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Westrick NM, Smith DL, Kabbage M. Disarming the Host: Detoxification of Plant Defense Compounds During Fungal Necrotrophy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:651716. [PMID: 33995447 PMCID: PMC8120277 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.651716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
While fungal biotrophs are dependent on successfully suppressing/subverting host defenses during their interaction with live cells, necrotrophs, due to their lifestyle are often confronted with a suite of toxic metabolites. These include an assortment of plant defense compounds (PDCs) which can demonstrate broad antifungal activity. These PDCs can be either constitutively present in plant tissue or induced in response to infection, but are nevertheless an important obstacle which needs to be overcome for successful pathogenesis. Fungal necrotrophs have developed a number of strategies to achieve this goal, from the direct detoxification of these compounds through enzymatic catalysis and modification, to the active transport of various PDCs to achieve toxin sequestration and efflux. Studies have shown across multiple pathogens that the efficient detoxification of host PDCs is both critical for successful infection and often a determinant factor in pathogen host range. Here, we provide a broad and comparative overview of the various mechanisms for PDC detoxification which have been identified in both fungal necrotrophs and fungal pathogens which depend on detoxification during a necrotrophic phase of infection. Furthermore, the effect that these mechanisms have on fungal host range, metabolism, and disease control will be discussed.
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Engleder M, Horvat M, Emmerstorfer-Augustin A, Wriessnegger T, Gabriel S, Strohmeier G, Weber H, Müller M, Kaluzna I, Mink D, Schürmann M, Pichler H. Recombinant expression, purification and biochemical characterization of kievitone hydratase from Nectria haematococca. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192653. [PMID: 29420618 PMCID: PMC5805349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Kievitone hydratase catalyzes the addition of water to the double bond of the prenyl moiety of plant isoflavonoid kievitone and, thereby, forms the tertiary alcohol hydroxy-kievitone. In nature, this conversion is associated with a defense mechanism of fungal pathogens against phytoalexins generated by host plants after infection. As of today, a gene sequence coding for kievitone hydratase activity has only been identified and characterized in Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli. Here, we report on the identification of a putative kievitone hydratase sequence in Nectria haematococca (NhKHS), the teleomorph state of F. solani, based on in silico sequence analyses. After heterologous expression of the enzyme in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris, we have confirmed its kievitone hydration activity and have assessed its biochemical properties and substrate specificity. Purified recombinant NhKHS is obviously a homodimeric glycoprotein. Due to its good activity for the readily available chalcone derivative xanthohumol (XN), this compound was selected as a model substrate for biochemical studies. The optimal pH and temperature for hydratase activity were 6.0 and 35°C, respectively, and apparent Vmax and Km values for hydration of XN were 7.16 μmol min-1 mg-1 and 0.98 ± 0.13 mM, respectively. Due to its catalytic properties and apparent substrate promiscuity, NhKHS is a promising enzyme for the biocatalytic production of tertiary alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Engleder
- acib—Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Melissa Horvat
- acib—Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Stefanie Gabriel
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gernot Strohmeier
- acib—Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hansjörg Weber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Monika Müller
- DSM Ahead R&D—Innovative Synthesis, Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Iwona Kaluzna
- DSM Ahead R&D—Innovative Synthesis, Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Mink
- DSM Ahead R&D—Innovative Synthesis, Geleen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Harald Pichler
- acib—Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Structural and functional insights into asymmetric enzymatic dehydration of alkenols. Nat Chem Biol 2017; 13:275-281. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Coleman JJ. The Fusarium solani species complex: ubiquitous pathogens of agricultural importance. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:146-58. [PMID: 26531837 PMCID: PMC6638333 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Members of the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) are capable of causing disease in many agriculturally important crops. The genomes of some of these fungi include supernumerary chromosomes that are dispensable and encode host-specific virulence factors. In addition to genomics, this review summarizes the known molecular mechanisms utilized by members of the FSSC in establishing disease. TAXONOMY Kingdom Fungi; Phylum Ascomycota; Class Sordariomycetes; Order Hypocreales; Family Nectriaceae; Genus Fusarium. HOST RANGE Members of the FSSC collectively have a very broad host range, and have been subdivided previously into formae speciales. Recent phylogenetic analysis has revealed that formae speciales correspond to biologically and phylogenetically distinct species. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Typically, FSSC causes foot and/or root rot of the infected host plant, and the degree of necrosis correlates with the severity of the disease. Symptoms on above-ground portions of the plant can vary greatly depending on the specific FSSC pathogen and host plant, and the disease may manifest as wilting, stunting and chlorosis or lesions on the stem and/or leaves. CONTROL Implementation of agricultural management practices, such as crop rotation and timing of planting, can reduce the risk of crop loss caused by FSSC. If available, the use of resistant varieties is another means to control disease in the field. USEFUL WEBSITES http://genome.jgi-psf.org/Necha2/Necha2.home.html.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Coleman
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
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Chen BS, Otten LG, Hanefeld U. Stereochemistry of enzymatic water addition to C=C bonds. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:526-46. [PMID: 25640045 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Water addition to carbon-carbon double bonds using hydratases is attracting great interest in biochemistry. Most of the known hydratases are involved in primary metabolism and to a lesser extent in secondary metabolism. New hydratases have recently been added to the toolbox, both from natural sources or artificial metalloenzymes. In order to comprehensively understand how the hydratases are able to catalyse the water addition to carbon-carbon double bonds, this review will highlight the mechanistic and stereochemical studies of the enzymatic water addition to carbon-carbon double bonds, focusing on the syn/anti-addition and stereochemistry of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Shuang Chen
- Biokatalyse, Gebouw voor Scheikunde, Afdeling Biotechnologie, Technische Universiteit Delft, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Linda G Otten
- Biokatalyse, Gebouw voor Scheikunde, Afdeling Biotechnologie, Technische Universiteit Delft, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ulf Hanefeld
- Biokatalyse, Gebouw voor Scheikunde, Afdeling Biotechnologie, Technische Universiteit Delft, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands.
