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Sherwood AM, Burkhartzmeyer EK, Williamson SE, Baumann MH, Glatfelter GC. Psychedelic-like Activity of Norpsilocin Analogues. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:315-327. [PMID: 38189238 PMCID: PMC10797613 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary metabolites of mushroom tryptamines, psilocybin and baeocystin (i.e., psilocin and norpsilocin), exhibit potent agonist activity at the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2A) in vitro but differ in their 5-HT2A-mediated effects in vivo. In particular, psilocin produces centrally mediated psychedelic effects in vivo, whereas norpsilocin, differing only by the loss of an N-methyl group, is devoid of psychedelic-like effects. These observations suggest that the secondary methylamine group in norpsilocin impacts its central nervous system (CNS) bioavailability but not its receptor pharmacodynamics. To test this hypothesis, eight norpsilocin derivatives were synthesized with varied secondary alkyl-, allyl-, and benzylamine groups, primarily aiming to increase their lipophilicity and brain permeability. Structure-activity relationships for the norpsilocin analogues were evaluated using the mouse head-twitch response (HTR) as a proxy for CNS-mediated psychedelic-like effects. HTR studies revealed that extending the N-methyl group of norpsilocin by a single methyl group, to give the corresponding secondary N-ethyl analogue (4-HO-NET), was sufficient to produce psilocin-like activity (median effective dose or ED50 = 1.4 mg/kg). Notably, N-allyl, N-propyl, N-isopropyl, and N-benzyl derivatives also induced psilocin-like HTR activity (ED50 = 1.1-3.2 mg/kg), with variable maximum effects (26-77 total HTR events). By contrast, adding bulkier tert-butyl or cyclohexyl groups in the same position did not elicit psilocin-like HTRs. Pharmacological assessments of the tryptamine series in vitro demonstrated interactions with multiple serotonin receptor subtypes, including 5-HT2A, and other CNS signaling proteins (e.g., sigma receptors). Overall, our data highlight key structural requirements for CNS-mediated psychedelic-like effects of norpsilocin analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael H. Baumann
- Designer
Drug Research Unit, National Institute on
Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Grant C. Glatfelter
- Designer
Drug Research Unit, National Institute on
Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
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2
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Pham DNK, Sackett NB, Chadeayne AR, Golen JA, Manke DR. Bis(4-acetoxy- N-ethyl- N- n-propyl-tryptammonium) fumarate-fumaric acid (1/1). IUCrdata 2023; 8:x230779. [PMID: 37818476 PMCID: PMC10561228 DOI: 10.1107/s2414314623007794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The solid-state structure of the title salt/adduct (systemic name: bis-{[2-(4-acet-yloxy-1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl](eth-yl)propyl-aza-nium} but-2-enedioate-(E)-butenedioic acid (1/1)), 2C17H25N2O2 +·C4H2O4 2-·C4H4O4, was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The asymmetric unit consists of a singly protonated tryptammonium cation, one half of a fumarate dianion and one half of a fumaric acid mol-ecule. In the crystal, the ions and mol-ecules are linked together in infinite chains propagating along [001] through a series of N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duyen N. K. Pham
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - Nathan B. Sackett
- University of Washington, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Center for Novel Therapeutics in Addiction Psychiatry, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 356560, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - James A. Golen
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - David R. Manke
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
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3
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Naeem M, Le AN, Bauer BE, Chadeayne AR, Golen JA, Manke DR. N-Cyclo-hexyl-tryptamine: freebase, bromide and fumarate. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2023; 79:752-756. [PMID: 37601400 PMCID: PMC10439405 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989023006217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The solid-state structures of N-cyclo-hexyl-tryptamine (I) {systematic name: N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl]cyclo-hexa-namine}, C16H22N2, and two of its salts, N-cyclo-hexyl-tryptammonium bromide (II) {systematic name: N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl]cyclo-hexa-naminium bromide}, C16H23N2 +·Br-, and N-cyclo-hexyl-tryptammonium fumarate (III) (systematic name: bis-{N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl]cyclo-hexa-naminium} (2E)-but-2-enedioate), 2C16H23N2 +·C4H2O4 2-, were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The freebase compound forms infinite chains along [010] through N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds. The bromide salt is held together by N-H⋯Br inter-actions in two-dimensional sheets along (001). The fumarate salt is held together in infinite three-dimensional frameworks by N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Naeem
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - Alexander N. Le
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - Barbara E. Bauer
- CaaMTech, Inc., 58 East Sunset Way, Suite 209, Issaquah, WA 98027, USA
| | | | - James A. Golen
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - David R. Manke
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
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4
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Naeem M, Anas NA, Chadeayne AR, Golen JA, Manke DR. N-Methyl-serotonin hydrogen oxalate. IUCrdata 2023; 8:x230378. [PMID: 37287863 PMCID: PMC10242732 DOI: 10.1107/s2414314623003784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The solid-state structure of N-methyl-serotonin {systematic name: [2-(5-hy-droxy-1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl](meth-yl)aza-nium hydrogen oxalate}, C11H15N2O+·C2HO4 -, is reported. The structure possesses a singly protonated N-methylserotonin cation and one hydrogen oxalate anion in the asymmetric unit. In the crystal, the mol-ecules are linked by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Naeem
