andrew Purssell
- Department of Medicine (Ladha); Division of Hematology (Khalife), Department of Medicine; Division of Infectious Diseases (Purssell), Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hummel), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.
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10
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Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis-A Systematic Review of Published Cases. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071433. [PMID: 35889152 PMCID: PMC9318722 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an emerging, Gram-negative, obligate intracellular pathogen that is transmitted by a tick vector. Human infection ranges from asymptomatic to severe disease that can present with pancytopenia, multiorgan failure, and death. The aim of this systematic review is to analyze case reports and case series reported over the last two decades in peer-reviewed journals indexed in the Medline/PubMed database according to the PRISMA guidelines. We found 110 unique patients from 88 case reports and series. The most common mode of transmission was tick bite (60.9%), followed by blood transfusion (8.2%). Infection was acquired by blood transfusion in nearly half (42%) of the immunocompromised patients. Most patients reported fever (90%), followed by constitutional (59%) and gastrointestinal symptoms (56%). Rash was present in 17% of patients, much higher than in previous studies. Thrombocytopenia was the most common laboratory abnormality (76%) followed by elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (46%). The diagnosis was most commonly established using whole-blood polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 76% of patients. Coinfection rate was 9.1% and Borrelia burgdorferi was most commonly isolated in seven patients (6.4%). Doxycycline was used to treat 70% of patients but was only used as an empiric treatment in one-third of patients (33.6%). The overall mortality rate was 5.7%, and one patient died from trauma unrelated to HGA. The mortality rates among immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients were 4.2% (n = 4/95) and 18.2% (n = 2/11), respectively. Four of the six patients who died (66.6%) received appropriate antibiotic therapy. Among these, doxycycline was delayed by more than 48 h in two patients.
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Parasitic and Vector-Borne Infections in HIV-Positive Patients in Slovakia-Evidence of an Unexpectedly High Occurrence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10121557. [PMID: 34959511 PMCID: PMC8704717 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infected people, the immunodeficiency caused by a reduced level of CD4 (cluster of differentiation 4) T-lymphocytes increases the risk of infectious diseases. Additionally, in individuals with immunologically compromising conditions, tick-borne or some parasitic pathogens may cause chronic, debilitating opportunistic infections and even death. The study aimed at determining the IgG seropositivity of HIV-infected patients to Toxoplasma gondii, Toxocara spp., Echinococcus multilocularis, and E. granulosus s.l. and performing the molecular identification of T. gondii and some tick-borne pathogens, namely, Borrelia spp., Babesia spp., Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Rickettsia spp., and Bartonella spp. Out of 89 HIV-positive patients, specific IgG antibodies to T. gondii were detected in 17 (19.1%) and to Borrelia spp. in 12 (13.5%) individuals. Seropositivity to Toxocara spp., E. multilocularis, and E. granulosus s.l. was not recorded. Molecular approaches showed positivity to T. gondii in two (2.2%) patients, and 11 (12.4%) individuals had positive PCR signal for the msp2 gene of A. phagocytophilum. Relatively high prevalence of A. phagocytophilum in HIV-positive patients suggests that these people are more susceptible to some vector-borne pathogens. The presence of opportunistic infections may pose a health risk for patients with weakened immune systems, and should not be neglected during the regular monitoring of the patient’s health status.
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El Hamiani Khatat S, Daminet S, Duchateau L, Elhachimi L, Kachani M, Sahibi H. Epidemiological and Clinicopathological Features of Anaplasma phagocytophilum Infection in Dogs: A Systematic Review. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:686644. [PMID: 34250067 PMCID: PMC8260688 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.686644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum is a worldwide emerging zoonotic tick-borne pathogen transmitted by Ixodid ticks and naturally maintained in complex and incompletely assessed enzootic cycles. Several studies have demonstrated an extensive genetic variability with variable host tropisms and pathogenicity. However, the relationship between genetic diversity and modified pathogenicity is not yet understood. Because of their proximity to humans, dogs are potential sentinels for the transmission of vector-borne pathogens. Furthermore, the strong molecular similarity between human and canine isolates of A. phagocytophilum in Europe and the USA and the positive association in the distribution of human and canine cases in the USA emphasizes the epidemiological role of dogs. Anaplasma phagocytophilum infects and survives within neutrophils by disregulating neutrophil functions and evading specific immune responses. Moreover, the complex interaction between the bacterium and the infected host immune system contribute to induce inflammatory injuries. Canine granulocytic anaplasmosis is an acute febrile illness characterized by lethargy, inappetence, weight loss and musculoskeletal pain. Hematological and biochemistry profile modifications associated with this disease are unspecific and include thrombocytopenia, anemia, morulae within neutrophils and increased liver enzymes activity. Coinfections with other tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) may occur, especially with Borrelia burgdorferi, complicating the clinical presentation, diagnosis and response to treatment. Although clinical studies have been published in dogs, it remains unclear if several clinical signs and clinicopathological abnormalities can be related to this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah El Hamiani Khatat
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Reproduction, Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Department of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Latifa Elhachimi
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Unit of Parasitology, Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Malika Kachani
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Hamid Sahibi
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Unit of Parasitology, Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Rabat, Morocco
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Ma Z, Li R, Hu R, Zheng W, Yu S, Cheng K, Zhang H, Xiao Y, Yi J, Wang Z, Wang Y, Chen C. Anaplasma phagocytophilum AptA enhances the UPS, autophagy, and anti-apoptosis of host cells by PSMG3. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 184:497-508. [PMID: 34126152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular bacterium and a common tick-borne infectious pathogen that can cause human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA). Effector proteins play an important role in the pathogenic mechanism of A. phagocytophilum, but the specifics of the disease mechanism are unclear. We studied the effector protein AptA (A. phagocytophilum toxin A) using yeast two hybrid assays to screen its interacting protein proteasome assembly chaperone 3 (PSMG3, PAC3), and identified new mechanisms for the pathogenicity of A. phagocytophilum in HEK293T cells. After AptA enters the host cell, it interacts with PSMG3 to enhance the activity of the proteasome, causing ubiquitination and autophagy in the host cell and thereby increasing cross-talk between the ubiquitination-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy. AptA also reduces the apoptotic efficiency of the host cells. These results offer new clues as to the pathogenic mechanism of A. phagocytophilum and support the hypothesis that AptA interacts with host PSMG3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongchen Ma
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832003 Shihezi, Xinjiang, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for prevention and control of high incidence zoonotic infectious diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832003 Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ruirui Li
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832003 Shihezi, Xinjiang, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for prevention and control of high incidence zoonotic infectious diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832003 Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ruirui Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, 832003 Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832003 Shihezi, Xinjiang, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for prevention and control of high incidence zoonotic infectious diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832003 Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shuifa Yu
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832003 Shihezi, Xinjiang, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for prevention and control of high incidence zoonotic infectious diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832003 Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Kejian Cheng
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832003 Shihezi, Xinjiang, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for prevention and control of high incidence zoonotic infectious diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832003 Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832003 Shihezi, Xinjiang, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for prevention and control of high incidence zoonotic infectious diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832003 Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yangyang Xiao
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832003 Shihezi, Xinjiang, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for prevention and control of high incidence zoonotic infectious diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832003 Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jihai Yi
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832003 Shihezi, Xinjiang, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for prevention and control of high incidence zoonotic infectious diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832003 Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832003 Shihezi, Xinjiang, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for prevention and control of high incidence zoonotic infectious diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832003 Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yong Wang
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832003 Shihezi, Xinjiang, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for prevention and control of high incidence zoonotic infectious diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832003 Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Chuangfu Chen
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832003 Shihezi, Xinjiang, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for prevention and control of high incidence zoonotic infectious diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832003 Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.
