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Kobalter S, Voit A, Bekerle-Bogner M, Rudalija H, Haas A, Wriessnegger T, Pichler H. Tuning Fatty Acid Profile and Yield in Pichia pastoris. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1412. [PMID: 38136003 PMCID: PMC10741089 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10121412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids have been supplied for diverse non-food, industrial applications from plant oils and animal fats for many decades. Due to the massively increasing world population demanding a nutritious diet and the thrive to provide feedstocks for industrial production lines in a sustainable way, i.e., independent from food supply chains, alternative fatty acid sources have massively gained in importance. Carbohydrate-rich side-streams of agricultural production, e.g., molasses, lignocellulosic waste, glycerol from biodiesel production, and even CO2, are considered and employed as carbon sources for the fermentative accumulation of fatty acids in selected microbial hosts. While certain fatty acid species are readily accumulated in native microbial metabolic routes, other fatty acid species are scarce, and host strains need to be metabolically engineered for their high-level production. We report the metabolic engineering of Pichia pastoris to produce palmitoleic acid from glucose and discuss the beneficial and detrimental engineering steps in detail. Fatty acid secretion was achieved through the deletion of fatty acyl-CoA synthetases and overexpression of the truncated E. coli thioesterase 'TesA. The best strains secreted >1 g/L free fatty acids into the culture medium. Additionally, the introduction of C16-specific ∆9-desaturases and fatty acid synthases, coupled with improved cultivation conditions, increased the palmitoleic acid content from 5.5% to 22%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kobalter
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib GmbH), Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria; (S.K.)
| | - Alena Voit
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib GmbH), Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria; (S.K.)
| | - Myria Bekerle-Bogner
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib GmbH), Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria; (S.K.)
| | - Haris Rudalija
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib GmbH), Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria; (S.K.)
| | - Anne Haas
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib GmbH), Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria; (S.K.)
| | - Tamara Wriessnegger
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib GmbH), Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria; (S.K.)
| | - Harald Pichler
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib GmbH), Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria; (S.K.)
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Wiltschi B, Cernava T, Dennig A, Galindo Casas M, Geier M, Gruber S, Haberbauer M, Heidinger P, Herrero Acero E, Kratzer R, Luley-Goedl C, Müller CA, Pitzer J, Ribitsch D, Sauer M, Schmölzer K, Schnitzhofer W, Sensen CW, Soh J, Steiner K, Winkler CK, Winkler M, Wriessnegger T. Enzymes revolutionize the bioproduction of value-added compounds: From enzyme discovery to special applications. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 40:107520. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Emmerstorfer-Augustin A, Wriessnegger T, Hirz M, Zellnig G, Pichler H. Membrane Protein Production in Yeast: Modification of Yeast Membranes for Human Membrane Protein Production. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1923:265-285. [PMID: 30737745 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9024-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 30% of the genes in the human genome code for membrane proteins, and yet we know relatively little about these complex molecules. Therefore, the biochemical and structural characterization of this challenging class of proteins represents an important frontier in both fundamental research and advances in drug discovery. However, due to their unique physical properties and requirement for association with cellular membranes, expression in heterologous systems is often daunting. In this chapter we describe how to engineer the yeast Pichia pastoris to obtain humanized sterol compositions. By implementing some simple genetic engineering approaches, P. pastoris can be reprogrammed to mainly produce cholesterol instead of ergosterol. We show how to apply mass spectrometry to confirm the production of cholesterol instead of ergosterol and how we have further analyzed the strain by electron microscopy. Finally, we delineate how to apply and test the cholesterol-forming P. pastoris strain for functional expression of mammalian Na,K-ATPase α3β1 isoform. Na,K-ATPases have been shown to specifically interact with cholesterol and phospholipids, and, obviously, the presence of cholesterol instead of ergosterol was the key to stabilizing correct localization and activity of this ion transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Emmerstorfer-Augustin
- Division of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Structural Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Melanie Hirz
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Guenther Zellnig
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Pichler