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Anas
- CaaMTech, Inc., 58 East Sunset Way, Suite 209, Issaquah, WA 98027, USA
| | | | - James A. Golen
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - David R. Manke
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
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Glatfelter GC, Naeem M, Pham DNK, Golen JA, Chadeayne AR, Manke DR, Baumann MH. Receptor Binding Profiles for Tryptamine Psychedelics and Effects of 4-Propionoxy- N,N-dimethyltryptamine in Mice. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:567-577. [PMID: 37082754 PMCID: PMC10111620 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Analogues of 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (psilocybin) are being sold on recreational drug markets and developed as potential medications for psychedelic-assisted therapies. Many of these tryptamine-based psilocybin analogues produce psychedelic-like effects in rodents and humans primarily by agonist activity at serotonin 2A receptors (5-HT2A). However, the comprehensive pharmacological target profiles for these compounds compared to psilocybin and its active metabolite 4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (psilocin) are unknown. The present study determined the receptor binding profiles of various tryptamine-based psychedelics structurally related to psilocybin across a broad range of potential targets. Specifically, we examined tryptamine psychedelics with different 4-position (hydroxy, acetoxy, propionoxy) and N,N-dialkyl (dimethyl, methyl-ethyl, diethyl, methyl-propyl, ethyl-propyl, diisopropyl, methyl-allyl, diallyl) substitutions. Further, the psilocybin analogue 4-propionoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (4-PrO-DMT) was administered to mice in experiments measuring head twitch response (HTR), locomotor activity, and body temperature. Overall, the present pharmacological profile screening data show that the tryptamine psychedelics target multiple serotonin receptors, including serotonin 1A receptors (5-HT1A). 4-Acetoxy and 4-propionoxy analogues of 4-hydroxy compounds displayed somewhat weaker binding affinities but similar target profiles across 5-HT receptors and other identified targets. Additionally, differential binding screen profiles were observed with N,N-dialkyl position variations across several non-5-HT receptor targets (i.e., alpha receptors, dopamine receptors, histamine receptors, and serotonin transporters), which could impact in vivo pharmacological effects of the compounds. In mouse experiments, 4-PrO-DMT displayed dose-related psilocybin-like effects to produce 5-HT2A-mediated HTR (0.3-3 mg/kg s.c.) as well as 5-HT1A-mediated hypothermia and hypolocomotion (3-30 mg/kg s.c.). Lastly, our data support a growing body of evidence that the 5-HT2A-mediated HTR induced by tryptamine psychedelics is attenuated by 5-HT1A receptor agonist activity at high doses in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant C. Glatfelter
- Designer
Drug Research Unit, National Institute on
Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224 United States
| | - Marilyn Naeem
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, United States
| | - Duyen N. K. Pham
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, United States
| | - James A. Golen
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, United States
| | | | - David R. Manke
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, United States
| | - Michael H. Baumann
- Designer
Drug Research Unit, National Institute on
Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224 United States
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Plazas E, Faraone N. Indole Alkaloids from Psychoactive Mushrooms: Chemical and Pharmacological Potential as Psychotherapeutic Agents. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020461. [PMID: 36830997 PMCID: PMC9953455 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric diseases such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress represent a substantial long-term challenge for the global health systems because of their rising prevalence, uncertain neuropathology, and lack of effective pharmacological treatments. The approved existing studies constitute a piece of strong evidence whereby psychiatric drugs have shown to have unpleasant side effects and reduction of sustained tolerability, impacting patients' quality of life. Thus, the implementation of innovative strategies and alternative sources of bioactive molecules for the search for neuropsychiatric agents are required to guarantee the success of more effective drug candidates. Psychotherapeutic use of indole alkaloids derived from magic mushrooms has shown great interest and potential as an alternative to the synthetic drugs currently used on the market. The focus on indole alkaloids is linked to their rich history, their use as pharmaceuticals, and their broad range of biological properties, collectively underscoring the indole heterocycle as significant in drug discovery. In this review, we aim to report the physicochemical and pharmacological characteristics of indole alkaloids, particularly those derived from magic mushrooms, highlighting the promising application of such active ingredients as safe and effective therapeutic agents for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Serreau R, Amirouche A, Benyamina A, Berteina-Raboin S. A Review of Synthetic Access to Therapeutic Compounds Extracted from Psilocybe. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 16:ph16010040. [PMID: 36678537 PMCID: PMC9867295 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychedelics are used for various pathologies of the central nervous system and are currently the subject of much research, some of which relates to the compounds contained in various Psilocybe-type hallucinogenic mushrooms. It is difficult, however, to obtain and purify sufficient quantities of these compounds from fungi to carry out biological studies, hence the need to develop simple and efficient synthetic routes. We review here the various syntheses used to obtain these molecules, focusing first on the classic historical syntheses, then the use of more recent metallo-catalyzed couplings and finally the known biocatalytic methods for obtaining these molecules. Other access routes are certainly possible and should be the subject of future research given the therapeutic interest of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Serreau