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Dumler JS, Lichay M, Chen WH, Rennoll-Bankert KE, Park JH. Anaplasma phagocytophilum Activates NF-κB Signaling via Redundant Pathways. Front Public Health 2020; 8:558283. [PMID: 33194960 PMCID: PMC7661751 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.558283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum subverts neutrophil function permitting intracellular survival, propagation and transmission. Sustained pro-inflammatory response, recruitment of new host cells for population expansion, and delayed apoptosis are associated with prolonged nuclear presence of NF-κB. We investigated NF-κB signaling and transcriptional activity with A. phagocytophilum infection using inhibitors of NF-κB signaling pathways, and through silencing of signaling pathway genes. How inhibitors or silencing affected A. phagocytophilum growth, inflammatory response (transcription of the κB-enhanced genes CXCL8 and MMP9), and NF-κB signaling pathway gene expression were tested. Among A. phagocytophilum-infected HL-60 cells, nuclear NF-κB p50, p65, and p52 were detected by immunoblots or iTRAQ proteomics. A. phagocytophilum growth was affected most by the IKKαβ inhibitor wedelolactone (reductions of 96 to 99%) as compared with SC-514 that selectively inhibits IKKβ, illustrating a role for the non-canonical pathway. Wedelolactone inhibited transcription of both CXCL8 (p = 0.001) and MMP9 (p = 0.002) in infected cells. Compared to uninfected THP-1 cells, A. phagocytophilum infection led to >2-fold down regulation of 64 of 92 NF-κB signaling pathway genes, and >2-fold increased expression in only 4. Wedelolactone and SC-514 reversed downregulation in all 64 and 45, respectively, of the genes down-regulated by infection, but decreased expression in 1 gene with SC-514 only. Silencing of 20 NF-κB signal pathway genes increased bacterial growth in 12 (IRAK1, MAP3K1, NFKB1B, MAP3K7, TICAM2, TLR3, TRADD, TRAF3, CHUK, IRAK2, LTBR, and MALT1). Most findings support canonical pathway activation; however, the presence of NFKB2 in infected cell nuclei, selective non-canonical pathway inhibitors that dampen CXCL8 and MMP9 transcription with infection, upregulation of non-canonical pathway target genes CCL13 and CCL19, enhanced bacterial growth with TRAF3 and LTBR silencing provide evidence for non-canonical pathway signaling. Whether this impacts distinct inflammatory processes that underlie disease, and whether and how A. phagocytophilum subverts NF-κB signaling via these pathways, need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stephen Dumler
- Department of Pathology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University for the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marguerite Lichay
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Wan-Hsin Chen
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kristen E Rennoll-Bankert
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jin-Ho Park
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Immunization against Anaplasma phagocytophilum Adhesin Binding Domains Confers Protection against Infection in the Mouse Model. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00106-20. [PMID: 32661123 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00106-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum causes granulocytic anaplasmosis, a debilitating infection that can be fatal in the immunocompromised. It also afflicts animals, including dogs, horses, and sheep. No granulocytic anaplasmosis vaccine exists. Because A. phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular bacterium, inhibiting microbe-host cell interactions that facilitate invasion can disrupt infection. The binding domains of A. phagocytophilum adhesins A. phagocytophilum invasion protein A (AipA), A. phagocytophilum surface protein (Asp14), and outer membrane protein A (OmpA) are essential for optimal bacterial entry into host cells, but their relevance to infection in vivo is undefined. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were immunized with a cocktail of keyhole limpet hemocyanin-conjugated peptides corresponding to the AipA, Asp14, and OmpA binding domains in alum followed by challenge with A. phagocytophilum The bacterial peripheral blood burden was pronouncedly reduced in immunized mice compared to controls. Examination of pre- and postchallenge sera from these mice revealed that immunization elicited antibodies against AipA and Asp14 peptides but not OmpA peptide. Nonetheless, pooled sera from pre- and postchallenge groups, but not from control groups, inhibited A. phagocytophilum infection of HL-60 cells. Adhesin domain immunization also elicited interferon gamma (IFN-γ)-producing CD8-positive (CD8+) T cells. A follow-up study confirmed that immunization against only the AipA or Asp14 binding domain was sufficient to reduce the bacterial peripheral blood load in mice following challenge and elicit antibodies that inhibit A. phagocytophilum cellular infection in vitro These data demonstrate that AipA and Asp14 are critical for A. phagocytophilum to productively infect mice, and immunization against their binding domains elicits a protective immune response.
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Cotes-Perdomo AP, Oviedo Á, Castro LR. Molecular detection of pathogens in ticks associated with domestic animals from the Colombian Caribbean region. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2020; 82:137-150. [PMID: 32809186 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00531-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tick-borne diseases constitute a problem for livestock and public health. Given the socio-economic and environmental conditions of the Colombian Caribbean, ticks are particularly abundant, in turn exposing domestic animals and people in contact with them to such diseases. This study evaluates the presence of Babesia spp., Anaplasma spp., Coxiella spp. and Borrelia spp. in domestic animal ticks (Amblyomma mixtum, A. dissimile, Dermacentor nitens, Rhipicephalus sanguineus and R. microplus) by conventional PCR. Findings show a prevalence of 12.5% of Babesia, 0% of Borrelia, 39.4% of Anaplasma and 52.9% of Coxiella, whereas 6.2% of a total sample of 104 tick pools presented coinfections between Babesia and Anaplasma. Among the molecularly identified species are Ba. vogeli, Ba. bigemina and A. marginale, in addition to two Coxiella species-one being C. mudrowiae and the other similar to an undescribed endosymbiont of Rhipicephalus sp. It is necessary to evaluate the vector capacity of ticks such as A. mixtum, D. nitens and R. sanguineus in the transmission of A. marginale. Moreover, it is necessary to explore the role that bacteria of the genus Coxiella might have both in the health of humans and animals, and in the metabolism and reproduction of ticks. This is the first report on Babesia vogeli and B. bigemina in ticks from the Colombian Caribbean, representing a risk to animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea P Cotes-Perdomo
- Grupo de Investigación Evolución, Sistemática Y Ecología Molecular (GIESEMOL), Universidad del Magdalena, Santa Marta, Colombia.
| | - Ángel Oviedo
- Grupo de Investigación Evolución, Sistemática Y Ecología Molecular (GIESEMOL), Universidad del Magdalena, Santa Marta, Colombia
| | - Lyda R Castro
- Grupo de Investigación Evolución, Sistemática Y Ecología Molecular (GIESEMOL), Universidad del Magdalena, Santa Marta, Colombia
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Rivera JE, Young K, Kwon TS, McKenzie PA, Grant MA, McBride DA. Anaplasmosis Presenting With Respiratory Symptoms and Pneumonitis. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa265. [PMID: 32793764 PMCID: PMC7415301 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplasmosis is a now common tick-borne illness that is characterized by the presence of fever, myalgias, thrombocytopenia, and elevated liver function tests. We report 4 cases with an atypical presentation with pulmonary symptoms and imaging findings, along with the characteristics of each patient, clinical course, and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose E Rivera
- Internal Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katelyn Young
- Internal Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tae Sung Kwon
- Infectious Diseases, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paula A McKenzie
- Infectious Diseases, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michelle A Grant
- Pathology, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Darrell A McBride
- Infectious Diseases, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
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Rocco JM, Mallarino-Haeger C, McCurry D, Shah N. Severe anaplasmosis represents a treatable cause of secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: Two cases and review of literature. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101468. [PMID: 32723647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Anaplasmosis is an emerging infection in the United States and remains under-recognized in many areas including Pennsylvania. Presenting signs and symptoms are often nonspecific, but fulminant infection can occur in vulnerable populations. We present two cases of severe anaplasmosis that progressed to secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). This severe immune dysregulation syndrome has an extremely high mortality, but anaplasmosis represents one of the few treatable underlying etiologies. It is imperative for physicians to recognize this complication and start empiric doxycycline, as early treatment improves mortality. We also present a case of anaplasmosis-induced HLH successfully treated with a combination of doxycycline, steroids, and anakinra (an IL-1 receptor antagonist), highlighting that this primarily immune-mediated complication is amenable to treatment with both antibiotics and immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Rocco
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Christina Mallarino-Haeger
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Dustin McCurry
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Neel Shah
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Falk Medical Building, 3601 Fifth Ave., Suite 3A, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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Boyer PH, Almeras L, Plantard O, Grillon A, Talagrand-Reboul É, McCoy K, Jaulhac B, Boulanger N. Identification of closely related Ixodes species by protein profiling with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223735. [PMID: 31622384 PMCID: PMC6797106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are vectors of infectious diseases of major importance in human and veterinary medicine. For epidemiological studies, accurate identification of ticks is crucial to define their potential role as vectors and to develop control and prevention strategies. Although morphological and molecular methods are widely used to identify ticks, an innovative approach using MALDI-TOF MS technology recently emerged as an alternative tool. Previous works showed that MALDI-TOF MS was highly effective in identifying ticks, but these works mainly tested tick specimens of different genera. To confirm the accuracy of this new tool for tick identification, nine closely related tick species belonging to the Ixodes genus were analysed, specimens of the Dermacentor reticulatus species were also included in the analysis as an outer group. Three of the species used for the present study belonged to the I. ricinus species complex, which are known to transmit Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the causative agent of Lyme borreliosis. A total of 246 tick specimens were submitted to MALDI-TOF MS analysis, and two body parts (half-idiosoma and four legs) were individually investigated. For each body part, intraspecies reproducibility and interspecies specificity of the MS profiles were determined. The profile analysis revealed that the main determinant for spectra clustering was the tick species for both legs and half-idiosoma. For each body part, a reference database of spectra was set up including 2 to 5 specimens per species randomly selected, and genotyped using 16s rDNA and COI genes to confirm their morphological identification. Both created spectral databases were individually blind tested with their respective body part using the remaining specimens, which were correctly identified in 98.5% of the cases. MALDI-TOF MS is a reliable tool for tick identification, including specimens belonging to closely related species and hardly distinguishable using morphology. The 4-legs as well as the half-idiosoma of ticks can now be applied for specimen identification using two different databases. The combined use of these two body parts improves the rate of tick identification and their confidence level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre H. Boyer
