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Zhai Z, Meng M, Zhang Z, Kim J, Zhu Y. Metabolism of a fungicide propiconazole by Cunninghamella elegans ATCC36112. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:356. [PMID: 39026110 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-04062-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The metabolic breakdown of propiconazole by fungi was examined, and it was found that the microbial model (Cunninghamella elegans ATCC36112) efficiently degrades the triazole fungicide propiconazole through the action of cytochrome P450. This enzyme primarily facilitates the oxidation and hydrolysis processes involved in phase I metabolism. We observed major metabolites indicating hydroxylation/oxidation of propyl groups of propiconazole. Around 98% of propiconazole underwent degradation within a span of 3 days post-treatment, leading to the accumulation of five metabolites (M1-M5). The experiments started with a preliminary identification of propiconazole and its metabolites using GC-MS. The identified metabolites were then separated and identified by in-depth analysis using preparative UHPLC and MS/MS. The metabolites of propiconazole are M1 (CGA-118245), M2(CGA-118244), M3(CGA-136735), M4(GB-XLIII-42-1), and M5(SYN-542636). To further investigate the role of key enzymes in potential fungi, we treated the culture medium with piperonyl butoxide (PB) and methimazole (MZ), and then examined the kinetic responses of propiconazole and its metabolites. The results indicated a significant reduction in the metabolism rate of propiconazole in the medium treated with PB, while methimazole showed weaker inhibitory effects on the metabolism of propiconazole in the fungus C. elegans.
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Grants
- Project PJ0140182018 National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, and Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.
- Project PJ0140182018 National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, and Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.
- Project PJ0140182018 National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, and Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.
- Project PJ0140182018 National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, and Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.
- Project PJ0140182018 National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, and Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaochi Zhai
- Qingdao Agricultural University, Chengyang, Qingdao City, China
| | - Min Meng
- Qingdao Agricultural University, Chengyang, Qingdao City, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhang
- Qingdao Agricultural University, Chengyang, Qingdao City, China
| | | | - Yongzhe Zhu
- Qingdao Agricultural University, Chengyang, Qingdao City, China.
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2
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Zhou EM, Chen XA, Zhou MM, Xu LY, Wang D, Shen HP, Xu WQ. Dissecting the genome sequence of a clinical isolated Cunninghamella bertholletiae Z2 strain with rich cytochrome P450 enzymes (Article). INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 120:105575. [PMID: 38403034 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Mucormycosis is receiving much more attention because of its high morbidity and extremely high mortality rate in immunosuppressed populations. In this study, we isolated a Cunnignhamella bertholletiae Z2 strain from a skin lesion of a 14 year, 9 months old girl with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who die of infection from the Z2 strain. Genome sequencing was performed after isolation and amplification of the Z2 strain to reveal potential virulence factors and pathogenic mechanisms. The results showed that the genome size of the Z2 strain is 30.9 Mb with 9213 genes. Mucoral specific virulence factor genes found are ARF, CalN, and CoTH, while no gliotoxin biosynthesis gene cluster was found, which is a known virulence factor in Aspergillus fumigatus adapted to the environment. The Z2 strain was found to have 69 cytochrome P450 enzymes, which are potential drug resistant targets. Sensitivity testing of Z2 showed it was only inhibited by amphotericin B and posaconazole. Detailed genomic information of the C. bertholletiae Z2 strain may provide useful data for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Min Zhou
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine(ZCH), Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin-Ai Chen
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ming-Ming Zhou
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine(ZCH), Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Li-Yao Xu
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine(ZCH), Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Di Wang
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine(ZCH), Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - He-Ping Shen
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine(ZCH), Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei-Qun Xu
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine(ZCH), Hangzhou 310058, China.
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3
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Ibrahim ARS, Mansour MK, Ahmed MMA, Ulber R, Zayed A. Metabolism of natural and synthetic bioactive compounds in Cunninghamella fungi and their applications in drug discovery. Bioorg Chem 2023; 140:106801. [PMID: 37643568 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of xenobiotic metabolism is a key step for drug discovery. Since the in vivo investigations may be associated with harmful effects attributed to production of toxic metabolites, it is deemed necessary to predict their structure especially at the preliminary clinical studies. Furthermore, the application of microorganisms that are capable of metabolizing drugs mimic human metabolism and consequently may predict possible metabolites. The genus Cunninghamella has been proven to be a potential candidate, which mimics xenobiotic metabolism occurring inside the human body, including phase I and II metabolic reactions. Moreover, biotransformation with Cunninghamella showed chemical diversity, where a lot of products were detected in relation to the initial substrates after being modified by oxidation, hydroxylation, and conjugation reactions. Some of these products are more bioactive than the parent compounds. The current review presents a comprehensive literature overview regarding the Cunninghamella organisms as biocatalysts, which simulate mammalian metabolism of natural secondary and synthetic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel-Rahim S Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Tanta University, Faculty of Pharmacy, El-Geish Street, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Mai K Mansour
- Department of Medicinal Plants and Natural Products, Egyptian Drug Authority, Giza 11553, Egypt
| | - Mohammed M A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States
| | - Roland Ulber
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität Kaiserslautern-Landau, Gottlieb-Daimler-Str. 49, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
| | - Ahmed Zayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Tanta University, Faculty of Pharmacy, El-Geish Street, Tanta 31527, Egypt; Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität Kaiserslautern-Landau, Gottlieb-Daimler-Str. 49, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany.
