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Systems Biology on Acetogenic Bacteria for Utilizing C1 Feedstocks. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 180:57-90. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2021_199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Katsyv A, Müller V. Overcoming Energetic Barriers in Acetogenic C1 Conversion. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:621166. [PMID: 33425882 PMCID: PMC7793690 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.621166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently one of the biggest challenges for society is to combat global warming. A solution to this global threat is the implementation of a CO2-based bioeconomy and a H2-based bioenergy economy. Anaerobic lithotrophic bacteria such as the acetogenic bacteria are key players in the global carbon and H2 cycle and thus prime candidates as driving forces in a H2- and CO2-bioeconomy. Naturally, they convert two molecules of CO2via the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway (WLP) to one molecule of acetyl-CoA which can be converted to different C2-products (acetate or ethanol) or elongated to C4 (butyrate) or C5-products (caproate). Since there is no net ATP generation from acetate formation, an electron-transport phosphorylation (ETP) module is hooked up to the WLP. ETP provides the cell with additional ATP, but the ATP gain is very low, only a fraction of an ATP per mol of acetate. Since acetogens live at the thermodynamic edge of life, metabolic engineering to obtain high-value products is currently limited by the low energy status of the cells that allows for the production of only a few compounds with rather low specificity. To set the stage for acetogens as production platforms for a wide range of bioproducts from CO2, the energetic barriers have to be overcome. This review summarizes the pathway, the energetics of the pathway and describes ways to overcome energetic barriers in acetogenic C1 conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Katsyv
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Bioenergetics, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Volker Müller
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Bioenergetics, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Spahn S, Brandt K, Müller V. A low phosphorylation potential in the acetogen Acetobacterium woodii reflects its lifestyle at the thermodynamic edge of life. Arch Microbiol 2015; 197:745-51. [PMID: 25820826 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-015-1107-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The anaerobic, acetogenic bacterium Acetobacterium woodii grows on hydrogen and carbon dioxide and uses the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway to fix carbon but also to synthesize ATP. The free energy change of acetogenesis from H2 + CO2 allows for synthesis of only a fraction of an ATP under environmental conditions, and A. woodii is clearly a paradigm for microbial life under extreme energy limitation. However, it was unknown how much energy is required to make ATP under these conditions. In the present study, we determined the phosphorylation potential in cells metabolizing three different acetogenic substrates. It accounts to 37.9 ± 1.3 kJ/mol ATP during acetogenesis from fructose, 32.1 ± 0.3 kJ/mol ATP during acetogenesis from H2 + CO2 and 30.2 ± 0.9 kJ/mol ATP during acetogenesis from CO, the lowest phosphorylation potential ever described. The physiological consequences in terms of energy conservation under extreme energy limitation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Spahn
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bioenergetics, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
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Autotrophy at the thermodynamic limit of life: a model for energy conservation in acetogenic bacteria. Nat Rev Microbiol 2014; 12:809-21. [DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Stojanowic A, Hedderich R. CO2reduction to the level of formylmethanofuran inMethanosarcina barkeriis non-energy driven when CO is the electron donor. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Blaut M, Müller V, Gottschalk G. Proton translocation coupled to methanogenesis from methanol + hydrogen inMethanosarcina barkeri. FEBS Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(87)80112-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Deppenmeier U. Different structure and expression of the operons encoding the membrane-bound hydrogenases from Methanosarcina mazei Gö1. Arch Microbiol 1995; 164:370-6. [PMID: 8572889 DOI: 10.1007/bf02529985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The expression of the vho and vht operons from Methanosarcina mazei Gö1, which each encode a membrane-bound hydrogenase and a cytochrome b, was analyzed under various growth conditions. Synthesis of both hydrogenases was induced at the level of transcription during methanogenesis from H2/CO2 or methanol. Transcripts of the vho operon were also detected when Ms. mazei Gö1 was grown on acetate, indicating that this operon is constitutively expressed. In contrast, mRNA from the vht operon was not found in acetate-grown cells. Downstream of the structural genes vhtG and vhtA and the cytochrome-b-encoding gene vhtC, an additional open reading frame (vhtD; 486 bp) was identified. vhtD is followed by six tandem repeats of an 11-bp sequence, which is probably a termination site of transcription. Northern blots revealed that vhtD is part of the vht operon. In the vho operon, a vhtD-like gene and a terminator composed of tandem repeats could not be identified. The physiological function of two genetically distinct, membrane-bound hydrogenases from Ms. mazei Gö1 is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Deppenmeier