- EA 7290: Early Bacterial Virulence: Borrelia Group, CHRU Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
| | - Lionel Almeras
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et maladies infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Plantard
- BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, Université Bretagne Loire, Nantes, France
| | - Antoine Grillon
- EA 7290: Early Bacterial Virulence: Borrelia Group, CHRU Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
| | - Émilie Talagrand-Reboul
- EA 7290: Early Bacterial Virulence: Borrelia Group, CHRU Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
| | - Karen McCoy
- Maladies Infectieuses & Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution & Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier–CNRS—IRD, Centre IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Benoît Jaulhac
- EA 7290: Early Bacterial Virulence: Borrelia Group, CHRU Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
- French National Reference Center for Borrelia, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nathalie Boulanger
- EA 7290: Early Bacterial Virulence: Borrelia Group, CHRU Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
- French National Reference Center for Borrelia, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- * E-mail:
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Esna Ashari Z, Brayton KA, Broschat SL. Prediction of T4SS Effector Proteins for Anaplasma phagocytophilum Using OPT4e, A New Software Tool. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1391. [PMID: 31293540 PMCID: PMC6598457 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Type IV secretion systems (T4SS) are used by a number of bacterial pathogens to attack the host cell. The complex protein structure of the T4SS is used to directly translocate effector proteins into host cells, often causing fatal diseases in humans and animals. Identification of effector proteins is the first step in understanding how they function to cause virulence and pathogenicity. Accurate prediction of effector proteins via a machine learning approach can assist in the process of their identification. The main goal of this study is to predict a set of candidate effectors for the tick-borne pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of anaplasmosis in humans. To our knowledge, we present the first computational study for effector prediction with a focus on A. phagocytophilum. In a previous study, we systematically selected a set of optimal features from more than 1,000 possible protein characteristics for predicting T4SS effector candidates. This was followed by a study of the features using the proteome of Legionella pneumophila strain Philadelphia deduced from its complete genome. In this manuscript we introduce the OPT4e software package for Optimal-features Predictor for T4SS Effector proteins. An earlier version of OPT4e was verified using cross-validation tests, accuracy tests, and comparison with previous results for L. pneumophila. We use OPT4e to predict candidate effectors from the proteomes of A. phagocytophilum strains HZ and HGE-1 and predict 48 and 46 candidates, respectively, with 16 and 18 deemed most probable as effectors. These latter include the three known validated effectors for A. phagocytophilum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhila Esna Ashari
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Kelly A Brayton
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.,Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Shira L Broschat
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.,Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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21
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Boulanger N. [Immunomodulatory effect of tick saliva in pathogen transmission]. Biol Aujourdhui 2019; 212:107-117. [PMID: 30973140 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2019001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ticks are the most important vectors of pathogens in human and veterinary medicine. These strictly haematophagous acarines produce a saliva containing a variety of bioactive molecules affecting host pharmacology and immunity. This process is vital for hard ticks to prevent rejection by the host during the blood meal that lasts several days. All actors involved in the immunity interplay are impacted by this saliva, the innate immunity being represented by resident and migrating immune cells, as well as the T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system. The skin plays a key role in vector-borne diseases. During the long co-evolution with the tick, the infectious agents benefit from this favorable environment to be transmitted efficiently into the skin and to multiply in the vertebrate host. Therefore, the saliva is an important virulence booster, which enhances substantially their pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Boulanger
- EA7290, Virulence Bactérienne Précoce, Groupe Borrelia, Facultés de Pharmacie et Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de bactériologie, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France - Centre National de Référence Borrelia, Plateau technique de Microbiologie, CHRU Strasbourg, 1 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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22
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Samson M, Wilcox SR, Liu SW. Rash and Thrombocytopenia. J Emerg Med 2018; 55:710-713. [PMID: 30262250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Margot Samson
- University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida
| | - Susan R Wilcox
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shan W Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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23
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Lee SH, Park S, Lee YS, Lee HK, Hwang SD. Diagnosis and molecular characteristics of human infections caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum in South Korea. J Microbiol 2018; 56:847-853. [PMID: 30353471 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-018-8385-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) is a tick borne infection caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum. HGA cases in South Korea have been identified since the first report in 2014. In this study, we investigated the serological response in 594 clinical samples of patients with acute febrile illness and molecular characteristics of A. phagocytophilum clinical isolates obtained from HGA patients. In serological test for A. phagocytophilum, 7.91% (47/594 cases) were positive for IgG and Ig M and 13 of 47 cases showed seroconversion. In the detection rate of the 16S rRNA, msp2(p44), and ankA, genes were showed 3.68% (14/380 cases) for A. phagocytophilum-specific 16S rRNA gene. Phylogenetic analysis of three clinical isolates demonstrated high sequence similarity (98.58-100%) with A. phagocytophilum 16S rRNA sequences identified from public databases. Analysis of the msp2(p44) gene showed highly variable similarity rates (7.24-98.85%) even within isolated countries and host ranges. These results provide clues into the bacterial characterization of A. phagocytophilum originating from Korean patients, providing useful guidance for treatment and improving clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hun Lee
- Division of Bacterial Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, 28159, Republic of Korea.,Yeosu National Quarantine Office, Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Yeosu, 59729, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungdo Park
- Division of Bacterial Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Seon Lee
- Division of Bacterial Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Kyung Lee
- Division of Bacterial Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, 28159, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seon Do Hwang
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, Center for Laboratory control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Cheongju, 28159, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Scorpio DG, Choi KS, Dumler JS. Anaplasma phagocytophilum-Related Defects in CD8, NKT, and NK Lymphocyte Cytotoxicity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:710. [PMID: 29686681 PMCID: PMC5900440 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis, caused by the tick-transmitted Anaplasma phagocytophilum, is not controlled by innate immunity, and induces a proinflammatory disease state with innate immune cell activation. In A. phagocytophilum murine infection models, hepatic injury occurs with production of IFNγ thought to be derived from NK, NKT cells, and CD8 T lymphocytes. Specific A. phagocytophilum ligands that drive inflammation and disease are not known, but suggest a clinical and pathophysiologic basis strikingly like macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) and hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS). We studied in vivo responses of NK, NKT, and CD8 T lymphocytes from infected animals for correlates of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity and examined in vitro interactions with A. phagocytophilum-loaded antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Murine splenocytes were examined and found deficient in cytotoxicity as determined by CD107a expression in vitro for specific CTL effector subsets as determined by flow cytometry. Moreover, A. phagocytophilum-loaded APCs did not lead to IFNγ production among CTLs in vitro. These findings support the concept of impaired cytotoxicity with A. phagocytophilum presentation by APCs that express MHC class I and that interact with innate and adaptive immune cells with or after infection. The findings strengthen the concept of an enhanced proinflammatory phenotype, such as MAS and HPS disease states as the basis of disease and severity with A. phagocytophilum infection, and perhaps by other obligate intracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana G Scorpio
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kyoung-Seong Choi
- College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, South Korea
| | - J Stephen Dumler
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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25
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Ragab G, Atkinson TP, Stoll ML. Macrophage Activation Syndrome. THE MICROBIOME IN RHEUMATIC DISEASES AND INFECTION 2018. [PMCID: PMC7123081 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-79026-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), or termed macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) when associated with rheumatic disorders, is a frequently fatal complication of infections, rheumatic disorders, and hematopoietic malignancies. Clinically, HLH/MAS is a life-threatening condition that is usually diagnosed among febrile hospitalized patients (children and adults) who commonly present with unremitting fever and a shock-like multiorgan dysfunction scenario. Laboratory studies reveal pancytopenia, elevated liver enzymes, elevated markers of inflammation (ESR, CRP), hyperferritinemia, and features of coagulopathy. In about 60% of cases, excess hemophagocytosis (macrophages/histiocytes engulfing other hematopoietic cell types) is noted on biopsy specimens from the bone marrow, liver, lymph nodes, and other organs. HLH/MAS has been hypothesized to occur when a threshold level of inflammation has been achieved, and genetic and environmental risk factors are believed to contribute to the hyperinflammatory state. A broad variety of infections, from viruses to fungi to bacteria, have been identified as triggers of HLH/MAS, either in isolation or in addition to an underlying inflammatory disease state. Certain infections, particularly by members of the herpesvirus family, are the most notorious triggers of HLH/MAS. Treatment for infection-triggered MAS requires therapy for both the underlying infection and dampening of the hyperactive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaafar Ragab
- Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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26