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Gao X, Bai Y, Sun P, Gao H, Yang L, Zhang D, Zhao Y, Ma Y. Combined chemical transformation and biological transformation of artemisinin: A facile approach to diverse artemisinin derivatives. Front Chem 2023; 10:1089290. [PMID: 36760520 PMCID: PMC9902651 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1089290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Artemisinin (1) is a milestone compound in malaria treatment, and it exhibits a broad scope of bioactivities. Herein, sequential chemo-reduction and biotransformation of artemisinin were undertaken to obtain a series of artemisinin derivatives. Methods: First, 10-deoxyartemisinin (2) and 9-ene-10-deoxyartemisinin (3) were synthesized after simple handling with boron trifluoride/diethyl ether and sodium borohydride. Then, biotransformation of 10-deoxyartemisinin was conducted with Cunninghamella echinulata CGMCC 3.4879 and Cunninghamella elegans CGMCC 3.4832, and the transformed products were separated and identified. The antimalarial activity of these products was tested in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7. Results: Fifteen metabolites (4-18), including seven novel compounds, were isolated and identified after cultivation. Compounds 2, 3, 13, 15, 16, and 18 displayed moderate-to-good antimalarial activity, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration ranging from 6 to 223 nM. Discussion: This work explored the combination of chemical and biological transformation to develop a co-environmental, efficient, and cost-efficiency synthetic methodology and applied it to synthesize novel derivatives of artemisinin. The association of the two strategies will hopefully provide an abundant source for the development of novel drugs with bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinna Gao
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Meteria Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,School of Graduate Students, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Bai
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Meteria Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Meteria Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Gao
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Meteria Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Meteria Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Meteria Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Meteria Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Meteria Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Yue Ma,
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Yen YT, Tsai YS, Su WL, Huang DY, Wu HH, Tseng SH, Wang HH, Chiu CY, Wang CF, Liu CY, Chyueh SC. New ketamine analogue: 2-fluorodeschloro-N-ethyl-ketamine and its suggested metabolites. Forensic Sci Int 2022; 341:111501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Khan MF, Murphy CD. Nitroreduction of flutamide by Cunninghamella elegans NADPH: Cytochrome P450 reductase. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 29:101209. [PMID: 35097225 PMCID: PMC8783101 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbial model of mammalian drug metabolism, Cunninghamella elegans, has three cytochrome P450 reductase genes in its genome: g1631 (CPR_A), g4301 (CPR_B), and g7609 (CPR_C). The nitroreductase activity of the encoded enzymes was investigated via expression of the genes in the yeast Pichia pastoris X33. Whole cell assays with the recombinant yeast demonstrated that the reductases converted the anticancer drug flutamide to the nitroreduced metabolite that was also produced from the same substrate when incubated with human NADPH: cytochrome P450 reductase. The nitroreductase activity extended to other substrates such as the related drug nilutamide and the environmental contaminants 1-nitronaphthalene and 1,3-dinitronaphthalene. Comparative experiments with cell lysates of recombinant yeast were conducted under aerobic and reduced oxygen conditions and demonstrated that the reductases are oxygen sensitive. Three cytochrome P450 reductase genes from Cunninghamella elegans were heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris. TThe enzymes displayed nitroreductase activity towards flutamide, which is analogous to human cytochrome P450 reductase. The enzymes are oxygen sensitive, which is also a property shared with the human enzyme. Other nitro-containing substrates can be reduced by the fungal enzymes.
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Recent Molecular Tools for the Genetic Manipulation of Highly Industrially Important Mucoromycota Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7121061. [PMID: 34947043 PMCID: PMC8705501 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucorales is the largest and most well-studied order of the phylum Mucormycota and is known for its rapid growth rate and various industrial applications. The Mucorales fungi are a fascinating group of filamentous organisms with many uses in research and the industrial and medical fields. They are widely used biotechnological producers of various secondary metabolites and other value-added products. Certain members of Mucorales are extensively used as model organisms for genetic and molecular investigation and have extended our understanding of the metabolisms of other members of this order as well. Compared with other fungal species, our understanding of Mucoralean fungi is still in its infancy, which could be linked to their lack of effective genetic tools. However, recent advancements in molecular tools and approaches, such as the construction of recyclable markers, silencing vectors, and the CRISPR-Cas9-based gene-editing system, have helped us to modify the genomes of these model organisms. Multiple genetic modifications have been shown to generate valuable products on a large scale and helped us to understand the morphogenesis, basic biology, pathogenesis, and host–pathogen interactions of Mucoralean fungi. In this review, we discuss various conventional and modern genetic tools and approaches used for efficient gene modification in industrially important members of Mucorales.
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Khan MF, Murphy CD. Cunninghamella spp. produce mammalian-equivalent metabolites from fluorinated pyrethroid pesticides. AMB Express 2021; 11:101. [PMID: 34236510 PMCID: PMC8266954 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01262-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cunninghamella spp. are fungi that are routinely used to model the metabolism of drugs. In this paper we demonstrate that they can be employed to generate mammalian-equivalent metabolites of the pyrethroid pesticides transfluthrin and β-cyfluthrin, both of which are fluorinated. The pesticides were incubated with grown cultures of Cunninghamella elegans, C. blakesleeana and C. echinulata and the biotransformation monitored using fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Transfluthrin was initially absorbed in the biomass, but after 72 h a new fluorometabolite appeared in the supernatant; although all three species yielded this compound, it was most prominent in C. blakesleeana. In contrast β-cyfluthrin mostly remained in the fungal biomasss and only minor biotransformation was observed. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of culture supernatant extracts revealed the identity of the fluorinated metabolite of transfluthrin to be tetrafluorobenzyl alcohol, which arose from the cytochrome P450-catalysed cleavage of the ester bond in the pesticide. The other product of this hydrolysis, dichlorovinyl-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid, was also detected by GC-MS and was a product of β-cyfluthrin metabolism too. Upon incubation with rat liver microsomes the same products were detected, demonstrating that the fungi can be used as models of mammalian metabolism of fluorinated pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Faheem Khan
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Cormac D Murphy
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Broberg MN, Knych H, Bondesson U, Pettersson C, Stanley S, Thevis M, Hedeland M. Investigation of Equine In Vivo and In Vitro Derived Metabolites of the Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM) ACP-105 for Improved Doping Control. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11020085. [PMID: 33535528 PMCID: PMC7912737 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs) have anabolic properties but less adverse effects than anabolic androgenic steroids. They are prohibited in both equine and human sports and there have been several cases of SARMs findings reported over the last few years. The aim of this study was to investigate the metabolite profile of the SARM ACP-105 (2-chloro-4-[(3-endo)-3-hydroxy-3-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-8-yl]-3-methylbenzonitrile) in order to find analytical targets for doping control. Oral administration of ACP-105 was performed in horses, where blood and urine samples were collected over a time period of 96 h. The in vivo samples were compared with five in vitro incubation models encompassing Cunninghamella elegans, microsomes and S9 fractions of both human and equine origin. The analyses were performed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution Q ExactiveTM OrbitrapTM mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). A total of 21 metabolites were tentatively identified from the in vivo experiments, of which several novel glucuronides were detected in plasma and urine. In hydrolyzed urine, hydroxylated metabolites dominated. The in vitro models yielded several biotransformation products, including a number of monohydroxylated metabolites matching the in vivo results. The suggested analytical target for equine doping control in plasma is a dihydroxylated metabolite with a net loss of two hydrogens. In urine, the suggested targets are two monohydroxylated metabolites after hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase, selected both due to prolongation of the detection time and the availability of reference material from the in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Nilsson Broberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.N.B.); (U.B.); (C.P.)
| | - Heather Knych
- Kenneth L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Ulf Bondesson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.N.B.); (U.B.); (C.P.)
- Department of Chemistry, Environment and Feed Hygiene, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Curt Pettersson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.N.B.); (U.B.); (C.P.)
| | - Scott Stanley
- Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA;
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University, 50933 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Mikael Hedeland
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.N.B.); (U.B.); (C.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-18-471-4340
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Monitoring metabolism of synthetic cannabinoid 4F-MDMB-BINACA via high-resolution mass spectrometry assessed in cultured hepatoma cell line, fungus, liver microsomes and confirmed using urine samples. Forensic Toxicol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-020-00562-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
A tert-leucinate derivative synthetic cannabinoid, methyl (2S)-2-([1-(4-fluorobutyl)-1H-indazole-3-carbonyl]amino)-3,3-dimethylbutanoate (4F-MDMB-BINACA, 4F-MDMB-BUTINACA or 4F-ADB) is known to adversely impact health. This study aimed to evaluate the suitability of three different modes of monitoring metabolism: HepG2 liver cells, fungus Cunninghamella elegans (C. elegans) and pooled human liver microsomes (HLM) for comparison with human in-vivo metabolism in identifying suitable urinary marker(s) for 4F-MDMB-BINACA intake.