- Unité de Recherche PSYCOMADD, APHP Université Paris Saclay, Hôpital Paul-Brousse, 12 Avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, 94804 Villejuif, France
- Addictologie EPSM Georges DAUMEZON, GHT Loiret, 1 Route de Chanteau, 45400 Fleury les Aubrais, France
| | - Ammar Amirouche
- Unité de Recherche PSYCOMADD-Psychiatrie Comorbidités Addictions, APHP Université Paris Saclay, Hôpital Paul-Brousse, 12 Avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, 94804 Villejuif, France
| | - Amine Benyamina
- Unité de Recherche PSYCOMADD-Psychiatrie Comorbidités Addictions, APHP Université Paris Saclay, Hôpital Paul-Brousse, 12 Avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, 94804 Villejuif, France
| | - Sabine Berteina-Raboin
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d’Orléans, UMR-CNRS 7311, BP 6759, Rue de Chartres, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-238-494-856
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8
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Saldanha LL, Allard PM, Dilarri G, Codesido S, González-Ruiz V, Queiroz EF, Ferreira H, Wolfender JL. Metabolomic- and Molecular Networking-Based Exploration of the Chemical Responses Induced in Citrus sinensis Leaves Inoculated with Xanthomonas citri. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:14693-14705. [PMID: 36350271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Citrus canker, caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (X. citri), is a plant disease affecting Citrus crops worldwide. However, little is known about defense compounds in Citrus. Here, we conducted a mass spectrometry-based metabolomic approach to obtain an overview of the chemical responses of Citrus leaves to X. citri infection. To facilitate result interpretation, the multivariate analyses were combined with molecular networking to identify biomarkers. Metabolite variations among untreated and X. citri-inoculated Citrus samples under greenhouse conditions highlighted induced defense biomarkers. Notably, the plant tryptophan metabolism pathway was activated, leading to the accumulation of N-methylated tryptamine derivatives. This finding was subsequently confirmed in symptomatic leaves in the field. Several tryptamine derivatives showed inhibitory effects in vitro against X. citri. This approach has enabled the identification of new chemically related biomarker groups and their dynamics in the response of Citrus leaves to Xanthomonas infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Leonardo Saldanha
- Biochemistry Building, Department of General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences, State University of São Paulo, Rio Claro, 13506-900 São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Marie Allard
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Departement of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Guilherme Dilarri
- Biochemistry Building, Department of General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences, State University of São Paulo, Rio Claro, 13506-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Santiago Codesido
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Víctor González-Ruiz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Emerson Ferreira Queiroz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Henrique Ferreira
- Biochemistry Building, Department of General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences, State University of São Paulo, Rio Claro, 13506-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Abstract
Hallucinogens constitute a unique class of substances that cause changes in the user's thoughts, perceptions, and mood through various mechanisms of action. Although the serotonergic hallucinogens such as lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, and N,N-dimethyltryptamine have been termed the classical hallucinogens, many hallucinogens elicit their actions through other mechanisms such as N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonism, opioid receptor agonism, or inhibition of the reuptake of monoamines including serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. The aim of this article is to compare the pharmacologic similarities and differences among substances within the hallucinogen class and their impact on physical and psychiatric effects. Potential toxicities, including life-threatening and long-term effects, will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Waters
- School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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10
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Pham DNK, Chadeayne AR, Golen JA, Manke DR. 5-Meth-oxy- N, N-di- n-propyl-tryptamine (5-MeO-DPT): freebase and fumarate. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2021; 77:522-526. [PMID: 34026257 PMCID: PMC8100262 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989021003753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The solid-state structures of the synthetic psychedelic 5-meth-oxy-N,N-di-n-propyl-tryptamine (5-MeO-DPT) {systematic name: N-[2-(5-meth-oxy-1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl]-N-propyl-propan-1-amine}, C17H25N2O, and its fumarate salt, bis-(5-meth-oxy-N,N-di-n-propyl-tryptammonium) fumarate (systematic name: bis-{N-[2-(5-meth-oxy-1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl]-N-propyl-propan-1-aminium} but-2-ene-dio-ate), 2C17H25N2O+·C4H2O4 2-, are reported. The freebase has a single tryptamine mol-ecule in the asymmetric unit. The mol-ecules are linked together by N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds in zigzag chains along the [010] direction. The fumarate salt has a single tryptammonium cation and half of a fumarate dianion in the asymmetric unit. The tryptammonium and fumarate ions are held together in one-dimensional chains by a series of N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. These chains are combinations of R 4 4(22) rings, and C 2 2(14) and C 4 4(28) parallel chains along [001].