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Kasanah N, Farr LL, Gholipour A, Wedge DE, Hamann MT. Metabolism and resistance of Fusarium spp. to the manzamine alkaloids via a putative retro pictet-spengler reaction and utility of the rational design of antimalarial and antifungal agents. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 16:412-422. [PMID: 24553735 PMCID: PMC4139108 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-014-9557-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
As a part of our continuing investigation of the manzamine alkaloids we studied the in vitro activity of the β-carboline containing manzamine alkaloids against Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporium, and Fusarium proliferatum by employing several bioassay techniques including one-dimensional direct bioautography, dilution, and plate susceptibility, and microtiter broth assays. In addition, we also studied the metabolism of the manzamine alkaloids by Fusarium spp. in order to facilitate the redesign of the compounds to prevent resistance of Fusarium spp. through metabolism. The present research reveals that the manzamine alkaloids are inactive against Fusarium spp. and the fungi transform manzamines via hydrolysis, reduction, and a retro Pictet-Spengler reaction. This is the first report to demonstrate an enzymatically retro Pictet-Spengler reaction. The results of this study reveal the utility of the rational design of metabolically stable antifungal agents from this class and the development of manzamine alkaloids as antimalarial drugs through the utilization of Fusarium's metabolic products to reconstruct the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noer Kasanah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA,
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Wuensch C, Gross J, Steinkellner G, Gruber K, Glueck SM, Faber K. Asymmetric enzymatic hydration of hydroxystyrene derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:2293-7. [PMID: 23335002 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201207916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Wuensch
- ACIB GmbH c/o Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Wuensch C, Gross J, Steinkellner G, Gruber K, Glueck SM, Faber K. Asymmetric Enzymatic Hydration of Hydroxystyrene Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201207916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Sasaki K, Tsurumaru Y, Yamamoto H, Yazaki K. Molecular characterization of a membrane-bound prenyltransferase specific for isoflavone from Sophora flavescens. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:24125-34. [PMID: 21576242 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.244426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenylated isoflavones are secondary metabolites that are mainly distributed in legume plants. They often possess divergent biological activities such as anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-oxidant activities and thus attract much attention in food, medicinal, and agricultural research fields. Prenyltransferase is the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of prenylated flavonoids by catalyzing a rate-limiting step, i.e. the coupling process of two major metabolic pathways, the isoprenoid pathway and shikimate/polyketide pathway. However, so far only two genes have been isolated as prenyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of prenylated flavonoids, namely naringenin 8-dimethylallyltransferase from Sophora flavescens (SfN8DT-1) specific for some limited flavanones and glycinol 4-dimethylallyltransferase from Glycine max (G4DT), specific for pterocarpan substrate. We have in this study isolated two novel genes coding for membrane-bound flavonoid prenyltransferases from S. flavescens, an isoflavone-specific prenyltransferase (SfG6DT) responsible for the prenylation of the genistein at the 6-position and a chalcone-specific prenyltransferase designated as isoliquiritigenin dimethylallyltransferase (SfiLDT). These prenyltransferases were enzymatically characterized using a yeast expression system. Analysis on the substrate specificity of chimeric enzymes between SfN8DT-1 and SfG6DT suggested that the determinant region for the specificity of the flavonoids was the domain neighboring the fifth transmembrane α-helix of the prenyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Sasaki
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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Jin J, Hanefeld U. The selective addition of water to CC bonds; enzymes are the best chemists. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:2502-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc04153j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ververidis F, Trantas E, Douglas C, Vollmer G, Kretzschmar G, Panopoulos N. Biotechnology of flavonoids and other phenylpropanoid-derived natural products. Part I: Chemical diversity, impacts on plant biology and human health. Biotechnol J 2007; 2:1214-34. [PMID: 17935117 DOI: 10.1002/biot.200700084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant natural products derived from phenylalanine and the phenylpropanoid pathway are impressive in their chemical diversity and are the result of plant evolution, which has selected for the acquisition of large repertoires of pigments, structural and defensive compounds, all derived from a phenylpropanoid backbone via the plant-specific phenylpropanoid pathway. These compounds are important in plant growth, development and responses to environmental stresses and thus can have large impacts on agricultural productivity. While plant-based medicines containing phenylpropanoid-derived active components have long been used by humans, the benefits of specific flavonoids and other phenylpropanoid-derived compounds to human health and their potential for long-term health benefits have been only recognized more recently. In this part of the review, we discuss the diversity and biosynthetic origins of phenylpropanoids and particularly of the flavonoid and stilbenoid natural products. We then review data pertaining to the modes of action and biological properties of these compounds, referring on their effects on human health and physiology and their roles as plant defense and antimicrobial compounds. This review continues in Part II discussing the use of biotechnological tools targeting the rational reconstruction of multienzyme pathways in order to modify the production of such compounds in plants and model microbial systems for the benefit of agriculture and forestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippos Ververidis