Methods
Tentative structure elucidation of in-vitro metabolites was performed on HepG2, C. elegans and HLM using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis. In-vivo metabolites obtained from twenty authentic human urine samples were analysed using liquid chromatography–Orbitrap mass spectrometry.
Results
Incubation with HepG2, C. elegans and HLM yielded nine, twenty-three and seventeen metabolites of 4F-MDMB-BINACA, respectively, formed via ester hydrolysis, hydroxylation, carboxylation, dehydrogenation, oxidative defluorination, carbonylation or reaction combinations. Phase II metabolites of glucosidation and sulfation were also exclusively identified using C. elegans model. Eight in-vivo metabolites tentatively identified were mainly products of ester hydrolysis with or without additional dehydrogenation, N-dealkylation, monohydroxylation and oxidative defluorination with further oxidation to butanoic acid. Metabolites with intact terminal methyl ester moiety, i.e., oxidative defluorination with further oxidation to butanoic acid, were also tentatively identified.
Conclusions
The in-vitro models presented proved useful in the exhaustive metabolism studies. Despite limitations, HepG2 identified the major 4F-MDMB-BINACA ester hydrolysis metabolite, and C. elegans demonstrated the capacity to produce a wide variety of metabolites. Both C. elegans and HLM produced all the in-vivo metabolites. Ester hydrolysis and ester hydrolysis plus dehydrogenation 4F-MDMB-BINACA metabolites were recommended as urinary markers for 4F-MDMB-BINACA intake.
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Zhao MA, Gu H, Zhang CJ, Jeong IH, Kim JH, Zhu YZ. Metabolism of insecticide diazinon by Cunninghamella elegans ATCC36112. RSC Adv 2020; 10:19659-19668. [PMID: 35515422 PMCID: PMC9054078 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02253e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal metabolism of diazinon was investigated and the microbial model (Cunninghamella elegans ATCC36112) could effectively degrade the organophosphorus pesticide (diazinon) mediated by cytochrome P450, which was mainly involved in oxidation and hydrolysis of phase I metabolism. Approximately 89% of diazinon was removed within 7 days and was not observed after 13 days with concomitant accumulation of eight metabolites. Structures of the metabolites were fully or tentatively identified with GC-MS and 1H, 13C NMR. The major metabolites of diazinon were diethyl (2-isopropyl-6-methylpyrimidin-4-yl) phosphate (diazoxon) and 2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol (pyrimidinol), and formation of minor metabolites was primarily the result of hydroxylation. To determine the responsible enzymes in diazinon metabolism, piperonyl butoxide and methimazole were treated, and the kinetic responses of diazinon and its metabolites by Cunninghamella elegans were measured. Results indirectly demonstrated that cytochrome P450 and flavin monooxygenase were involved in the metabolism of diazinon, but methimazole inhibited the metabolism less effectively. Based on the metabolic profiling, a possible metabolic pathway involved in phase I metabolism of diazinon was proposed, which would contribute to providing insight into understanding the toxicological effects of diazinon and the potential application of fungi on organophosphorus pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ai Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University Changcheng Rd, Chengyang Qingdao City Shandong Province 266-109 China
| | - Hao Gu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Qingdao Agricultural University Changcheng Rd, Chengyang Qingdao City Shandong Province 266-109 China +86-532-8803-0220 +86-133-5532-5000
| | - Chuan-Jie Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu Province 225-009 China
| | - In-Hong Jeong
- Division of Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration Jeollabuk-do 55365 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Han Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University 599 Gwanak-ro, Silim-dong, Gwanak-Gu Seoul 151-742 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Zhe Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Qingdao Agricultural University Changcheng Rd, Chengyang Qingdao City Shandong Province 266-109 China +86-532-8803-0220 +86-133-5532-5000
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Unraveling the Detoxification Mechanism of 2,4-Dichlorophenol by Marine-Derived Mesophotic Symbiotic Fungi Isolated from Marine Invertebrates. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17100564. [PMID: 31575010 PMCID: PMC6835501 DOI: 10.3390/md17100564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorophenols (CPs) are environmental pollutants that are produced through various anthropogenic activities and introduced in the environment. Living organisms, including humans, are exposed to these toxic xenobiotics and suffer from adverse health effects. More specifically, 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) is released in high amounts in the environment and has been listed as a priority pollutant by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Bioremediation has been proposed as a sustainable alternative to conventional remediation methods for the detoxification of phenolic compounds. In this work, we studied the potential of fungal strains isolated as symbionts of marine invertebrates from the underexplored mesophotic coral ecosystems. Hence, the unspecific metabolic pathways of these fungal strains are being explored in the present study, using the powerful analytical capabilities of a UHPLC-HRMS/MS. The newly identified 2,4-DCP metabolites add significantly to the knowledge of the transformation of such pollutants by fungi, since such reports are scarce.
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In vitro metabolic profiling of synthetic cannabinoids by pooled human liver microsomes, cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, and Cunninghamella elegans and their detection in urine samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:3561-3579. [PMID: 31183523 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01837-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
As synthetic cannabinoids are extensively metabolized, there is an urgent need for data on which metabolites can be used for successful urine screening. This study examines the in vitro metabolism of EG-018 and its 5F-analogue EG-2201 by means of comparing three different in vitro models: pooled human liver microsomes, cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, and a fungal approach utilizing the filamentous fungus Cunninghamella elegans LENDNER, which is known for its ability to mimic human biotransformation of xenobiotics. In addition, this study includes the screening of two authentic urine samples from individuals with proven EG-018 consumption, for the evaluation of in vitro-in vivo extrapolations made in the study. Incubation with pooled human liver microsomes yielded 15 metabolites of EG-018 belonging to six different metabolite subgroups, and 21 metabolites of EG-2201 belonging to seven different metabolite subgroups, respectively. Incubation with cytochrome P450 isoenzymes incubation yielded a further three EG-018 and five EG-2201 metabolites. With reference to their summed metabolite peak abundancies, the isoenzymes CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5 were shown to contribute most to the microsomal metabolism of EG-018 and EG-2201. CYP2B6 was shown to make the lowest contribution, by far. As the phase I metabolism of both synthetic cannabinoids was shown to be distributed over a substantial number of different cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, it was concluded that it is likely to not be significantly affected by co-consumption of other drugs. Although fungal incubation with Cunninghamella elegans yielded an additional three EG-018 and four EG-2201 metabolites not observed after microsomal incubation, metabolites generated by Cunninghamella elegans were in good correlation with those generated by microsomal incubations. The fungal model demonstrated its ability to be an independent in vitro model in synthetic cannabinoid metabolism research. The three tested in vitro models enable sufficient predictive in vitro-in vivo extrapolations, comparable to those obtained from hepatocyte incubation published in the literature. In addition, with regard to the screening of authentic urine samples and comparison with the literature, one monohydroxylated EG-018 metabolite and two monohydroxylated EG-2201 metabolites can be recommended as urinary targets, on the basis of the tested in vitro models. Graphical abstract.