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Affiliation(s)
- Duyen N. K. Pham
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | | | - James A. Golen
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - David R. Manke
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
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Pallavicini C, Cavanna F, Zamberlan F, de la Fuente LA, Ilksoy Y, Perl YS, Arias M, Romero C, Carhart-Harris R, Timmermann C, Tagliazucchi E. Neural and subjective effects of inhaled N,N-dimethyltryptamine in natural settings. J Psychopharmacol 2021; 35:406-420. [PMID: 33567945 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120981384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N,N-dimethyltryptamine is a short-acting psychedelic tryptamine found naturally in many plants and animals. Few studies to date have addressed the neural and psychological effects of N,N-dimethyltryptamine alone, either administered intravenously or inhaled in freebase form, and none have been conducted in natural settings. AIMS Our primary aim was to study the acute effects of inhaled N,N-dimethyltryptamine in natural settings, focusing on questions tuned to the advantages of conducting field research, including the effects of contextual factors (i.e. "set" and "setting"), the possibility of studying a comparatively large number of subjects, and the relaxed mental state of participants consuming N,N-dimethyltryptamine in familiar and comfortable settings. METHODS We combined state-of-the-art wireless electroencephalography with psychometric questionnaires to study the neural and subjective effects of naturalistic N,N-dimethyltryptamine use in 35 healthy and experienced participants. RESULTS We observed that N,N-dimethyltryptamine significantly decreased the power of alpha (8-12 Hz) oscillations throughout all scalp locations, while simultaneously increasing power of delta (1-4 Hz) and gamma (30-40 Hz) oscillations. Gamma power increases correlated with subjective reports indicative of some features of mystical-type experiences. N,N-dimethyltryptamine also increased global synchrony and metastability in the gamma band while decreasing those measures in the alpha band. CONCLUSIONS Our results are consistent with previous studies of psychedelic action in the human brain, while at the same time the results suggest potential electroencephalography markers of mystical-type experiences in natural settings, thus highlighting the importance of investigating these compounds in the contexts where they are naturally consumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Pallavicini
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA - CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Fundación para la lucha contra las enfermedades neurológicas de la infancia (FLENI), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Cavanna
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA - CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Fundación para la lucha contra las enfermedades neurológicas de la infancia (FLENI), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Zamberlan
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA - CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura A de la Fuente
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA - CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yayla Ilksoy
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA - CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yonatan S Perl
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA - CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mauricio Arias
- Hospital General de Agudos Donación Francisco Santojanni, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Celeste Romero
- Centro de Estudios de la Cultura Cannábica (CECCa), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Enzo Tagliazucchi
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA - CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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12
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Pham DNK, Sammeta VR, Chadeayne AR, Golen JA, Manke DR. 'Foxtrot' fumarate: a water-soluble salt of N, N-di-allyl-5-methoxytryptamine (5-MeO-DALT). Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2021; 77:416-419. [PMID: 33936768 PMCID: PMC8025863 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989021002838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, bis-(N,N-diallyl-5-meth-oxy-tryptammonium) (5-MeO-DALT) fumarate (systematic name: bis-{N-[2-(5-meth-oxy-1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl]- N-(prop-2-en-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-aminium} (E)-but-2-enedioate), 2C17H23N2O+·C4H2O4 2-, has a single tryptammonium cation and half of a fumarate dianion in the asymmetric unit. The tryptammonium and fumarate ions are held together in one-dimensional chains by a series of N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. These chains are combinations of R 4 4(22) rings, and C 2 2(14) and C 4 4(28) parallel chains along [111].