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Camacci ML, Panganiban RP, Pattison Z, Haghayeghi K, Daly A, Ojevwe C, Munyon RJ. Severe Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis With Significantly Elevated Ferritin Levels in an Immunocompetent Host in Pennsylvania: A Case Report. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 2018; 6:2324709618758350. [PMID: 29468169 PMCID: PMC5815407 DOI: 10.1177/2324709618758350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) is a tick-borne, infectious disease caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum that generally presents with nonspecific symptoms such as fever, chills, headache, malaise, and myalgia. If not treated immediately, HGA can cause hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), a well-documented but underrecognized sequela of severe HGA. In this article, we report a case of severe HGA with hyperferritinemia in a 74-year-old male from Central Pennsylvania who initially presented with recurrent fevers, nausea, and malaise to our emergency department and was subsequently discharged home that same day. Ten days later, the patient returned with acute kidney injury, elevated liver transaminases, and profound hyperferritinemia to 5130 ng/mL. Empiric doxycycline was administered for suspected tick-borne disease and serologies eventually came back positive for anti–Anaplasma phagocytophilum antibodies. The patient returned to baseline status 15 days after discharge. Our case shows the challenges in the timely diagnosis of HGA and highlights the role of serum ferritin in aiding this diagnosis. Although our patient did not fulfill the HLH diagnostic criteria, our report demonstrates the importance of recognizing HGA as a reversible cause of HLH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona L Camacci
- Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alexander Daly
- Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Cindy Ojevwe
- Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Ryan J Munyon
- Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
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27
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Dumler JS, Sinclair SH, Shetty AC. Alternative Splicing of Differentiated Myeloid Cell Transcripts after Infection by Anaplasma phagocytophilum Impacts a Selective Group of Cellular Programs. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:14. [PMID: 29456968 PMCID: PMC5801399 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic proteome diversity exceeds that encoded within individual genes, and results in part from alternative splicing events of pre-messenger RNA. The diversity of these splicing events can shape the outcome in development and differentiation of normal tissues, and is important in pathogenic circumstances such as cancer and some heritable conditions. A role for alternative splicing of eukaryotic genes in response to viral and intracellular bacterial infections has only recently been recognized, and plays an important role in providing fitness for microbial survival, while potentially enhancing pathogenicity. Anaplasma phagocytophilum survives within mammalian neutrophils by reshaping transcriptional programs that govern cellular functions. We applied next generation RNAseq to ATRA-differentiated HL-60 cells established to possess transcriptional and functional responses similar to A. phagocytophilum-infected human neutrophils. This demonstrated an increase in transcripts with infection and high proportion of alternatively spliced transcript events (ASEs) for which predicted gene ontology processes were in part distinct from those identified by evaluation of single transcripts or gene-level analyses alone. The alternative isoforms are not on average shorter, and no alternative splicing in genes encoding spliceosome components is noted. Although not evident at gene-level analyses, individual spliceosome transcripts that impact nearly all spliceosome components were significantly upregulated. How the distinct GO processes predicted by ASEs are regulated by infection and whether they are relevant to fitness or pathogenicity of A. phagocytophilum should be addressed in more detailed studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stephen Dumler
- Department of Pathology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Amol C Shetty
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
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28
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Neglected vector-borne zoonoses in Europe: Into the wild. Vet Parasitol 2017; 251:17-26. [PMID: 29426471 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Wild vertebrates are involved in the transmission cycles of numerous pathogens. Additionally, they can affect the abundance of arthropod vectors. Urbanization, landscape and climate changes, and the adaptation of vectors and wildlife to human habitats represent complex and evolving scenarios, which affect the interface of vector, wildlife and human populations, frequently with a consequent increase in zoonotic risk. While considerable attention has focused on these interrelations with regard to certain major vector-borne pathogens such as Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. and tick-borne encephalitis virus, information regarding many other zoonotic pathogens is more dispersed. In this review, we discuss the possible role of wildlife in the maintenance and spread of some of these neglected zoonoses in Europe. We present case studies on the role of rodents in the cycles of Bartonella spp., of wild ungulates in the cycle of Babesia spp., and of various wildlife species in the life cycle of Leishmania infantum, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Rickettsia spp. These examples highlight the usefulness of surveillance strategies focused on neglected zoonotic agents in wildlife as a source of valuable information for health professionals, nature managers and (local) decision-makers. These benefits could be further enhanced by increased collaboration between researchers and stakeholders across Europe and a more harmonised and coordinated approach for data collection.
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29
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Sullivan KE, Bassiri H, Bousfiha AA, Costa-Carvalho BT, Freeman AF, Hagin D, Lau YL, Lionakis MS, Moreira I, Pinto JA, de Moraes-Pinto MI, Rawat A, Reda SM, Reyes SOL, Seppänen M, Tang MLK. Emerging Infections and Pertinent Infections Related to Travel for Patients with Primary Immunodeficiencies. J Clin Immunol 2017; 37:650-692. [PMID: 28786026 PMCID: PMC5693703 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-017-0426-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In today's global economy and affordable vacation travel, it is increasingly important that visitors to another country and their physician be familiar with emerging infections, infections unique to a specific geographic region, and risks related to the process of travel. This is never more important than for patients with primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDD). A recent review addressing common causes of fever in travelers provides important information for the general population Thwaites and Day (N Engl J Med 376:548-560, 2017). This review covers critical infectious and management concerns specifically related to travel for patients with PIDD. This review will discuss the context of the changing landscape of infections, highlight specific infections of concern, and profile distinct infection phenotypes in patients who are immune compromised. The organization of this review will address the environment driving emerging infections and several concerns unique to patients with PIDD. The first section addresses general considerations, the second section profiles specific infections organized according to mechanism of transmission, and the third section focuses on unique phenotypes and unique susceptibilities in patients with PIDDs. This review does not address most parasitic diseases. Reference tables provide easily accessible information on a broader range of infections than is described in the text.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Sullivan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Hamid Bassiri
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3501 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ahmed A Bousfiha
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Infectious Department, Hopital d'Enfant Abderrahim Harouchi, CHU Ibn Rochd, Laboratoire d'Immunologie Clinique, d'Inflammation et d'Allergie LICIA, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Beatriz T Costa-Carvalho
- Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua dos Otonis, 725, São Paulo, SP, 04025-002, Brazil
| | - Alexandra F Freeman
- NIAID, NIH, Building 10 Room 12C103, 9000 Rockville, Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - David Hagin
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, University of Tel Aviv, 6 Weizmann St, 64239, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yu L Lau
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Rm 106, 1/F New Clinical Building, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.,Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 11C102, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ileana Moreira
- Immunology Unit, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Gallo 1330, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge A Pinto
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Alfredo Balena 190, room # 161, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - M Isabel de Moraes-Pinto
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 781/9°andar, São Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Amit Rawat
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shereen M Reda
- Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Saul Oswaldo Lugo Reyes
- Immunodeficiencies Research Unit, National Institute of Pediatrics, Av Iman 1, Torre de Investigacion, Piso 9, Coyoacan, 04530, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mikko Seppänen
- Harvinaissairauksien yksikkö (HAKE), Rare Disease Center, Helsinki University Hospital (HUH), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mimi L K Tang
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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30
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Gussmann K, Kirschnek S, von Loewenich FD. Interferon-γ-dependent control of Anaplasma phagocytophilum by murine neutrophil granulocytes. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:329. [PMID: 28697801 PMCID: PMC5506630 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2274-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anaplasma phagocytophilum is a Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium that is transmitted by ticks of the Ixodes ricinus complex. It replicates in neutrophils and elicits febrile disease in humans and animals. Because of its striking tropism for neutrophils, A. phagocytophilum has been used as a model organism to study the immune response against obligate intracellular pathogens. In mice, the control of A. phagocytophilum in the early phase of infection is dependent on natural killer cell-derived interferon-γ (IFN-γ). In contrast, the final elimination strictly requires CD4+ T-cells. It is a matter of debate, whether neutrophils serve only as host cells or as killer cells as well. Results To study this, we used in vitro generated murine neutrophils with defects in major antimicrobial molecules such as NADPH-oxidase (gp91phox−/−), myeloperoxidase (MPO−/−) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS−/−). However, bacterial growth in gene-deficient neutrophils was comparable to that in wild-type cells. Whereas gp91phox and MPO expression remained unchanged, the infection led to an induction of iNOS. In neutrophils stimulated with IFN-γ, bacterial growth was significantly impaired, and iNOS was induced. However, the antibacterial effect of IFN-γ was still seen in iNOS−/− neutrophils. Conclusion Thus, murine in vitro generated neutrophils stimulated with IFN-γ seem to act as killer cells by an iNOS-independent mechanism. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2274-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Gussmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Kirschnek
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Friederike D von Loewenich
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacherstrasse 67, D-55131, Mainz, Germany.