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14
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Grafinger KE, Wilke A, König S, Weinmann W. Investigating the ability of the microbial model Cunninghamella elegans for the metabolism of synthetic tryptamines. Drug Test Anal 2018; 11:721-729. [PMID: 30462883 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tryptamines can occur naturally in plants, mushrooms, microbes, and amphibians. Synthetic tryptamines are sold as new psychoactive substances (NPS) because of their hallucinogenic effects. When it comes to NPS, metabolism studies are of crucial importance, due to the lack of pharmacological and toxicological data. Different approaches can be taken to study in vitro and in vivo metabolism of xenobiotica. The zygomycete fungus Cunninghamella elegans (C. elegans) can be used as a microbial model for the study of drug metabolism. The current study investigated the biotransformation of four naturally occurring and synthetic tryptamines [N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 4-hydroxy-N-methyl-N-ethyltryptamine (4-HO-MET), N,N-di allyl-5-methoxy tryptamine (5-MeO-DALT) and 5-methoxy-N-methyl-N-isoporpoyltryptamine (5-MeO-MiPT)] in C. elegans after incubation for 72 hours. Metabolites were identified using liquid chromatography-high resolution-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HR-MS/MS) with a quadrupole time-of-flight (QqTOF) instrument. Results were compared to already published data on these substances. C. elegans was capable of producing all major biotransformation steps: hydroxylation, N-oxide formation, carboxylation, deamination, and demethylation. On average 63% of phase I metabolites found in the literature could also be detected in C. elegans. Additionally, metabolites specific for C. elegans were identified. Therefore, C. elegans is a suitable complementary model to other in vitro or in vivo methods to study the metabolism of naturally occurring or synthetic tryptamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Elisabeth Grafinger
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 20, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Wilke
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Offenburg, Badstrasse 24, 77652, Offenburg, Germany
| | - Stefan König
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 20, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Weinmann
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 20, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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Salter R, Beshore DC, Colletti SL, Evans L, Gong Y, Helmy R, Liu Y, Maciolek CM, Martin G, Pajkovic N, Phipps R, Small J, Steele J, de Vries R, Williams H, Martin IJ. Microbial biotransformation – an important tool for the study of drug metabolism. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:877-886. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1512018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Salter
- Department of Preclinical Development and Safety, Janssen Research and Development LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yong Gong
- Department of Preclinical Development and Safety, Janssen Research and Development LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Roy Helmy
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Preclinical Development, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Cheri M. Maciolek
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Gary Martin
- Department of Global Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Natasa Pajkovic
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | | | - James Small
- Department of Global Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | | | - Ronald de Vries
- Department of Preclinical Development and Safety, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Iain J. Martin
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
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Grafinger KE, Stahl K, Wilke A, König S, Weinmann W. In vitro phase I metabolism of three phenethylamines 25D-NBOMe, 25E-NBOMe and 25N-NBOMe using microsomal and microbial models. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1607-1626. [PMID: 29971945 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Numerous 2,5-dimethoxy-N-benzylphenethylamines (NBOMe), carrying a variety of lipophilic substituents at the 4-position, are potent agonists at 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT2A ) receptors and show hallucinogenic effects. The present study investigated the metabolism of 25D-NBOMe, 25E-NBOMe, and 25N-NBOMe using the microsomal model of pooled human liver microsomes (pHLM) and the microbial model of the fungi Cunninghamella elegans (C. elegans). Identification of metabolites was performed using liquid chromatography-high resolution-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HR-MS/MS) with a quadrupole time-of-flight (QqToF) instrument. In total, 36 25D-NBOMe phase I metabolites, 26 25E-NBOMe phase I metabolites and 24 25N-NBOMe phase I metabolites were detected and identified in pHLM. Furthermore, 14 metabolites of 25D-NBOMe, 11 25E-NBOMe metabolites, and nine 25N-NBOMe metabolites could be found in C. elegans. The main biotransformation steps observed were oxidative deamination, oxidative N-dealkylation also in combination with hydroxylation, oxidative O-demethylation possibly combined with hydroxylation, oxidation of secondary alcohols, mono- and dihydroxylation, oxidation of primary alcohols, and carboxylation of primary alcohols. Additionally, oxidative di-O-demethylation for 25E-NBOMe and reduction of the aromatic nitro group and N-acetylation of the primary aromatic amine for 25N-NBOMe took place. The resulting 25N-NBOMe metabolites were unique for NBOMe compounds. For all NBOMes investigated, the corresponding 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-X) metabolite was detected. This study reports for the first time 25X-NBOMe N-oxide metabolites and hydroxylamine metabolites, which were identified for 25D-NBOMe and 25N-NBOMe and all three investigated NBOMes, respectively. C. elegans was capable of generating all main biotransformation steps observed in pHLM and might therefore be an interesting model for further studies of new psychoactive substances (NPS) metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Elisabeth Grafinger
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry, University of Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katja Stahl
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Offenburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Wilke
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Offenburg, Germany
| | - Stefan König
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Weinmann
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry, University of Bern, Switzerland
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17
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Watanabe S, Kuzhiumparambil U, Fu S. In vitro metabolism of synthetic cannabinoid AM1220 by human liver microsomes and Cunninghamella elegans using liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol 2018; 36:435-446. [PMID: 29963209 PMCID: PMC6002424 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-018-0424-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Identifying intake of synthetic cannabinoids generally requires the metabolism data of the drugs so that appropriate metabolite markers can be targeted in urine testing. However, the continuous appearance of new cannabinoids during the last decade has made it difficult to keep up with all the compounds including {1-[(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(naphthalen-1-yl)methanone (AM1220). In this study, metabolism of AM1220 was investigated with human liver microsomes and the fungus Cunninghamella elegans. Methods Metabolic stability of AM1220 was analysed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring mode after 1 µM incubation in human liver microsomes for 30 min. Tentative structure elucidation of metabolites was performed on both human liver microsome and fungal incubation samples using liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry. Results Half-life of AM1220 was estimated to be 3.7 min, indicating a high clearance drug. Nine metabolites were detected after incubating human liver microsomes while seven were found after incubating Cunninghamella elegans, leading to 11 metabolites in total (five metabolites were common to both systems). Demethylation, dihydrodiol formation, combination of the two, hydroxylation and dihydroxylation were the observed biotransformations. Conclusions Three most abundant metabolites in both human liver microsomes and Cunninghamella elegans were desmethyl, dihydrodiol and hydroxy metabolites, despite different isomers of dihydrodiol and hydroxy metabolites in each model. These abundant metabolites can potentially be useful markers in urinalysis for AM1220 intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimpei Watanabe
- Centre for Forensic Science, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Unnikrishnan Kuzhiumparambil