- acib-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria. .,Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Engleder M, Horvat M, Emmerstorfer-Augustin A, Wriessnegger T, Gabriel S, Strohmeier G, Weber H, Müller M, Kaluzna I, Mink D, Schürmann M, Pichler H. Recombinant expression, purification and biochemical characterization of kievitone hydratase from Nectria haematococca. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192653. [PMID: 29420618 PMCID: PMC5805349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Kievitone hydratase catalyzes the addition of water to the double bond of the prenyl moiety of plant isoflavonoid kievitone and, thereby, forms the tertiary alcohol hydroxy-kievitone. In nature, this conversion is associated with a defense mechanism of fungal pathogens against phytoalexins generated by host plants after infection. As of today, a gene sequence coding for kievitone hydratase activity has only been identified and characterized in Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli. Here, we report on the identification of a putative kievitone hydratase sequence in Nectria haematococca (NhKHS), the teleomorph state of F. solani, based on in silico sequence analyses. After heterologous expression of the enzyme in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris, we have confirmed its kievitone hydration activity and have assessed its biochemical properties and substrate specificity. Purified recombinant NhKHS is obviously a homodimeric glycoprotein. Due to its good activity for the readily available chalcone derivative xanthohumol (XN), this compound was selected as a model substrate for biochemical studies. The optimal pH and temperature for hydratase activity were 6.0 and 35°C, respectively, and apparent Vmax and Km values for hydration of XN were 7.16 μmol min-1 mg-1 and 0.98 ± 0.13 mM, respectively. Due to its catalytic properties and apparent substrate promiscuity, NhKHS is a promising enzyme for the biocatalytic production of tertiary alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Engleder
- acib—Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Melissa Horvat
- acib—Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Stefanie Gabriel
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gernot Strohmeier
- acib—Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hansjörg Weber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Monika Müller
- DSM Ahead R&D—Innovative Synthesis, Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Iwona Kaluzna
- DSM Ahead R&D—Innovative Synthesis, Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Mink
- DSM Ahead R&D—Innovative Synthesis, Geleen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Harald Pichler
- acib—Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Wriessnegger T, Moser S, Emmerstorfer-Augustin A, Leitner E, Müller M, Kaluzna I, Schürmann M, Mink D, Pichler H. Enhancing cytochrome P450-mediated conversions in P. pastoris through RAD52 over-expression and optimizing the cultivation conditions. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 89:114-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Engleder M, Pavkov-Keller T, Emmerstorfer A, Hromic A, Schrempf S, Steinkellner G, Wriessnegger T, Leitner E, Strohmeier GA, Kaluzna I, Mink D, Schürmann M, Wallner S, Macheroux P, Gruber K, Pichler H. Structure-Based Mechanism of Oleate Hydratase from Elizabethkingia meningoseptica. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1730-4. [PMID: 26077980 PMCID: PMC4552966 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Hydratases provide access to secondary and tertiary alcohols by regio- and/or stereospecifically adding water to carbon-carbon double bonds. Thereby, hydroxy groups are introduced without the need for costly cofactor recycling, and that makes this approach highly interesting on an industrial scale. Here we present the first crystal structure of a recombinant oleate hydratase originating from Elizabethkingia meningoseptica in the presence of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). A structure-based mutagenesis study targeting active site residues identified E122 and Y241 as crucial for the activation of a water molecule and for protonation of the double bond, respectively. Moreover, we also observed that two-electron reduction of FAD results in a sevenfold increase in the substrate hydration rate. We propose the first reaction mechanism for this enzyme class that explains the requirement for the flavin cofactor and the involvement of conserved amino acid residues in this regio- and stereoselective hydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Engleder
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14/2, 8010 Graz (Austria).,ACIB-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14/2, 8010 Graz (Austria)
| | - Tea Pavkov-Keller
- ACIB-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14/2, 8010 Graz (Austria).,Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50/3, 8010 Graz (Austria)
| | - Anita Emmerstorfer
- ACIB-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14/2, 8010 Graz (Austria)
| | - Altijana Hromic
- ACIB-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14/2, 8010 Graz (Austria).,Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50/3, 8010 Graz (Austria)
| | - Sabine Schrempf
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14/2, 8010 Graz (Austria)
| | - Georg Steinkellner
- ACIB-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14/2, 8010 Graz (Austria)
| | - Tamara Wriessnegger
- ACIB-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14/2, 8010 Graz (Austria)
| | - Erich Leitner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz (Austria)
| | - Gernot A Strohmeier
- ACIB-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14/2, 8010 Graz (Austria).,Institute of Organic Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz (Austria)
| | - Iwona Kaluzna
- DSM Chemical Technology R&D B.V., Innovative Synthesis, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen (The Netherlands)
| | - Daniel Mink
- DSM Chemical Technology R&D B.V., Innovative Synthesis, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen (The Netherlands)
| | - Martin Schürmann
- DSM Chemical Technology R&D B.V., Innovative Synthesis, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen (The Netherlands)
| | - Silvia Wallner
- Institute of Biochemistry, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz (Austria)
| | - Peter Macheroux
- Institute of Biochemistry, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz (Austria)
| | - Karl Gruber
- ACIB-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14/2, 8010 Graz (Austria). .,Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50/3, 8010 Graz (Austria).
| | - Harald Pichler
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14/2, 8010 Graz (Austria). .,ACIB-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14/2, 8010 Graz (Austria).