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31
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Schotthoefer AM, Schrodi SJ, Meece JK, Fritsche TR, Shukla SK. Pro-inflammatory immune responses are associated with clinical signs and symptoms of human anaplasmosis. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28628633 PMCID: PMC5476275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human anaplasmosis (HA) is an emerging tick-borne disease that may present as a mild flu-like illness or a life threatening, sepsis-like condition. Although disease severity is hypothesized to relate to immunopathology and immune dysfunction in humans, studies to directly measure immune responses in infected humans have been very limited. We quantified cytokines in 80 confirmed HA patients using a multiplex chemiluminescence immunoassay system and compared similarly measured responses in 1000 control subjects. Pro-inflammatory cytokines were significantly elevated in HA patients (all seven p<0.0001). Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) concentrations were particularly high, with average concentrations 7.8 times higher in the HA patients than the controls. A subset of cytokines consisting of IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 was also coordinately high and significantly associated with severity of thrombocytopenia in HA patients. Patients with infections in the very acute stage (≤ 4 days ill) tended to have the highest IFN-γ, IL-12p70, and IL-2 levels. Higher concentrations of IL-13 and IL-5 were associated with diarrhea and vomiting. Our findings support a pathophysiological role for a pro-inflammatory response in HA, especially with regard to the modulation of hematopoiesis and subsequent hematopoietic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Schotthoefer
- Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Steven J. Schrodi
- Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jennifer K. Meece
- Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Thomas R. Fritsche
- Marshfield Labs, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Microbiology Department, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sanjay K. Shukla
- Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Abstract
It is estimated that approximately one billion people are at risk of infection with obligate intracellular bacteria, but little is known about the underlying mechanisms that govern their life cycles. The difficulty in studying Chlamydia spp., Coxiella spp., Rickettsia spp., Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp. and Orientia spp. is, in part, due to their genetic intractability. Recently, genetic tools have been developed; however, optimizing the genomic manipulation of obligate intracellular bacteria remains challenging. In this Review, we describe the progress in, as well as the constraints that hinder, the systematic development of a genetic toolbox for obligate intracellular bacteria. We highlight how the use of genetically manipulated pathogens has facilitated a better understanding of microbial pathogenesis and immunity, and how the engineering of obligate intracellular bacteria could enable the discovery of novel signalling circuits in host-pathogen interactions.
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33
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Rosso F, Tagliapietra V, Baráková I, Derdáková M, Konečný A, Hauffe HC, Rizzoli A. Prevalence and genetic variability of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in wild rodents from the Italian alps. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:293. [PMID: 28615038 PMCID: PMC5471728 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2221-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human granulocytic anaplasmosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease with increasing relevance for public health in Europe. The understanding of its sylvatic cycle and identification of competent reservoir hosts are essential for improving disease risk models and planning preventative measures. Results In 2012 we collected single ear biopsy punches from 964 live-trapped rodents in the Province of Trento, Italy. Genetic screening for Anaplasma phagocytophilum (AP) was carried out by PCR amplification of a fragment of the 16S rRNA gene. Fifty-two (5.4%) samples tested positive: 49/245 (20%) from the bank vole (Myodes glareolus) and 3/685 (0.4%) samples collected from the yellow-necked mouse (Apodemus flavicollis). From these 52 positive samples, we generated 38 groEL and 39 msp4 sequences. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the existence of a distinct rodent strain of AP. Conclusions Our results confirm the circulation of a specific strain of AP in rodents in our study area; moreover, they provide further evidence of the marginal role of A. flavicollis compared to M. glareolus as a reservoir host for this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausta Rosso
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy.
| | - Valentina Tagliapietra
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Ivana Baráková
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy.,Slovak Academy of Science, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Adam Konečný
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy.,Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Heidi Christine Hauffe
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Annapaola Rizzoli
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
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Kang JG, Ko S, Smith WB, Kim HC, Lee IY, Chae JS. Prevalence of Anaplasma, Bartonella and Borrelia Species in Haemaphysalis longicornis collected from goats in North Korea. J Vet Sci 2017; 17:207-16. [PMID: 26645342 PMCID: PMC4921669 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2016.17.2.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
North Korea is located on the northern part of the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. While tick-borne pathogens of medical and veterinary importance have been reported from China and South Korea, they have not been reported from North Korea. To screen for zoonotic tick-borne pathogens in North Korea, ticks were collected from domestic goats. A total of 292 (27 nymph, 26 male, 239 female) Haemaphysalis (H.) longicornis were collected and assayed individually for selected tick-borne pathogens. A total of 77 (26.4%) were positive for Anaplasma bovis, followed by Bartonella (B.) grahamii (15, 5.1%), Anaplasma phagocytophilum (12, 4.1%), Bartonella henselae (10, 3.4%), and Borrelia spp. (3, 1.0%) based on 16S ribosomal RNA and ITS species-specific nested polymerase chain reaction. Using the groEL-based nested PCR, a total of 6 and 1 H. longicornis were positive for B. grahamii and B. henselae, respectively. All products were sequenced and demonstrated 100% identity and homology with previously reported sequences from other countries in GenBank. This is the first report of the detection of tick-borne pathogens in the North Korea and suggests that farm animals may act as reservoirs for zoonotic tick-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Gu Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sungjin Ko
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - W Barney Smith
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Heung-Chul Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - In-Yong Lee
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Joon-Seok Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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35
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Johns JL, Discipulo ML, Koehne AL, Moorhead KA, Nagamine CM. Influence of Genetic Background on Hematologic and Histopathologic Alterations during Acute Granulocytic Anaplasmosis in 129/SvEv and C57BL/6J Mice Lacking Type I and Type II Interferon Signaling. Comp Med 2017; 67:127-137. [PMID: 28381313 PMCID: PMC5402732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of host type I IFN signaling and its interaction with other immune pathways during bacterial infections is incompletely understood. Type II IFN signaling plays a key role during numerous bacterial infections including granulocytic anaplasmosis (GA) caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection. The function of combined type I and type II IFN signaling and their potential synergism during GA and similar tick-borne diseases is a topic of current research investigation. The goal of this study was to evaluate 2 mouse models of absent type I/type II IFN signaling in experimental A. phagocytophilum infection to determine the effects of background strain. Mice lacking both type I and type II IFN receptor signaling (IFNAR-/-/IFNGR-/-) on either the 129/SvEv or C57BL/6J genetic background were evaluated at days 0, 6, 8, and 12 of infection. Pathogen burden in multiple organs was largely similar between strains of infected mice, with few significant differences. Background strain influenced the immune response to infection. Mice of the 129/SvEv strain developed more severe hematologic abnormalities, particularly more severe leukocytosis with marked neutrophilia and lymphocytosis, throughout acute infection. Histopathologic changes occurred in infected mice of both strains and varied in severity by organ. 129/SvEv mice developed more severe pathologic changes in spleen and bone marrow, whereas C57BL/6J mice developed more severe renal pathology. This work highlights the importance of mouse background strain in dictating pathophysiologic response to infection and informs future work regarding the loss of type I and type II IFN signaling on the immune response during GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Johns
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Corvallis, Oregon;,
| | - Marielle L Discipulo
- Departments of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Amanda L Koehne
- Departments of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Kaitlin A Moorhead
- Departments of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Claude M Nagamine
- Departments of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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Tsiodras S, Spanakis N, Spanakos G, Pervanidou D, Georgakopoulou T, Campos E, Petra T, Kanellopoulos P, Georgiadis G, Antalis E, Kontos V, Giannopoulos LA, Tselentis Y, Papa A, Tsakris A, Saroglou G. Fatal human anaplasmosis associated with macrophage activation syndrome in Greece and the Public Health response. J Infect Public Health 2017; 10:819-823. [PMID: 28189511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) is a tick-borne disease caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum that has the potential to spread in new geographical areas. The first fatal case of HGA in Greece is presented. Fever of unknown origin, renal and respiratory insufficiency and development of macrophage activation syndrome characterized the clinical presentation. Amplification and sequencing of a fragment of the groEL gene revealed the presence of A. phagocytophilum. The epidemiological and clinical features were collected during an epidemiological investigation. Public health measures were instituted by the Hellenic Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. The Public Health intervention required the collaboration of epidemiologists, veterinarians and microbiologists. Emphasis was given to communication activities and misconceptions concerning canines and their role in the disease. The emergence of human anaplasmosis in a new geographical area highlights the importance of disease awareness and of the need for continued support for tick and tick-borne disease surveillance networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios Tsiodras
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, University General Hospital "Attikon", National & Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; The Hellenic Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Athens, Greece.