- Centre for Forensic Science, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007 Australia
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Shanlin Fu
- Centre for Forensic Science, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007 Australia
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18
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Zhu YZ, Fu M, Jeong IH, Kim JH, Zhang CJ. Metabolism of an Insecticide Fenitrothion by Cunninghamella elegans ATCC36112. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:10711-10718. [PMID: 29144738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the detailed metabolic pathways of fenitrothion (FNT), an organophosphorus insecticide by Cunninghamella elegans, were investigated. Approximately 81% of FNT was degraded within 5 days after treatment with concomitant accumulation of four metabolites (M1-M4). The four metabolites were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography, and their structures were identified by mass spectroscopy and/or nuclear magnetic resonance. M3 is confirmed to be an initial precursor of others and identified as fenitrothion-oxon. On the basis of their metabolic profiling, the possible metabolic pathways involved in phase I and II metabolism of FNT by C. elegans was proposed. We also found that C. elegans was able to efficiently and rapidly degrade other organophosphorus pesticides (OPs). Thus, these results will provide insight into understanding of the fungal degradation of FNT and the potential application for bioremediation of OPs. Furthermore, the ability of C. elegans to mimic mammalian metabolism would help us elucidate the metabolic fates of organic compounds occurring in mammalian liver cells and evaluate their toxicity and potential adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Zhe Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Qingdao Agricultural University , 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Fu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Qingdao Agricultural University , 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - In-Hong Jeong
- Division of Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration , 166 Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Han Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University , 599 Gwanak-ro, Silim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Chuan-Jie Zhang
- Department of Plant Science, University of Connecticut , 1376 Storrs Road, U-4163, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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Watanabe S, Kuzhiumparambil U, Nguyen MA, Cameron J, Fu S. Metabolic Profile of Synthetic Cannabinoids 5F-PB-22, PB-22, XLR-11 and UR-144 by Cunninghamella elegans. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1148-1162. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0078-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Suiko M, Kurogi K, Hashiguchi T, Sakakibara Y, Liu MC. Updated perspectives on the cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) and SULT-mediated sulfation. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 81:63-72. [PMID: 27649811 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1222266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) are Phase II detoxifying enzymes that mediate the sulfate conjugation of numerous xenobiotic molecules. While the research on the SULTs has lagged behind the research on Phase I cytochrome P-450 enzymes and other Phase II conjugating enzymes, it has gained more momentum in recent years. This review aims to summarize information obtained in several fronts of the research on the SULTs, including the range of the SULTs in different life forms, concerted actions of the SULTs and other Phase II enzymes, insights into the structure-function relationships of the SULTs, regulation of SULT expression and activity, developmental expression of SULTs, as well as the use of a zebrafish model for studying the developmental pharmacology/toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Suiko
- a Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Kurogi
- a Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan.,b Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Toledo Health Science Campus , Toledo , OH , USA
| | - Takuyu Hashiguchi
- a Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- a Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- b Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Toledo Health Science Campus , Toledo , OH , USA
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Palmer-Brown W, Dunne B, Ortin Y, Fox MA, Sandford G, Murphy CD. Biotransformation of fluorophenyl pyridine carboxylic acids by the model fungus Cunninghamella elegans. Xenobiotica 2016; 47:763-770. [PMID: 27541932 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1227109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
1. Fluorine plays a key role in the design of new drugs and recent FDA approvals included two fluorinated drugs, tedizolid phosphate and vorapaxar, both of which contain the fluorophenyl pyridyl moiety. 2. To investigate the likely phase-I (oxidative) metabolic fate of this group, various fluorinated phenyl pyridine carboxylic acids were incubated with the fungus Cunninghamella elegans, which is an established model of mammalian drug metabolism. 3. 19F NMR spectroscopy established the degree of biotransformation, which varied depending on the position of fluorine substitution, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified alcohols and hydroxylated carboxylic acids as metabolites. The hydroxylated metabolites were further structurally characterised by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), which demonstrated that hydroxylation occurred on the 4' position; fluorine in that position blocked the hydroxylation. 4. The fluorophenyl pyridine carboxylic acids were not biotransformed by rat liver microsomes and this was a consequence of inhibitory action, and thus, the fungal model was crucial in obtaining metabolites to establish the mechanism of catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Dunne
- a UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science
| | - Yannick Ortin
- b UCD School of Chemistry, University College Dublin , Belfield , Ireland , and
| | - Mark A Fox
- c Department of Chemistry , University of Durham , Durham , United Kingdom
| | - Graham Sandford
- c Department of Chemistry , University of Durham , Durham , United Kingdom
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22
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Fan HX, Zhou ZQ, Peng J, Wu BJ, Chen HR, Bao XF, Mu ZQ, Jiao WH, Yao XS, Gao H. A microbial model of mammalian metabolism: biotransformation of 4,5-dimethoxyl-canthin-6-one using Cunninghamella blakesleeana CGMCC 3.970. Xenobiotica 2016; 47:284-289. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1184774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xia Fan
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China,
| | - Zheng-Qun Zhou
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China,
| | - Jun Peng
- College of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Jian Wu
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China, and
| | - He-Ru Chen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China,
| | - Xue-Feng Bao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China,
| | - Zhen-Qiang Mu
- College of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Hua Jiao
- College of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Sheng Yao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China,
- College of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Hao Gao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China,
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Watanabe S, Kuzhiumparambil U, Winiarski Z, Fu S. Biotransformation of synthetic cannabinoids JWH-018, JWH-073 and AM2201 by Cunninghamella elegans. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 261:33-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hidalgo W, Chandran JN, Menezes RC, Otálvaro F, Schneider B. Phenylphenalenones protect banana plants from infection by Mycosphaerella fijiensis and are deactivated by metabolic conversion. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:492-513. [PMID: 26290378 PMCID: PMC6220935 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Phenylphenalenones, polycyclic aromatic natural products from some monocotyledonous plants, are known as phytoalexins in banana (Musa spp.). In this study, (1) H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics along with liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry were used to explore the chemical responses of the susceptible 'Williams' and the resistant 'Khai Thong Ruang' Musa varieties to the ascomycete fungus Mycosphaerella fijiensis, the agent of the black leaf Sigatoka disease. Principal component analysis discriminated strongly between infected and non-infected plant tissue, mainly because of specialized metabolism induced in response to the fungus. Phenylphenalenones are among the major induced compounds, and the resistance level of the plants was correlated with the progress of the disease. However, a virulent strain of M. fijiensis was able to overcome plant resistance by converting phenylphenalenones to sulfate conjugates. Here, we report the first metabolic detoxification of fungitoxic phenylphenalenones to evade the chemical defence of Musa plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Hidalgo