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany
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Chapter 4 Bioenergetics and transport in methanogens and related thermophilic archaea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60253-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Santos H, Fareleha P, LeGall J, Xavier AV. In vivo nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the metabolism of methanol and pyruvate byMethanosarcina barkeri. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb04937.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Abstract
In this review, I focus on the bioenergetics of the methanogenic bacteria, with particular attention directed to the roles of transmembrane electrochemical gradients of sodium and proton. In addition, the mechanism of coupling ATP synthesis to methanogenic electron transfer is addressed. Evidence is reviewed which suggests that the methanogens possess great diversity in their bioenergetic machinery. In particular, in some methanogens the primary ion which is translocated coupled to metabolic energy is the proton, while others appear to utilize sodium. In addition, ATP synthesis driven by methanogenic electron transfer is accomplished in some organisms by a chemiosmotic mechanism and is coupled by a more direct mechanism in others. A possible explanation for this diversity (which is consistent with the relatedness of these organisms to each other and to other members of the Archaebacteria as determined by molecular biological techniques) is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Lancaster
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan 84322-0300
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Jarrell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Müller V, Winner C, Gottschalk G. Electron-transport-driven sodium extrusion during methanogenesis from formaldehyde and molecular hydrogen by Methanosarcina barkeri. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1988; 178:519-25. [PMID: 2850182 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb14478.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Methanogenesis from formaldehyde or formaldehyde + H2, as carried out by Methanosarcina barkeri, was strictly dependent on sodium ions whereas methane formation from methanol + H2 or methanol + formaldehyde was Na+-independent. This indicates that the reduction of formaldehyde to the formal redox level of methanol exhibits a Na+ requirement. During methanogenesis from formaldehyde, a delta pNa in the range of -62 mV to -80 mV was generated by means of a primary, electron-transport-driven sodium pump. This could be concluded from the following results obtained on cell suspensions of M. barkeri. 1. The addition of proton conductors or inhibitors of the Na+/H+ antiporter had no effect on sodium extrusion. 2. During methanogenesis from formaldehyde + H2 a delta psi of -60 mV to -70 mV was generated even in the presence of proton conductors. 3. ATPase inhibitors, applied in the presence of proton conductors, had no effect on primary sodium extrusion or generation of a delta psi. Evidence for a Na+-translocating ATPase could not be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Müller
- Institut für Mikrobiologie der Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Federal Republic of Germany
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Mayer F, Rohde M, Salzmann M, Jussofie A, Gottschalk G. The methanoreductosome: a high-molecular-weight enzyme complex in the methanogenic bacterium strain Gö1 that contains components of the methylreductase system. J Bacteriol 1988; 170:1438-44. [PMID: 3350787 PMCID: PMC210986 DOI: 10.1128/jb.170.4.1438-1444.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The methanogenic bacterium strain Gö1 harbors a high-molecular-weight enzyme complex containing methyl coenzyme M methylreductase as revealed by immunoelectron microscopy. This complex consists of a spherelike, hollow head piece, in the wall of which a number of copies of the methyl coenzyme M methylreductase are located. It is named Rc (c indicates collector). Intimately bound to it is a group of additional subunits of unknown composition referred to as Rm (m indicates mediator). Electron microscopy of negatively stained samples indicated that Rm contains a functional pore or channel which connects the internal volume of Rc with the outside. The RcRm complex is named Rs (s indicates spherelike). This complex was often found detached from the inside of the cytoplasmic membrane when membrane vesicles were investigated. However, Rs was also seen attached to a third component of the complex located in the membrane, the attachment being mediated by Rm. This membrane part of the complex is designated Rt (t indicates translocator). It consists of subunits with unknown composition. When Rs is attached to the membrane, the pore in Rm appears to be plugged by Rt. This indicates that the internal volume in Rc is in contact, via the pore in Rm, with Rt. The RcRmRt complex is referred to as methanoreductosome. Functional implications of the structural organization of the methylreductase system are discussed in view of methane formation and the creation of a transmembrane proton gradient used by the cell for ATP synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mayer