| | - Nikos Spanakis
- Department of Microbiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Gregory Spanakos
- The Hellenic Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Athens, Greece
| | - Danai Pervanidou
- The Hellenic Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Emmanouil Antalis
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, University General Hospital "Attikon", National & Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassileios Kontos
- Department of Parasitology, Entomology and Tropical Diseases, National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Yiannis Tselentis
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographic Medicine, WHO Collaborating Center for Mediterranean Zoonoses, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Anna Papa
- Department of Microbiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanassios Tsakris
- Department of Microbiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
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Truchan HK, Cockburn CL, May LJ, VieBrock L, Carlyon JA. Anaplasma phagocytophilum-Occupied Vacuole Interactions with the Host Cell Cytoskeleton. Vet Sci 2016; 3:vetsci3030025. [PMID: 29056733 PMCID: PMC5606578 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci3030025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen of humans and animals. The A. phagocytophium-occupied vacuole (ApV) is a critical host-pathogen interface. Here, we report that the intermediate filaments, keratin and vimentin, assemble on the ApV early and remain associated with the ApV throughout infection. Microtubules localize to the ApV to a lesser extent. Vimentin, keratin-8, and keratin-18 but not tubulin expression is upregulated in A. phagocytophilum infected cells. SUMO-2/3 but not SUMO-1 colocalizes with vimentin filaments that surround ApVs. PolySUMOylation of vimentin by SUMO-2/3 but not SUMO-1 decreases vimentin solubility. Consistent with this, more vimentin exists in an insoluble state in A. phagocytophilum infected cells than in uninfected cells. Knocking down the SUMO-conjugating enzyme, Ubc9, abrogates vimentin assembly at the ApV but has no effect on the bacterial load. Bacterial protein synthesis is dispensable for maintaining vimentin and SUMO-2/3 at the ApV. Withaferin A, which inhibits soluble vimentin, reduces vimentin recruitment to the ApV, optimal ApV formation, and the bacterial load when administered prior to infection but is ineffective once vimentin has assembled on the ApV. Thus, A. phagocytophilum modulates cytoskeletal component expression and co-opts polySUMOylated vimentin to aid construction of its vacuolar niche and promote optimal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary K Truchan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Chelsea L Cockburn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Levi J May
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Lauren VieBrock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Jason A Carlyon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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38
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Dumler JS, Sinclair SH, Pappas-Brown V, Shetty AC. Genome-Wide Anaplasma phagocytophilum AnkA-DNA Interactions Are Enriched in Intergenic Regions and Gene Promoters and Correlate with Infection-Induced Differential Gene Expression. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:97. [PMID: 27703927 PMCID: PMC5028410 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum, an obligate intracellular prokaryote, infects neutrophils, and alters cardinal functions via reprogrammed transcription. Large contiguous regions of neutrophil chromosomes are differentially expressed during infection. Secreted A. phagocytophilum effector AnkA transits into the neutrophil or granulocyte nucleus to complex with DNA in heterochromatin across all chromosomes. AnkA binds to gene promoters to dampen cis-transcription and also has features of matrix attachment region (MAR)-binding proteins that regulate three-dimensional chromatin architecture and coordinate transcriptional programs encoded in topologically-associated chromatin domains. We hypothesize that identification of additional AnkA binding sites will better delineate how A. phagocytophilum infection results in reprogramming of the neutrophil genome. Using AnkA-binding ChIP-seq, we showed that AnkA binds broadly throughout all chromosomes in a reproducible pattern, especially at: (i) intergenic regions predicted to be MARs; (ii) within predicted lamina-associated domains; and (iii) at promoters ≤ 3000 bp upstream of transcriptional start sites. These findings provide genome-wide support for AnkA as a regulator of cis-gene transcription. Moreover, the dominant mark of AnkA in distal intergenic regions known to be AT-enriched, coupled with frequent enrichment in the nuclear lamina, provides strong support for its role as a MAR-binding protein and genome “re-organizer.” AnkA must be considered a prime candidate to promote neutrophil reprogramming and subsequent functional changes that belie improved microbial fitness and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stephen Dumler
- Department of Pathology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Valeria Pappas-Brown
- Department of Pathology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amol C Shetty
- Informatics Resource Center, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore, MD, USA
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39
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Wang X, Shaw DK, Hammond HL, Sutterwala FS, Rayamajhi M, Shirey KA, Perkins DJ, Bonventre JV, Velayutham TS, Evans SM, Rodino KG, VieBrock L, Scanlon KM, Carbonetti NH, Carlyon JA, Miao EA, McBride JW, Kotsyfakis M, Pedra JHF. The Prostaglandin E2-EP3 Receptor Axis Regulates Anaplasma phagocytophilum-Mediated NLRC4 Inflammasome Activation. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005803. [PMID: 27482714 PMCID: PMC4970705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Rickettsial agents are sensed by pattern recognition receptors but lack pathogen-associated molecular patterns commonly observed in facultative intracellular bacteria. Due to these molecular features, the order Rickettsiales can be used to uncover broader principles of bacterial immunity. Here, we used the bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, to reveal a novel microbial surveillance system. Mechanistically, we discovered that upon A. phagocytophilum infection, cytosolic phospholipase A2 cleaves arachidonic acid from phospholipids, which is converted to the eicosanoid prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) via cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) and the membrane associated prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1). PGE2-EP3 receptor signaling leads to activation of the NLRC4 inflammasome and secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. Importantly, the receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) was identified as a major regulator of the immune response against A. phagocytophilum. Accordingly, mice lacking COX2 were more susceptible to A. phagocytophilum, had a defect in IL-18 secretion and exhibited splenomegaly and damage to the splenic architecture. Remarkably, Salmonella-induced NLRC4 inflammasome activation was not affected by either chemical inhibition or genetic ablation of genes associated with PGE2 biosynthesis and signaling. This divergence in immune circuitry was due to reduced levels of the PGE2-EP3 receptor during Salmonella infection when compared to A. phagocytophilum. Collectively, we reveal the existence of a functionally distinct NLRC4 inflammasome illustrated by the rickettsial agent A. phagocytophilum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dana K. Shaw
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Holly L. Hammond
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Fayyaz S. Sutterwala
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Manira Rayamajhi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kari Ann Shirey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Darren J. Perkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joseph V. Bonventre
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thangam S. Velayutham
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sean M. Evans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kyle G. Rodino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Lauren VieBrock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Karen M. Scanlon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicholas H. Carbonetti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jason A. Carlyon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Edward A. Miao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jere W. McBride
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michail Kotsyfakis
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Budweis, Czech Republic