- Max‐Planck Institut für Chemische Ökologie, Beutenberg CampusHans‐Knöll‐Strasse 8Jena07745Germany
| | - Jima N. Chandran
- Max‐Planck Institut für Chemische Ökologie, Beutenberg CampusHans‐Knöll‐Strasse 8Jena07745Germany
| | - Riya C. Menezes
- Max‐Planck Institut für Chemische Ökologie, Beutenberg CampusHans‐Knöll‐Strasse 8Jena07745Germany
| | - Felipe Otálvaro
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidad de AntioquiaCalle 67# 53‐108MedellínA.A. 1226Colombia
| | - Bernd Schneider
- Max‐Planck Institut für Chemische Ökologie, Beutenberg CampusHans‐Knöll‐Strasse 8Jena07745Germany
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Zawadzka K, Bernat P, Felczak A, Lisowska K. Carbazole hydroxylation by the filamentous fungi of the Cunninghamella species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:19658-66. [PMID: 26276273 PMCID: PMC4679103 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen heterocyclic compounds, especially carbazole, quinolone, and pyridine are common types of environmental pollutants. Carbazole has a toxic influence on living organisms, and the knowledge of its persistence and bioconversion in ecosystems is still not complete. There is an increasing interest in detoxification of hazardous xenobiotics by microorganisms. In this study, the ability of three filamentous fungi of the Cunninghamella species to eliminate carbazole was evaluated. The Cunninghamella elegans IM 1785/21Gp and Cunninghamella echinulata IM 2611 strains efficiently removed carbazole. The IM 1785/21Gp and IM 2611 strains converted 93 and 82 % of the initial concentration of the xenobiotic (200 mg L(-1)) after 120 h incubation. 2-Hydroxycarbazole was for the first time identified as a carbazole metabolite formed by the filamentous fungi of the Cunninghamella species. There was no increase in the toxicity of the postculture extracts toward Artemia franciscana. Moreover, we showed an influence of carbazole on the phospholipid composition of the cells of the tested filamentous fungi, which indicated its harmful effect on the fungal cell membrane. The most significant modification of phospholipid levels after the cultivation of filamentous fungi with the addition of carbazole was showed for IM 1785/21Gp strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Zawadzka
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - P Bernat
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - A Felczak
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - K Lisowska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237, Lodz, Poland.
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26
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Rydevik A, Hansson A, Hellqvist A, Bondesson U, Hedeland M. A novel trapping system for the detection of reactive drug metabolites using the fungusCunninghamella elegansand high resolution mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2014; 7:626-33. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Rydevik
- Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Uppsala University; Box 574 SE-75123 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Annelie Hansson
- Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Uppsala University; Box 574 SE-75123 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Anna Hellqvist
- Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Uppsala University; Box 574 SE-75123 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Ulf Bondesson
- Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Uppsala University; Box 574 SE-75123 Uppsala Sweden
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Department of Chemistry; Environment and Feed Hygiene; SE-75651 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Mikael Hedeland
- Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Uppsala University; Box 574 SE-75123 Uppsala Sweden
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Department of Chemistry; Environment and Feed Hygiene; SE-75651 Uppsala Sweden
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Drug metabolism in microorganisms. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 37:19-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1653-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Rico-Martínez M, Medina FG, Marrero JG, Osegueda-Robles S. Biotransformation of diterpenes. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra45146a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural modification of the diterpenes to enhance their pharmaceutical relevance can be efficiently carried out by the application of biotransformational under mild reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Rico-Martínez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingeniería Campus Guanajuato
- C.P. 36275 Silao de la Victoria, Mexico
| | - Fernanda G. Medina
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingeniería Campus Guanajuato
- C.P. 36275 Silao de la Victoria, Mexico
| | - Joaquín G. Marrero
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingeniería Campus Guanajuato
- C.P. 36275 Silao de la Victoria, Mexico
| | - Soraya Osegueda-Robles
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingeniería Campus Guanajuato
- C.P. 36275 Silao de la Victoria, Mexico
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Kavanagh E, Winn M, Gabhann CN, O'Connor NK, Beier P, Murphy CD. Microbial biotransformation of aryl sulfanylpentafluorides. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:753-758. [PMID: 23872898 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1985-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report, for the first time, the biotransformation of potential pollutants bearing the pentafluorosulfanyl (SF5-) functional group in a fungus and bacteria. Cunninghamella elegans transformed p-methoxy phenyl SF5 via demethylation; Pseudomonas knackmussii and P. pseudoalcaligenes KF707 transformed amino-, hydroxyamino- and diamino- substituted phenyl SF5, forming the N-acetylated derivatives as the main product. Cell-free extract of Streptomyces griseus transformed 4-amino-3-hydroxy-phenyl SF5 to the N-acetylated derivative in the presence of acetyl CoA, confirming that an N-acetyltransferase is responsible for the bacterial biotransformations. Approximately 25% of drugs and 30% of agrochemicals contain fluorine, and the trifluoromethyl group is a prominent feature of many of these since it improves lipophilicity and stability. The pentafluorosulfanyl substituent is seen as an improvement on the trifluoromethyl group and research efforts are underway to develop synthetic methods to incorporate this moiety into biologically active compounds. It is important to determine the potential environmental impact of these compounds, including the potential biotransformation reactions that may occur when they are exposed to microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Kavanagh
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Ardmore House, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Song Y, Yan H, Chen J, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Tu P. Characterization of in vitro and in vivo metabolites of carnosic acid, a natural antioxidant, by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 89:183-96. [PMID: 24291799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Carnosic acid (CA) is a widely employed antioxidant and the main active component in rosemary and sage, but its metabolism remains largely unknown. The present study investigated the metabolism of CA in vitro and in vivo for the first time, using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-trap-MS). A couple of scan modes were adopted in mass spectrometer domain, including Q1 full scan, neutral loss scan-information dependent acquisition-enhanced product ion (NL-IDA-EPI) and precursor ion scan-information dependent acquisition-enhanced product ion (PI-IDA-EPI). In particular, a prediction was carried out on the basis of in vitro metabolism results, and gave birth to a multiple ion monitoring-information dependent acquisition-enhanced product ion (MIM-IDA-EPI) mode aiming to detect the trace metabolites in CA-treated biological samples. A total of ten metabolites (M4-13), along with three degradative products (M1-3), were identified for CA from in vitro metabolism models, including liver microsomes of human and rats (HLMs and RLMs), human intestinal microsomes (HIMs) and two species of Cunninghamella elegans. Twelve (U1-12) and six (F1-6) metabolites were detected from CA-treated urine and feces, respectively. In addition, five metabolites (SM2-6) in vivo were purified and definitely identified using NMR spectroscopy. The results of both in vitro and in vivo metabolism studies indicated poor metabolic stability for CA, and the glucuronidation and oxidation metabolisms extensively occurred for CA in vitro, while oxidation, glucuronidation and methylation were the main metabolic pathways observed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, 999078, Macao