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Plant Sciences, Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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Pedras MSC, Ahiahonu PWK. Metabolism and detoxification of phytoalexins and analogs by phytopathogenic fungi. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2005; 66:391-411. [PMID: 15694450 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2004] [Revised: 11/08/2004] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To date, the many examples reporting that fungal pathogens can efficiently detoxify phytoalexins provide strong evidence that the pathogenicity and/or virulence of some fungi is linked to their ability to detoxify their hosts' phytoalexins. The pathways used by plant pathogenic fungi to metabolize and detoxify phytoalexins are reviewed. Prospects for application of recent findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Soledade C Pedras
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon SK, Canada S7N 5C9.
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Morrissey JP, Osbourn AE. Fungal resistance to plant antibiotics as a mechanism of pathogenesis. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1999; 63:708-24. [PMID: 10477313 PMCID: PMC103751 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.63.3.708-724.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many plants produce low-molecular-weight compounds which inhibit the growth of phytopathogenic fungi in vitro. These compounds may be preformed inhibitors that are present constitutively in healthy plants (also known as phytoanticipins), or they may be synthesized in response to pathogen attack (phytoalexins). Successful pathogens must be able to circumvent or overcome these antifungal defenses, and this review focuses on the significance of fungal resistance to plant antibiotics as a mechanism of pathogenesis. There is increasing evidence that resistance of fungal pathogens to plant antibiotics can be important for pathogenicity, at least for some fungus-plant interactions. This evidence has emerged largely from studies of fungal degradative enzymes and also from experiments in which plants with altered levels of antifungal secondary metabolites were generated. Whereas the emphasis to date has been on degradative mechanisms of resistance of phytopathogenic fungi to antifungal secondary metabolites, in the future we are likely to see a rapid expansion in our knowledge of alternative mechanisms of resistance. These may include membrane efflux systems of the kind associated with multidrug resistance and innate resistance due to insensitivity of the target site. The manipulation of plant biosynthetic pathways to give altered antibiotic profiles will also be valuable in telling us more about the significance of antifungal secondary metabolites for plant defense and clearly has great potential for enhancing disease resistance for commercial purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Morrissey
- Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.
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VanEtten HD, Sandrock RW, Wasmann CC, Soby SD, McCluskey K, Wang P. Detoxification of phytoanticipins and phytoalexins by phytopathogenic fungi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1139/b95-291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Most plants synthesize antimicrobial compounds as part of normal plant development (i.e., phytoanticipins) or synthesize such compounds de novo when challenged by microorganisms (i.e., phytoalexins). The presumed role of these plant antibiotics is to protect the plant from disease. However, many phytopathogenic fungi have enzymes that can detoxify the phytoanticipins or phytoalexins produced by their host. This may be a means that these pathogens have evolved to circumvent resistance mechanisms based on the production of plant antibiotics. Many of the phytoanticipin- and phytoalexin-detoxifying enzymes produced by phytopathogenic fungi have biochemical and regulatory properties that would indicate the phytoanticipins and phytoalexins produced by their host are their normal substrates. In addition, their activity, enzymatic products, or transcripts can be detected in infected plant tissue suggesting that they are functioning in planta during pathogenesis. Specific mutations have been made by transformation-mediated gene-disruption procedures that eliminate the ability of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. avenae, Gloeocercospora sorghi, and Nectria haematococca to detoxify the phytoanticipins or phytoalexins produced by their hosts. The effect of these mutations on pathogenicity indicates a requirement for detoxifying enzymes in G. graminis var. avenae but not in G. sorghi or N. haematococca. Key words: disease resistance, pathogenicity mechanisms, isoflavonoids, saponins, cyanide.
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Fischer R, Hain R. Plant disease resistance resulting from the expression of foreign phytoalexins. Curr Opin Biotechnol 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0958-1669(05)80024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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