| | - Joao H. F. Pedra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Biggs HM, Behravesh CB, Bradley KK, Dahlgren FS, Drexler NA, Dumler JS, Folk SM, Kato CY, Lash RR, Levin ML, Massung RF, Nadelman RB, Nicholson WL, Paddock CD, Pritt BS, Traeger MS. Diagnosis and Management of Tickborne Rickettsial Diseases: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Other Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses, Ehrlichioses, and Anaplasmosis - United States. MMWR Recomm Rep 2016; 65:1-44. [PMID: 27172113 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.rr6502a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tickborne rickettsial diseases continue to cause severe illness and death in otherwise healthy adults and children, despite the availability of low-cost, effective antibacterial therapy. Recognition early in the clinical course is critical because this is the period when antibacterial therapy is most effective. Early signs and symptoms of these illnesses are nonspecific or mimic other illnesses, which can make diagnosis challenging. Previously undescribed tickborne rickettsial diseases continue to be recognized, and since 2004, three additional agents have been described as causes of human disease in the United States: Rickettsia parkeri, Ehrlichia muris-like agent, and Rickettsia species 364D. This report updates the 2006 CDC recommendations on the diagnosis and management of tickborne rickettsial diseases in the United States and includes information on the practical aspects of epidemiology, clinical assessment, treatment, laboratory diagnosis, and prevention of tickborne rickettsial diseases. The CDC Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, in consultation with external clinical and academic specialists and public health professionals, developed this report to assist health care providers and public health professionals to 1) recognize key epidemiologic features and clinical manifestations of tickborne rickettsial diseases, 2) recognize that doxycycline is the treatment of choice for suspected tickborne rickettsial diseases in adults and children, 3) understand that early empiric antibacterial therapy can prevent severe disease and death, 4) request the appropriate confirmatory diagnostic tests and understand their usefulness and limitations, and 5) report probable and confirmed cases of tickborne rickettsial diseases to public health authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly M Biggs
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia
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de la Fuente J, Villar M, Cabezas-Cruz A, Estrada-Peña A, Ayllón N, Alberdi P. Tick-Host-Pathogen Interactions: Conflict and Cooperation. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005488. [PMID: 27099928 PMCID: PMC4839629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Margarita Villar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), INSERM U1019–CNRS UMR 8204, Université Lille Nord de France, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Nieves Ayllón
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pilar Alberdi
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
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42
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Oliva Chávez AS, Fairman JW, Felsheim RF, Nelson CM, Herron MJ, Higgins L, Burkhardt NY, Oliver JD, Markowski TW, Kurtti TJ, Edwards TE, Munderloh UG. An O-Methyltransferase Is Required for Infection of Tick Cells by Anaplasma phagocytophilum. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005248. [PMID: 26544981 PMCID: PMC4636158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA), is an obligately intracellular α-proteobacterium that is transmitted by Ixodes spp ticks. However, the pathogen is not transovarially transmitted between tick generations and therefore needs to survive in both a mammalian host and the arthropod vector to complete its life cycle. To adapt to different environments, pathogens rely on differential gene expression as well as the modification of proteins and other molecules. Random transposon mutagenesis of A. phagocytophilum resulted in an insertion within the coding region of an o-methyltransferase (omt) family 3 gene. In wild-type bacteria, expression of omt was up-regulated during binding to tick cells (ISE6) at 2 hr post-inoculation, but nearly absent by 4 hr p.i. Gene disruption reduced bacterial binding to ISE6 cells, and the mutant bacteria that were able to enter the cells were arrested in their replication and development. Analyses of the proteomes of wild-type versus mutant bacteria during binding to ISE6 cells identified Major Surface Protein 4 (Msp4), but also hypothetical protein APH_0406, as the most differentially methylated. Importantly, two glutamic acid residues (the targets of the OMT) were methyl-modified in wild-type Msp4, whereas a single asparagine (not a target of the OMT) was methylated in APH_0406. In vitro methylation assays demonstrated that recombinant OMT specifically methylated Msp4. Towards a greater understanding of the overall structure and catalytic activity of the OMT, we solved the apo (PDB_ID:4OA8), the S-adenosine homocystein-bound (PDB_ID:4OA5), the SAH-Mn2+ bound (PDB_ID:4PCA), and SAM- Mn2+ bound (PDB_ID:4PCL) X-ray crystal structures of the enzyme. Here, we characterized a mutation in A. phagocytophilum that affected the ability of the bacteria to productively infect cells from its natural vector. Nevertheless, due to the lack of complementation, we cannot rule out secondary mutations. Since its discovery in 1994, Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA) has become the second most commonly diagnosed tick-borne disease in the US, and it is gaining importance in several countries in Europe. HGA is caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum, a bacterium transmitted by black-legged ticks and their relatives. Whereas several of the molecules and processes leading to infection of human cells have been identified, little is known about their counterparts in the tick. We analyzed the effects of a mutation in a gene encoding an o-methyltransferase that is involved in methylation of an outer membrane protein. The mutation of the OMT appears to be important for the ability of A. phagocytophilum to adhere to, invade, and replicate in tick cells. Several tests including binding assays, microscopic analysis of the infection cycle within tick cells, gene expression assays, and biochemical assays using recombinant OMT strongly suggested that the mutation of the o-methyltransferase gene arrested the growth and development of this bacterium within tick cells. Proteomic analyses identified several possible OMT substrates, and in vitro methylation assays using recombinant o-methyltransferase identified an outer membrane protein, Msp4, as a specifically methyl-modified target. Our results indicated that methylation was important for infection of tick cells by A. phagocytophilum, and suggested possible strategies to block transmission of this emerging pathogen. The solved crystal structure of the o-methyltransferase will further stimulate the search for small molecule inhibitors that could break the tick transmission cycle of A. phagocytophilum in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela S. Oliva Chávez
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - James W. Fairman
- Emerald Bio, Bainbridge Island, Washington, United States of America
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Roderick F. Felsheim
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Curtis M. Nelson
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Herron
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - LeeAnn Higgins
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Nicole Y. Burkhardt
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jonathan D. Oliver
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Todd W. Markowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Kurtti
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Edwards
- Emerald Bio, Bainbridge Island, Washington, United States of America
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ulrike G. Munderloh
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
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43
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Walker DH, Dumler JS. The role of CD8 T lymphocytes in rickettsial infections. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 37:289-99. [PMID: 25823954 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0480-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Arthropod-borne obligately intracellular bacteria pose a difficult challenge to the immune system. The genera Rickettsia, Orientia, Ehrlichia, and Anaplasma evolved mechanisms of immune evasion, and each interacts differently with the immune system. The roles of CD8 T cells include protective immunity and immunopathology. In Rickettsia infections, CD8 T cells are protective mediated in part by cytotoxicity toward infected cells. In contrast, TNF-α overproduction by CD8 T cells is pathogenic in lethal ehrlichiosis by induction of apoptosis/necrosis in hepatocytes. Yet, CD8 T cells, along with CD4 T cells and antibodies, also contribute to protective immunity in ehrlichial infections. In granulocytic anaplasmosis, CD8 T cells impact pathogen control modestly but could contribute to immunopathology by virtue of their dysfunction. While preliminary evidence indicates that CD8 T cells are important in protection against Orientia tsutsugamushi, mechanistic studies have been neglected. Valid animal models will enable experiments to elucidate protective and pathologic immune mechanisms. The public health need for vaccines against these agents of human disease, most clearly O. tsutsugamushi, and the veterinary diseases, canine monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia canis), heartwater (Ehrlichia ruminantium), and bovine anaplasmosis (A. marginale), requires detailed immunity and immunopathology investigations, including the roles of CD8 T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Walker
- Department of Pathology, Director, UTMB Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555-0609, USA,
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44
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Anaplasmose und Ehrlichiose. REISEDERMATOSEN 2015. [PMCID: PMC7120343 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-44705-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Die humane Anaplasmose und die humane Ehrlichiose werden durch Zeckenstich auf den Menschen übertragen. Es handelt sich um unspezifische akut fieberhafte Erkrankungen. An Laborveränderungen werden am häufigsten eine Leukopenie, eine Thrombozytopenie und erhöhte Transaminasen gefunden. Hautmanifestationen sind bei der humanen Anaplasmose selten. Bei der humanen Ehrlichiose können makulopapulöse Exantheme und Petechien auftreten. Die Therapie besteht bei beiden Erkrankungen in der Gabe von Doxycyclin.