| | - Haixia Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jinfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, 999078, Macao
| | - Yong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Pengfei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
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31
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Fungal microsomes in a biotransformation perspective: protein nature of membrane-associated reactions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:10263-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5347-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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32
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33
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Mass spectrometric characterization of glucuronides formed by a new concept, combining Cunninghamella elegans with TEMPO. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 84:278-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Biotransformation of 4-sec-butylphenol by Gram-positive bacteria of the genera Mycobacterium and Nocardia including modifications on the alkyl chain and the hydroxyl group. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:8329-39. [PMID: 23912120 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5127-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The environmental pollutant 4-sec-butylphenol (4-sec-BP) which possesses estrogenic properties was transformed by the aerobic Gram-positive bacteria Mycobacterium neoaurum and Nocardia cyriacigeorgica into three main products (P1-P3) which were isolated and structurally characterized in detail. Two of them were products of a process resembling anaerobic metabolism of alkylphenols based on modifications of the alkyl side chain of 4-sec-BP. The first product (P1) was identified as 4-(2-hydroxy-1-methylpropyl)-phenol. The second product P2 was isolated as a mixture of at least four structures which could be identified as I 4-sec-butylidenecyclohexa-2,5-dienone; II 4-(1-methylenepropyl)-phenol; III 4-(1-methylpropenyl)-phenol; and IV 4-(1-methylallyl)-phenol. In contrast to P1 and P2, the third product (P3) resulted from a modification of the hydroxyl group of 4-sec-BP. This product was only formed by M. neoaurum and was identified as the glucoside conjugate 4-sec-butylphenol-α-D-glucopyranoside. Since in general, fungi synthesize sugar conjugates to detoxify hazardous pollutants, the formation of this conjugate is a peculiarity of M. neoaurum. Thus, altogether, six products were formed from 4-sec-BP and different transformation pathways are introduced. The hydroxylating and glucosylating capacity of the characterized bacteria open up applications in environmental protection.
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Lamb DC, Waterman MR, Zhao B. Streptomycescytochromes P450: applications in drug metabolism. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 9:1279-94. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.806485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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36
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Studies on the metabolism of five model drugs by fungi colonizing cadavers using LC-ESI-MS/MS and GC-MS analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:1339-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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37
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Rydevik A, Bondesson U, Hedeland M. Structural elucidation of phase I and II metabolites of bupivacaine in horse urine and fungi of the Cunninghamella species using liquid chromatography/multi-stage mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:1338-1346. [PMID: 22555927 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Bupivacaine is a local anaesthetic prohibited in equine sports. It is highly metabolized in the horse but a thorough description of its metabolite profile is lacking. An administration study should find appropriate analytical targets for doping control. Furthermore, knowledge of an in vitro system for production of metabolites would be beneficial. METHODS Marcain® (bupivacaine hydrochloride) was administered subcutaneously to a horse and urine samples were collected. In vitro metabolic systems consisting of the fungi Cunninghamella elegans and Cunninghamella blakesleeana were incubated with bupivacaine and bupivacaine-d(9). Samples were analyzed directly after dilution or cleaned up using liquid-liquid extraction. Separation was achieved with liquid chromatography. Mass spectrometric analysis was performed using positive electrospray ionization with both a tandem quadrupole and an ion trap instrument using MS(n) and hydrogen/deuterium exchange. RESULTS In horse urine, seven phase I metabolites were found: 3'- and 4'-hydroxybupivacaine, N-desbutylbupivacaine, two aliphatically hydroxylated metabolites, one N-oxide, and dihydroxybupivacaine. Sulfated hydroxybupivacaine and glucuronides of 3'- and 4'-hydroxybupivacaine and of dihydroxybupivacaine were also detected. All these metabolites were previously undescribed in the horse, except for 3'-hydroxybupivacaine. 3'- and 4'-Hydroxybupivacaine were designated as appropriate targets for doping control. Interestingly, all the equine phase I metabolites were also detected in the samples from C. elegans and C. blakesleeana. CONCLUSIONS The qualitative aspects of the metabolism of bupivacaine in the horse have been investigated with many novel metabolites described. The fungi C. elegans and C. blakesleeana have proven to be relevant models for mammalian metabolism of bupivacaine and they may in the future be used to produce analytical reference materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Rydevik
- Uppsala University, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, P.O. Box 574, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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38
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Andriyanova DA, Smirnova GP, Galanina LA, Feofilova EP, Usov AI. Polysaccharides from mycelium of the fungus Cunninghamella japonica. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162012020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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39
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Zhu YZ, Keum YS, Yang L, Lee H, Park H, Kim JH. Metabolism of a fungicide mepanipyrim by soil fungus Cunninghamella elegans ATCC36112. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:12379-12384. [PMID: 21047134 DOI: 10.1021/jf102980y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Mepanipyrim is a fungicide against several plant pathogens. However, no metabolic details have been established in fungi, which is the most important biomass in the natural environment. Cunninghamella elegans is a well-known fungal species with its strong resemblance to the mammalian xenobiotic metabolism. In this study, the detailed metabolic pathways of mepanipyrim were investigated with C. elegans. Approximately 87% of mepanipyrim was removed within 12 h with concomitant accumulation of nine metabolites. Structures of the metabolites were fully or tentatively identified with GC-MS and (1)H NMR. To determine the possible role of representative oxidative enzymes, piperonyl butoxide and methimazole were treated, and the kinetic responses of mepanipyrim and its metabolites were measured. Dose-dependent inhibition of metabolism was observed with piperonyl butoxide, while methimazole also inhibited the metabolism less effectively. The results indicate the possible involvement of cytochrome P450 and flavin-dependent monooxygenase in mepanipyrim metabolism. Comprehensive metabolic pathways can be deduced from the detailed analysis of metabolite profiles in control and inhibitor assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Zhe Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Changcheng Road, Chengyang, Qingdao City, Shandong Province 266-109, China
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Production of human metabolites of the anti-cancer drug flutamide via biotransformation in Cunninghamella species. Biotechnol Lett 2010; 33:321-6. [PMID: 20931353 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-010-0425-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Fungi belonging to the genus Cunninghamella have enzymes similar to those employed by mammals for the detoxification of xenobiotics, thus they are useful as models of mammalian drug metabolism, and as a source for drug metabolites. We report the transformation of the anti-cancer drug flutamide in Cunninghamella sp. The most predominant phase I metabolites present in the plasma of humans, 2-hydroxyflutamide and 4-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)aniline, were also produced in Cunninghamella cultures. Other phase I and phase II metabolites were also detected using a combination of HPLC, GC-MS and (19)F-NMR.