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Federal Republic of Germany
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Peinemann S, Müller V, Blaut M, Gottschalk G. Bioenergetics of methanogenesis from acetate by Methanosarcina barkeri. J Bacteriol 1988; 170:1369-72. [PMID: 3343222 PMCID: PMC210917 DOI: 10.1128/jb.170.3.1369-1372.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Methane formation from acetate by resting cells of Methanosarcina barkeri was accompanied by an increase in the intracellular ATP content from 0.9 to 4.0 nmol/mg of protein. Correspondingly, the proton motive force increased to a steady-state level of -120 mV. The transmembrane pH gradient however, was reversed under these conditions and amounted to +20 mV. The addition of the protonophore 3,5,3',4'-tetrachlorosalicylanilide led to a drastic decrease in the proton motive force and in the intracellular ATP content and to an inhibition of methane formation. The ATPase inhibitor N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide stopped methanogenesis, and the intracellular ATP content decreased. The proton motive force decreased also under these conditions, indicating that the proton motive force could not be generated from acetate without ATP. The overall process of methane formation from acetate was dependent on the presence of sodium ions; upon addition of acetate to cell suspensions of M. barkeri, a transmembrane Na+ gradient in the range of 4:1 (Na+ out/Na+ in) was established. Possible sites of involvement of the Na+ gradient in the conversion of acetate to methane and carbon dioxide are discussed. Na+ is not involved in the CO dehydrogenase reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Peinemann
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Göttingen, Federal Republic of Germany
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Dolfing J, Tiedje JM. Growth yield increase linked to reductive dechlorination in a defined 3-chlorobenzoate degrading methanogenic coculture. Arch Microbiol 1987; 149:102-5. [PMID: 3442447 DOI: 10.1007/bf00425073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The microbially mediated reductive dehalogenation of aromatic compounds is potentially important in removal of chlorinated aromatic compounds from the environment. Thermodynamic data are presented which show that the reductive dechlorination of 3-chlorobenzoate to benzoate is exergonic, which led to the hypothesis that reductive elimination of chlorine from 3-chlorobenzoate yields biologically useful energy. In the present paper this hypothesis is tested. Experimental data were obtained with a defined 3-chlorobenzoate degrading methanogenic consortium. These data showed that (i) the molar growth yield of a defined 3-chlorobenzoate degrading consortium increased from 4.9 g protein per mol benzoate metabolized to 6.8 g protein per mol 3-chlorobenzoate when 3-chlorobenzoate replaced benzoate as energy source, and that (ii) the ATP level in starved consortium cells was twice as high when the cells were fed 3-chlorobenzoate than when fed benzoate. These observations show that the electrochemical potential between the redox partners of the H+/H2 (electron-donating) and 3-chlorobenzoate/benzoate (electron-accepting) couples is a potential source of energy and are consistent with the hypothesis that reductive dechlorination of aromatic compounds is coupled to a novel type of microbial chemotrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dolfing
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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Dharmavaram RM, Konisky J. Identification of a vanadate-sensitive, membrane-bound ATPase in the archaebacterium Methanococcus voltae. J Bacteriol 1987; 169:3921-5. [PMID: 2957358 PMCID: PMC213688 DOI: 10.1128/jb.169.9.3921-3925.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane-bound ATPase activity was detected in the methanogen Methanococcus voltae. The ATPase was inhibited by vanadate, a characteristic inhibitor of E1E2 ATPases. The enzyme activity was also inhibited by diethylstilbestrol. However, it was insensitive to N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, ouabain, and oligomycin. The enzyme displayed a high preference for ATP as substrate, was dependent on Mg2+, and had a pH optimum of approximately 7.5. The enzyme was completely solubilized with 2% Triton X-100. The enzyme was insensitive to oxygen and was stabilized by ATP. There was no homology with the Escherichia coli F0F1 ATPase at the level of DNA and protein. The membrane-bound M. voltae ATPase showed properties similar to those of E1E2 ATPases.