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45
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Hing M, Woestyn S, Van Bosterhaut B, Desbonnet Y, Heyman P, Cochez C, Silaghi C, Sprong H, Fournier PE, Raoult D, Neirinckx P, Heuninckx W. Diagnosis of human granulocytic anaplasmosis in Belgium by combining molecular and serological methods. New Microbes New Infect 2014; 2:177-8. [PMID: 25566398 PMCID: PMC4265051 DOI: 10.1002/nmi2.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here one new, hospitalized case of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Belgium. The clinical presentation of anaplasmosis, its treatment and the molecular and serological relevant laboratory methods are briefly developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hing
- Clinical Laboratory, National Reference Centre Anaplasma,
Military Hospital Queen AstridBrussels, Belgium
| | - S Woestyn
- Laboratoire d'analyses médicales J.
WoestynMouscron, Belgium
| | - B Van Bosterhaut
- Laboratoire de Biologie clinique, Centre Hospitalier de
MouscronMouscron, Belgium
| | | | - P Heyman
- Research Laboratory for Vector-borne Diseases, Military
Hospital Queen AstridBrussels, Belgium
| | - C Cochez
- Research Laboratory for Vector-borne Diseases, Military
Hospital Queen AstridBrussels, Belgium
| | - C Silaghi
- Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology,
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenMunich, Germany
| | - H Sprong
- Laboratory for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology,
National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM)Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - P E Fournier
- URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095,
Faculté de Médecine, Aix-Marseille UniversitéMarseille, France
| | - D Raoult
- URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095,
Faculté de Médecine, Aix-Marseille UniversitéMarseille, France
| | - P Neirinckx
- Military Hospital Queen AstridBrussels, Belgium
| | - W Heuninckx
- Clinical Laboratory, National Reference Centre Anaplasma,
Military Hospital Queen AstridBrussels, Belgium
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46
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Choi KS, Scorpio DG, Dumler JS. Stat1 negatively regulates immune-mediated injury with Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:5088-98. [PMID: 25305312 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) is caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Our data previously demonstrated that A. phagocytophilum induces an immunopathologic response by activating IFN-γ production through the Stat1 signaling pathway. In this study, we investigated the broader role of Stat1 signaling in the host response to infection with A. phagocytophilum. In Stat1 knockout (KO) compared with wild-type mice, A. phagocytophilum infection was more highly pathogenic as characterized by the unanticipated development of clinical signs in mice including markedly increased splenomegaly, more severe inflammatory splenic and hepatic histopathology, >100-fold higher blood and splenic bacterial loads, and more elevated proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine responses in serum. CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocyte populations were significantly expanded in spleens of A. phagocytophilum-infected Stat1 KO mice compared with wild-type mice. The leukocyte infiltrates in the livers and spleens of A. phagocytophilum-infected Stat1 KO mice also contained expansions in neutrophil and monocyte/macrophage populations. Importantly, A. phagocytophilum-infected Stat1 KO mice did not demonstrate induction of inducible NO synthase in splenocytes. These results show that Stat1 plays an important role in controlling bacterial loads but also by unexpectedly providing an undefined mechanism for dampening of the immunopathologic response observed with A. phagocytophilum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Seong Choi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 742-711, Republic of Korea; Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Diana G Scorpio
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts and Nevis, West Indies
| | - J Stephen Dumler
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205; Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
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47
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Pilloux L, Greub G. ESCMID postgraduate technical workshop on intracellular bacteria: From biology to clinic. Microbes Infect 2014; 16:454-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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The tick salivary protein sialostatin L2 inhibits caspase-1-mediated inflammation during Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection. Infect Immun 2014; 82:2553-64. [PMID: 24686067 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01679-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Saliva from arthropod vectors facilitates blood feeding by altering host inflammation. Whether arthropod saliva counters inflammasome signaling, a protein scaffold that regulates the activity of caspase-1 and cleavage of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 into mature molecules, remains elusive. In this study, we provide evidence that a tick salivary protein, sialostatin L2, inhibits inflammasome formation during pathogen infection. We show that sialostatin L2 targets caspase-1 activity during host stimulation with the rickettsial agent Anaplasma phagocytophilum. A. phagocytophilum causes macrophage activation and hemophagocytic syndrome features. The effect of sialostatin L2 in macrophages was not due to direct caspase-1 enzymatic inhibition, and it did not rely on nuclear factor κB or cathepsin L signaling. Reactive oxygen species from NADPH oxidase and the Loop2 domain of sialostatin L2 were important for the regulatory process. Altogether, our data expand the knowledge of immunoregulatory pathways of tick salivary proteins and unveil an important finding in inflammasome biology.
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49
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Wang Y, Chen C, Zhang L. Molecular characterization of Msp2/P44 of Anaplasma phagocytophilum isolated from infected patients and Haemaphysalis longicornis in Laizhou Bay, Shandong Province, China. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78189. [PMID: 24167608 PMCID: PMC3805589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular characterization of the MSP2/P44 protein of Anaplasma phagocytophilum may determine not only if the bacterium is capable of invading hosts but also whether it generates antigenic variation for the purpose of escaping the host immune response, resulting in various pathologic injuries and serious clinical outcomes. Chinese anaplasmosis patients usually present with serious manifestations, and the fatality rate is as high as 26.5%. In this study, we amplified, cloned and sequenced the msp2/p44 genes of three Chinese A. phagocytophilum isolates from Laizhou Bay, Shandong Province, where human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) patients present severe clinical manifestations, and analyzed their genetic characterization and structural features. We also compared them with the HZ and Webster A. phagocytophilum strains. The sequences for both strains are available in GenBank. Analyses indicated that Chinese A. phagocytophilum isolates were significantly different from the HZ and Webster strains in terms of nucleotide sequences, amino acid sequences and protein secondary and tertiary structures. Moreover, the number of immunologic B-cell epitopes (19) of the MSP2 protein of the Chinese isolates was higher than that of the A. phagocytophilum strains HZ (16) and Webster (9). This genetic diversity of the MSP2/P44 protein of Chinese A. phagocytophilum isolates might be relevant and might have serious clinical outcomes. This observation could provide a clue to further understand the pathogenesis of Chinese A. phagocytophilum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Province, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Rickettsiology, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuangfu Chen
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (LJZ); (CFC)
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Rickettsiology, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (LJZ); (CFC)
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50
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Stuen S, Granquist EG, Silaghi C. Anaplasma phagocytophilum--a widespread multi-host pathogen with highly adaptive strategies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:31. [PMID: 23885337 PMCID: PMC3717505 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum has for decades been known to cause the disease tick-borne fever (TBF) in domestic ruminants in Ixodes ricinus-infested areas in northern Europe. In recent years, the bacterium has been found associated with Ixodes-tick species more or less worldwide on the northern hemisphere. A. phagocytophilum has a broad host range and may cause severe disease in several mammalian species, including humans. However, the clinical symptoms vary from subclinical to fatal conditions, and considerable underreporting of clinical incidents is suspected in both human and veterinary medicine. Several variants of A. phagocytophilum have been genetically characterized. Identification and stratification into phylogenetic subfamilies has been based on cell culturing, experimental infections, PCR, and sequencing techniques. However, few genome sequences have been completed so far, thus observations on biological, ecological, and pathological differences between genotypes of the bacterium, have yet to be elucidated by molecular and experimental infection studies. The natural transmission cycles of various A. phagocytophilum variants, the involvement of their respective hosts and vectors involved, in particular the zoonotic potential, have to be unraveled. A. phagocytophilum is able to persist between seasons of tick activity in several mammalian species and movement of hosts and infected ticks on migrating animals or birds may spread the bacterium. In the present review, we focus on the ecology and epidemiology of A. phagocytophilum, especially the role of wildlife in contribution to the spread and sustainability of the infection in domestic livestock and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snorre Stuen
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science Sandnes, Norway.
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