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41
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Tevell Aberg A, Löfgren H, Bondesson U, Hedeland M. Structural elucidation of N-oxidized clemastine metabolites by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and the use of Cunninghamella elegans to facilitate drug metabolite identification. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:1447-1456. [PMID: 20411584 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cunninghamella elegans is a filamentous fungus that has been shown to biotransform drugs into the same metabolites as mammals. In this paper we describe the use of C. elegans to aid the identification of clemastine metabolites since high concentrations of the metabolites were produced and MS(n) experiments were facilitated. The combination of liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry with two different ionization techniques and hydrogen/deuterium exchange were used for structural elucidation of the clemastine metabolites. Norclemastine, four isomers of hydroxylated clemastine, and two N-oxide metabolites were described for the first time in C. elegans incubations. The N-oxidations were confirmed by hydrogen/deuterium exchange and deoxygenation (-16 Da) upon atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. By MS(n) fragmentation it was concluded that two of the hydroxylated metabolites were oxidized on the methylpyrridyl moiety, one on the aromatic ring with the chloro substituent, and one on the aromatic ring without the chlorine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annica Tevell Aberg
- Department of Chemistry, Environment and Feed Hygiene, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden.
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42
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Biotransformation of fluorobiphenyl by Cunninghamella elegans. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 86:345-51. [PMID: 19956946 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2346-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The fungus Cunninghamella elegans is a useful model of human catabolism of xenobiotics. In this paper, the biotransformation of fluorinated biphenyls by C. elegans was investigated by analysis of the culture supernatants with a variety of analytical techniques. 4-Fluorobiphenyl was principally transformed to 4-fluoro-4'-hydroxybiphenyl, but other mono- and dihydroxylated compounds were detected in organic extracts by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Additionally, fluorinated water-soluble products were detected by (19)F NMR and were identified as sulphate and beta-glucuronide conjugates. Other fluorobiphenyls (2-fluoro-, 4,4'-difluoro- and 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoro-biphenyl) were catabolised by C. elegans, yielding mono- and dihydroxylated products, but phase II metabolites were detected from 4,4'-difluorobiphenyl only.
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Aranda E, Ullrich R, Hofrichter M. Conversion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, methyl naphthalenes and dibenzofuran by two fungal peroxygenases. Biodegradation 2009; 21:267-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s10532-009-9299-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Metabolism of fluoroorganic compounds in microorganisms: impacts for the environment and the production of fine chemicals. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 84:617-29. [PMID: 19629474 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2127-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of fluorine into an organic compound can favourably alter its physicochemical properties with respect to biological activity, stability and lipophilicity. Accordingly, this element is found in many pharmaceutical and industrial chemicals. Organofluorine compounds are accepted as substrates by many enzymes, and the interactions of microorganisms with these compounds are of relevance to the environment and the fine chemicals industry. On the one hand, the microbial transformation of organofluorines can lead to the generation of toxic compounds that are of environmental concern, yet similar biotransformations can yield difficult-to-synthesise products and intermediates, in particular derivatives of biologically active secondary metabolites. In this paper, we review the historical and recent developments of organofluorine biotransformation in microorganisms and highlight the possibility of using microbes as models of fluorinated drug metabolism in mammals.
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Tevell Aberg A, Olsson C, Bondesson U, Hedeland M. A mass spectrometric study on meloxicam metabolism in horses and the fungus Cunninghamella elegans, and the relevance of this microbial system as a model of drug metabolism in the horse. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2009; 44:1026-1037. [PMID: 19291670 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a study where the metabolism of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug meloxicam was investigated in six horses and in the filamentous fungus Cunninghamella elegans. The metabolites identified were compared between the species, and then the fungus was used to produce larger amounts of the metabolites for future use as reference material. C. elegans proved to be a good model of phase I meloxicam metabolism in horses since all four metabolites found were the same in both species. Apart from the two main metabolites, 5'-hydroxymethylmeloxicam and 5'-carboxymeloxicam, a second isomer of hydroxymeloxicam and dihydroxylated meloxicam were detected for the first time in horse urine and the microbial incubations. Phase II metabolites were not discovered in the C. elegans samples but hydroxymeloxicam glucuronide was detected intact in horse urine for the first time in this study. Urine from six horses was further analyzed in a semi-quantitative sense and 5'-hydroxymethylmeloxicam gave peaks with much higher intensity compared to the parent drug and the other metabolites, and was detected for at least 14 days after the last given dose in some of the horses. From the results presented in this article, we suggest that analytical methods developed for the detection of meloxicam in horse urine after prohibited use should focus on the 5'-hydroxymethyl metabolite and that C. elegans can be used to produce large amounts of this metabolite for potential future use as a reference compound.
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Rapid oxidation of ring methyl groups is the primary mechanism of biotransformation of gemfibrozil by the fungus Cunninghamella elegans. Arch Microbiol 2009; 191:509-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-009-0480-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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47
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Asha S, Vidyavathi M. Cunninghamella – A microbial model for drug metabolism studies – A review. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:16-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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48
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Identification of fungal metabolites of anticonvulsant drug carbamazepine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 79:663-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1459-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Huang HH, Lin LH, Zhang P, Qi XL, Zhong DF. Formation of glucoside conjugate of acetaminophen by fungi separated from soil. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2007; 31:103-8. [PMID: 16898078 DOI: 10.1007/bf03191126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The phase II metabolite of acetaminophen in filamentous fungi and actinomycetes separated from soil was investigated. Fifty-four filamentous fungi and twenty-seven actinomycetes were screened to transform acetaminophen. The metabolites of acetaminophen were assayed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The only metabolite was subject to enzymatic hydrolysis to confirm its structure. Acetaminophen was converted into glucoside conjugate, by filamentous fungi JX1-60, LN17-2, LN20-1 and the yield of the conjugate was 60.01%, 44.27%, 100%, respectively, and no phase I metabolites were detected. Glucoside conjugation of acetaminophen in filamentous fungi differs from the phase II metabolism of glucuronidation in humans. The fungus LN20-1 could be a suitable model to synthesize glucoside conjugate of acetaminophen.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Huang
- Shanghai Drug-Metab Biotech Co., Ltd, People's Republic of China
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50
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Williams AJ, Deck J, Freeman JP, Paul Chiarelli M, Adjei MD, Heinze TM, Sutherland JB. Biotransformation of flumequine by the fungus Cunninghamella elegans. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 67:240-3. [PMID: 17123578 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2006] [Revised: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of the antibacterial fluoroquinolone drug flumequine by Cunninghamella elegans was investigated using cultures grown in Sabouraud dextrose broth with 308microM flumequine. The cultures were extracted with ethyl acetate; metabolites were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography and identified by mass spectrometry and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Flumequine was transformed to two diastereomers of 7-hydroxyflumequine (23 and 43% of the total chromatographic peak area at 280nm) and 7-oxoflumequine (11% of the total peak area). This is the first time that the two 7-hydroxy diastereomers have been characterized structurally; the hydroxyflumequines are known to have less antimicrobial activity than flumequine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J Williams
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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