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Affiliation(s)
- Duyen N. K. Pham
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | | | | | - James A. Golen
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - David R. Manke
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
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13
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Pham DNK, Chadeayne AR, Golen JA, Manke DR. 2,5-Di-methyl-bufo-tenine and 2,5-di-methyl-bufo-teni-dine: novel derivatives of natural tryptamines found in Bufo alvarius toads. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2021; 77:190-194. [PMID: 33614152 PMCID: PMC7869544 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989021000803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The solid-state structure of the bufotenine derivative bis-(5-meth-oxy-2,N,N-tri-methyl-tryptammonium) (5-MeO-2-Me-DMT) fumarate (systematic name: bis-{[2-(5-meth-oxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl]di-methyl-aza-nium} (2E)-but-2-enedioate), 2C14H21N2O+·C4H2O4 2-, the bufotenidine derivative 5-meth-oxy-2,N,N,N-tetra-methyl-tryptammonium (5-MeO-2-Me-TMT) iodide {systematic name: [2-(5-meth-oxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl]tri-methyl-aza-nium iodide}, C15H23N2O+·I-, and the hydrate of the same {systematic name: [2-(5-meth-oxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl]tri-methyl-aza-nium iodide monohydrate}, C15H23N2O+·I-·H2O, are reported. The structure of 5-MeO-2-Me-DMT fumarate possesses one tryptammonium cation and a half of a fumarate dianion in the asymmetric unit, linked together by N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds in infinite two-dimensional networks parallel to the (101) plane. The structure of 5-MeO-2-Me-TMT iodide possesses one tryptammonium cation and one iodide anion in the asymmetric unit. The ions are linked via N-H⋯I hydrogen bonds, and indoles are coupled in dimers through π-π inter-actions. The hydrate of 5-MeO-2-Me-TMT iodide possesses one tryptammonium cation, one iodide anion and one water mol-ecule in the asymmetric unit. It shows N-H⋯I and O-H⋯I hydrogen bonds that couple the tryptammonium cations into dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duyen N. K. Pham
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | | | - James A. Golen
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - David R. Manke
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
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14
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Pham DNK, Chadeayne AR, Golen JA, Manke DR. Psilacetin derivatives: fumarate salts of the meth-yl-ethyl, meth-yl-allyl and diallyl variants of the psilocin prodrug. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2021; 77:101-106. [PMID: 33614134 PMCID: PMC7869532 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989021000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
The solid-state structures of the salts of three psilacetin derivatives, namely, 4-acet-oxy-N-eth-yl-N-methyl-tryptammonium (4-AcO-MET) hydro-fumarate {sys-tematic name: [2-(4-acet-yloxy-1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl](meth-yl)ethyl-aza-nium 3-carb-oxy-prop-2-enoate}, C15H21N2O2 +·C4H3O4 -, 4-acet-oxy-N-allyl-N-methyl-tryptammonium (4-AcO-MALT) hydro-fumarate {systematic name: [2-(4-acet-yl-oxy-1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl](meth-yl)prop-2-enyl-aza-nium 3-carb-oxy-prop-2-eno-ate}, C16H21N2O2 +·C4H3O4 -, and 4-acet-oxy-N,N-di-allyl-tryptammonium (4-AcO-DALT) fumarate-fumaric acid (1/1) (systematic name: bis-{[2-(4-acet-yloxy-1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl]diprop-2-enyl-aza-nium} but-2-enedioate-(E)-butenedioic acid (1/1)), 2C18H23N2O2 +·C4H2O4 2-·C4H4O4, are reported. All three salts possess a protonated tryptammonium cation. The 4-AcO-MET and 4-AcO-MALT compounds are charge-balanced by 3-carb-oxy-acrylate (hydro-fumarate) anions. The 4-AcO-DALT complex crystallizes as a two-to-one tryptammonium-to-fumarate salt, which co-crystallizes with a fumaric acid mol-ecule. Each structure is consolidated by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duyen N. K. Pham
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | | | - James A. Golen
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - David R. Manke
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
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15
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Malaca S, Lo Faro AF, Tamborra A, Pichini S, Busardò FP, Huestis MA. Toxicology and Analysis of Psychoactive Tryptamines. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9279. [PMID: 33291798 PMCID: PMC7730282 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of tryptamines is poor due to the lack of data globally. Tryptamines currently are not part of typical toxicology testing regimens and their contribution to drug overdoses may be underestimated. Although their prevalence was low, it is increasing. There are few published data on the many new compounds, their mechanisms of action, onset and duration of action, toxicity, signs and symptoms of intoxication and analytical methods to identify tryptamines and their metabolites. We review the published literature and worldwide databases to describe the newest tryptamines, their toxicology, chemical structures and reported overdose cases. Tryptamines are 5-HT2A receptor agonists that produce altered perceptions of reality. Currently, the most prevalent tryptamines are 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DiPT), 5-methoxy-N,N- diallyltryptamine (5-MeO-DALT) and dimethyltryptamine (DMT). From 2015 to 2020, 22 new analytical methods were developed to identify/quantify tryptamines and metabolites in biological samples, primarily by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The morbidity accompanying tryptamine intake is considerable and it is critical for clinicians and laboratorians to be informed of the latest data on this public health threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Malaca
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University “Politecnica delle Marche” of Ancona, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.L.F.); (A.T.)