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Emmerstorfer A, Wimmer-Teubenbacher M, Wriessnegger T, Leitner E, Müller M, Kaluzna I, Schürmann M, Mink D, Zellnig G, Schwab H, Pichler H. Over-expression ofICE2stabilizes cytochrome P450 reductase inSaccharomyces cerevisiaeandPichia pastoris. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:623-35. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Emmerstorfer A, Wriessnegger T, Hirz M, Pichler H. Overexpression of membrane proteins from higher eukaryotes in yeasts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:7671-98. [PMID: 25070595 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5948-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Heterologous expression and characterisation of the membrane proteins of higher eukaryotes is of paramount interest in fundamental and applied research. Due to the rather simple and well-established methods for their genetic modification and cultivation, yeast cells are attractive host systems for recombinant protein production. This review provides an overview on the remarkable progress, and discusses pitfalls, in applying various yeast host strains for high-level expression of eukaryotic membrane proteins. In contrast to the cell lines of higher eukaryotes, yeasts permit efficient library screening methods. Modified yeasts are used as high-throughput screening tools for heterologous membrane protein functions or as benchmark for analysing drug-target relationships, e.g., by using yeasts as sensors. Furthermore, yeasts are powerful hosts for revealing interactions stabilising and/or activating membrane proteins. We also discuss the stress responses of yeasts upon heterologous expression of membrane proteins. Through co-expression of chaperones and/or optimising yeast cultivation and expression strategies, yield-optimised hosts have been created for membrane protein crystallography or efficient whole-cell production of fine chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Emmerstorfer
- ACIB-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
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Wriessnegger T, Pichler H. Yeast metabolic engineering – Targeting sterol metabolism and terpenoid formation. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:277-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Wriessnegger T, Sunga AJ, Cregg JM, Daum G. Identification of phosphatidylserine decarboxylases 1 and 2 fromPichia pastoris. FEMS Yeast Res 2009; 9:911-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2009.00544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Wriessnegger T, Leitner E, Ingolic E, Sunga AJ, Cregg J, Daum G. Lipid analysis of mitochondrial membranes from the yeast Pichia pastoris. Chem Phys Lipids 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2007.06.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Wriessnegger T, Gübitz G, Leitner E, Ingolic E, Cregg J, de la Cruz BJ, Daum G. Lipid composition of peroxisomes from the yeast Pichia pastoris grown on different carbon sources. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2007; 1771:455-61. [PMID: 17293161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Revised: 01/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Highly purified peroxisomes from the yeast Pichia pastoris grown on methanol or oleic acid, respectively, were used to characterize the lipid composition of this organelle. For this purpose, an isolation procedure had to be adapted which yielded highly purified P. pastoris peroxisomes. When peroxisome proliferation was induced by growth on methanol, alcohol oxidase was the predominant peroxisomal protein. Cultivation of P. pastoris on oleic acid led to induction of a family of peroxisomal enzymes catalyzing fatty acid beta-oxidation, whose most prominent members were identified by mass spectrometry. On either carbon source, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were the major peroxisomal phospholipids, and cardiolipin was present in peroxisomal membranes at a substantial amount, indicating that this phospholipid is a true peroxisomal component. Ergosterol was the most abundant sterol of P. pastoris peroxisomal membranes irrespective of the culture conditions. The fatty acid composition of whole cells and peroxisomes was highly affected by cultivation of P. pastoris on oleic acid. Under these conditions, oleic acid became the predominant fatty acid in phospholipids from total cell and peroxisomal extracts. Thus, oleic acid was not only utilized as an appropriate carbon source but also as a building block for complex membrane lipids. In summary, our data provide first insight into biochemical properties of P. pastoris peroxisomal membranes, which may become important for the biotechnological use of this yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Wriessnegger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, Graz, Austria
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