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Müller V, Blaut M, Gottschalk G. Oxidation of trimethylamine to the level of formaldehyde by Methanosarcina barkeriis dependent on the protonmotive force. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1987. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1987.tb02120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Müller V, Kozianowski G, Blaut M, Gottschalk G. Methanogenesis from trimethylamine + H2 by Methanosarcina barkeri is coupled to ATP formation by a chemiosmotic mechanism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(87)90176-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mayer F, Jussofie A, Salzmann M, Lübben M, Rohde M, Gottschalk G. Immunoelectron microscopic demonstration of ATPase on the cytoplasmic membrane of the methanogenic bacterium strain Göl. J Bacteriol 1987; 169:2307-9. [PMID: 2952638 PMCID: PMC212165 DOI: 10.1128/jb.169.5.2307-2309.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
ATPase was shown to be present on the cytoplasmic membrane of the methanogenic bacterium strain Göl. The enzyme was identified by an immunoelectron microscopic technique by using polyclonal antiserum directed against the beta subunit of Escherichia coli F0F1-ATPase. Negatively stained membrane vesicles exhibited a dense population of stalked particles similar in dimensions and fine structure to typical F0F1-ATPase particles.
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Mountfort DO, Mörschel E, Beimborn DB, Schönheit P. Methanogenesis and ATP synthesis in a protoplast system of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. J Bacteriol 1986; 168:892-900. [PMID: 3782030 PMCID: PMC213568 DOI: 10.1128/jb.168.2.892-900.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
When Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum cells were incubated in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 1 M sucrose and autolysate from Methanobacterium wolfei, they were transformed into protoplasts. The protoplasts, which possessed no cell wall, lysed in buffer without sucrose. Unlike whole cells, the protoplasts did not show convoluted internal membrane structures. The protoplasts produced methane from H2-CO2 (approximately 1 mumol min-1 mg of protein-1) at about 50% the rate obtained for whole cells, and methanogenesis was coupled with ATP synthesis. Addition of the protonophore 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylidenemalononitrile (SF-6847) to protoplast suspensions resulted in a dissipation of the membrane potential (delta psi), and this was accompanied by a parallel decrease in the rates of ATP synthesis and methanogenesis. In this respect protoplasts differed from whole cells in which ATP synthesis and methanogenesis were virtually unaffected by the addition of the protonophore. It is concluded that the insensitivity of whole cells to protonophores could be due to internal membrane structures. Membrane preparations produced from lysis of protoplasts or by sonication of whole cells gave comparatively low rates of methanogenesis (methylcoenzyme M methylreductase activity, less than or equal to 100 nmol of CH4 min-1 mg of protein-1), and no coupling with ATP synthesis could be demonstrated.
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Bachofen R, Butsch B. Measurement of ΔpH and electron transport activities in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. Syst Appl Microbiol 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0723-2020(86)80032-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Blaut M, Müller V, Gottschalk G. Mechanism of ATP sythesis and role of sodium ions in Methanosarcina barkeri growing on methanol. Syst Appl Microbiol 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0723-2020(86)80033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Blaut M, Gottschalk G. Evidence for a chemiosmotic mechanism of ATP synthesis in methanogenic bacteria. Trends Biochem Sci 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0968-0004(85)90211-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Sch�nheit P, Beimborn DB. Presence of a Na+/H+ antiporter in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum and its role in Na+ dependent methanogenesis. Arch Microbiol 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00491903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Methanogenesis and the K+ transport system are activated by divalent cations in ammonia-treated cells of Methanospirillum hungatei. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)39359-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Sch�nheit P, Beimborn DB, Perski HJ. Potassium accumulation in growing Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum and its relation to the electrochemical proton gradient. Arch Microbiol 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00454936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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