| | - Alfredo Fabrizio Lo Faro
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University “Politecnica delle Marche” of Ancona, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.L.F.); (A.T.)
| | - Alice Tamborra
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University “Politecnica delle Marche” of Ancona, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.L.F.); (A.T.)
| | - Simona Pichini
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.Le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesco Paolo Busardò
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University “Politecnica delle Marche” of Ancona, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.L.F.); (A.T.)
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Institute of Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Walnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19144, USA;
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Gotvaldová K, Hájková K, Borovička J, Jurok R, Cihlářová P, Kuchař M. Stability of psilocybin and its four analogs in the biomass of the psychotropic mushroom Psilocybe cubensis. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:439-446. [PMID: 33119971 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Psilocybin, psilocin, baeocystin, norbaeocystin, and aeruginascin are tryptamines structurally similar to the neurotransmitter serotonin. Psilocybin and its pharmacologically active metabolite psilocin in particular are known for their psychoactive effects. These substances typically occur in most species of the genus Psilocybe (Fungi, Strophariaceae). Even the sclerotia of some of these fungi known as "magic truffles" are of growing interest in microdosing due to them improving cognitive function studies. In addition to microdosing studies, psilocybin has also been applied in clinical studies, but only its pure form has been administrated so far. Moreover, the determination of tryptamine alkaloids is used in forensic analysis. In this study, freshly cultivated fruit bodies of Psilocybe cubensis were used for monitoring stability (including storage and processing conditions of fruiting bodies). Furthermore, mycelium and the individual parts of the fruiting bodies (caps, stipes, and basidiospores) were also examined. The concentration of tryptamines in final extracts was analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. No tryptamines were detected in the basidiospores, and only psilocin was present at 0.47 wt.% in the mycelium. The stipes contained approximately half the amount of tryptamine alkaloids (0.52 wt.%) than the caps (1.03 wt.%); however, these results were not statistically significant, as the concentration of tryptamines in individual fruiting bodies is highly variable. The storage conditions showed that the highest degradation of tryptamines was seen in fresh mushrooms stored at -80°C, and the lowest decay was seen in dried biomass stored in the dark at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Gotvaldová
- Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague 6-Dejvice, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Hájková
- Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague 6-Dejvice, Czech Republic.,Department of Brain Electrophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Borovička
- Institute of Geology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Husinec, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Jurok
- Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague 6-Dejvice, Czech Republic.,Department of Brain Electrophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague 6-Dejvice, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Cihlářová
- Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague 6-Dejvice, Czech Republic.,Department of Brain Electrophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kuchař
- Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague 6-Dejvice, Czech Republic.,Department of Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
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17
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Chadeayne AR, Pham DNK, Golen JA, Manke DR. DMT analogues: N-ethyl- N-propyl-tryptamine and N-allyl- N-methytryptamine as their hydro-fumarate salts. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2020; 76:1201-1205. [PMID: 32843999 PMCID: PMC7405555 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989020008683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The solid-state structures of the hydro-fumarate salts of two N,N-di-alkyl-tryptamines, namely N-ethyl-N-propyl-tryptammonium (EPT) hydro-fumarate {systematic name: [2-(1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl](meth-yl)propyl-aza-nium 3-carb-oxy-prop-2-enoate}, C15H23N2 +·C4H3O4 -, and N-allyl-N-methyl-tryptammonium (MALT) hydro-fumarate {systematic name: [2-(1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl](meth-yl)(prop-2-en-1-yl)aza-nium 3-carb-oxy-prop-2-enoate}, C14H19N2 +·C4H3O4 -, are reported. Both compounds possess a protonated tryptammonium cation, and a hydro-fumarate anion in the asymmetric unit. The ethyl group of the EPT cation is modeled as a two-component disorder with 50% occupancy for each component. In the extended structure, N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds generate infinite two-dimensional networks parallel to the (001) plane for both compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Duyen N. K. Pham
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - James A. Golen
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - David R. Manke
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
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18
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Chadeayne AR, Pham DNK, Golen JA, Manke DR. Quaternary tryptammonium salts: N, N-dimethyl- N- n-propyl-tryptammonium (DMPT) iodide and N-allyl- N, N-di-methyl-tryptammonium (DMALT) iodide. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2020; 76:1357-1360. [PMID: 32844029 PMCID: PMC7405565 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989020010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The solid-state structures of two quaternary trytpammonium salts, namely, N,N-dimethyl-N-n-propyl-tryptammonium (DMPT) iodide [systematic name: 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethyl-N-propyl-aza-nium iodide], C15H23N2 +·I-, and N-allyl-N,N-di-methyl-tryptammonium (DMALT) iodide, [systematic name: 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethyl-N-(prop-2-en-1-yl)aza-nium iodide], C15H21N2 +·I-, are reported. Both salts possess a tri-alkyl-tryptammonium cation and an iodide anion in the asymmetric unit, which are joined together through N-H⋯I inter-actions. The DMALT structure was refined as an inversion twin, and the allyl group is disordered over two orientations with a 0.70 (4):0.30 (4) ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Duyen N. K. Pham
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - James A. Golen
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - David R. Manke
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
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Abstract
The solid-state structures of the naturally occurring psychoactive tryptamine norpsilocin {4-hy-droxy-N-methyl-tryptamine (4-HO-NMT); systematic name: 3-[2-(methyl-amino)-eth-yl]-1H-indol-4-ol}, C11H14N2O, and its fumarate salt (4-hy-droxy-N-methyl-tryptammonium fumarate; systematic name: bis-{[2-(4-hy-droxy-1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl]methyl-aza-nium} but-2-enedioate), C11H15N2O+·0.5C4H2O4 2-, are reported. The freebase of 4-HO-NMT has a single mol-ecule in the asymmetric unit joined together by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds in a two-dimensional network parallel to the (100) plane. The ethyl-amine arm of the tryptamine is modeled as a two-component disorder with a 0.895 (3) to 0.105 (3) occupancy ratio. The fumarate salt of 4-HO-NMT crystallizes with a tryptammonium cation and one half of a fumarate dianion in the asymmetric unit. The ions are joined together by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds to form a three-dimensional framework, as well as π-π stacking between the six-membered rings of inversion-related indoles (symmetry operation: 2 - x, 1 - y, 2 - z).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Duyen N. K. Pham
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - James A. Golen
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - David R. Manke
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
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20
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Chadeayne AR, Pham DNK, Golen JA, Manke DR. Bis(4-hy-droxy- N-isopropyl- N-methyl-trypt-ammo-nium) fumarate: a new crystalline form of miprocin. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2020; 76:514-517. [PMID: 32280495 PMCID: PMC7133045 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989020002923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, bis-(4-hy-droxy-N-isopropyl-N-methyl-tryptammonium) (4-HO-MiPT) fumarate (systematic name: bis-{[2-(4-hy-droxy-1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl](meth-yl)propan-2-yl-aza-nium} but-2-enedioate), 2C14H21N2O+·C4H2O4 2-, has a singly protonated tryptammonium cation and one half of a fumarate dianion in the asymmetric unit. The tryptammonium and fumarate ions are held together in one-dimensional chains by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. These chains are a combination of R 4 2(20) rings, and C 2 2(15) and C 4 4(30) parallel chains along (110). They are further consolidated by N-H⋯π inter-actions. There are two two-component types of disorder impacting the tryptammonium fragment with a 0.753 (7):0.247 (7) occupancy ratio and one of the fumarate oxygen atoms with a 0.73 (8):0.27 (8) ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Duyen N. K. Pham
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - James A. Golen
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - David R. Manke
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
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21
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Palamar JJ, Acosta P. A qualitative descriptive analysis of effects of psychedelic phenethylamines and tryptamines. Hum Psychopharmacol 2020; 35:e2719. [PMID: 31909513 PMCID: PMC6995261 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The number of novel psychedelic phenethylamines and tryptamines has continued to increase, but little academic research has focused on the effects of these substances. We sought to determine and compare the subjective effects of various substances. METHODS We conducted in-depth interviews with 39 adults (75.4% male and 87.2% White) who reported experience using psychedelic phenethylamines and/or tryptamines. Participants described the effects of compounds they have used. We examined the subjective drug effects in a qualitative descriptive manner. RESULTS Participants reported on the use of 36 compounds. The majority (64.1%) reported the use of 2C series drugs, with 2C-B use being most prevalent; 38.5% reported the use of NBOMe, and 25.6% reported the use of DOx. With regard to tryptamines, 46.2% reported use, and 4-AcO-DMT was the most prevalent drug used in this class. 2C-B was often described as being more favorable than other 2C series compounds with the effects described as being comparable with MDMA and LSD. NBOMe effects were generally described in an unfavorable manner, and the effects of DOx were often described as lasting too long (12-36 hr). The effects of 4-AcO-DMT were often described as mimicking psilocybin. CONCLUSION Knowing the effects of various compounds can inform education, prevention, and harm reduction efforts regarding the use of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Palamar
- Department of Population HealthNew York University School of Medicine New York New York
| | - Patricia Acosta
- Department of Population HealthNew York University School of Medicine New York New York
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22
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Chadeayne AR, Pham DNK, Golen JA, Manke DR. The fumarate salts of the N-isopropyl- N-methyl derivatives of DMT and psilocin. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2019; 75:1316-1320. [PMID: 31523457 PMCID: PMC6727059 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989019011253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The solid-state structures of the salts of two substituted tryptamines, namely N-isopropyl-N-methyl-tryptaminium (MiPT) fumarate {systematic name: [2-(1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl](meth-yl)propan-2-yl-aza-nium 3-carb-oxy-prop-2-enoate}, C14H21N2 +·C4H3O4 -, and 4-hy-droxy-N-isopropyl-N-methyl-tryptaminium (4-HO-MiPT) fumarate monohydrate {systematic name: [2-(4-hy-droxy-1H-indol-3-yl)eth-yl](meth-yl)propan-2-yl-aza-nium 3-carb-oxy-prop-2-enoate monohydrate}, C14H21N2O+·C4H3O4 -·H2O, are reported. Both salts possess a proton-ated tryptammonium cation and a 3-carb-oxy-acrylate (hydrogen fumarate) anion in the asymmetric unit; the 4-HO-MiPT structure also contains a water mol-ecule of crystallization. Both cations feature disorder of the side chain over two orientations, in a 0.630 (3):0.370 (3) ratio for MiPT and a 0.775 (5):0.225 (5) ratio for 4-HO-MiPT. In both extended structures, N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds generate infinite two-dimensional networks.
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23
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Chadeayne AR, Golen JA, Manke DR. Bis(4-acet-oxy- N, N-di-methyl-tryptammonium) fumarate: a new crystalline form of psilacetin, an alternative to psilocybin as a psilocin prodrug. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2019; 75:900-902. [PMID: 31391991 PMCID: PMC6658936 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989019007370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The title compound has a single protonated psilacetin cation and one half of a fumarate dianion in the asymmetric unit. The ions are held together through N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds in infinite one-dimensional chains along [111]. The title compound (systematic name: bis{2-[4-(acetyloxy)-1H-indol-3-yl]ethan-1-aminium} but-2-enedioate), 2C14H19N2O2+·C4H2O42−, has a single protonated psilacetin cation and one half of a fumarate dianion in the asymmetric unit. There are N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the ammonium H atoms and the fumarate O atoms, as well as N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the indole H atoms and the fumarate O atoms. The hydrogen bonds hold the ions together in infinite one-dimensional chains along [111].
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James A Golen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - David R Manke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
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24
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Palamar JJ, Le A. Use of new and uncommon synthetic psychoactive drugs among a nationally representative sample in the United States, 2005-2017. Hum Psychopharmacol 2019; 34:e2690. [PMID: 30843283 PMCID: PMC6534815 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to examine patterns and first mentions of reported use of new or uncommon drugs across 13 years, among nationally representative samples in the United States. METHODS Participants (ages ≥12) in the National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (2005-2017, N = 730,418) were provided opportunities to type in names of new or uncommon drugs they had ever used that were not specifically queried. We examined self-reported use across survey years and determined years of first mentions. RESULTS From 2005 to 2017, there were 2,343 type-in responses for use of 79 new or uncommon synthetic drugs, and 54 were first-ever mentions of these drugs. The majority (65.8%) of mentions were phenethylamines (e.g., 2C-x, NBOMe), which were also the plurality of new drug mentions (n = 22; 40.7%). Mentions of 2C-x drugs in particular increased from 30 mentions in 2005 to 147 mentions in 2013. We estimate an upward trend in use of new or uncommon drugs between 2005 and 2017 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Although type-in responses on surveys are limited and underestimate prevalence of use, such responses can help inform researchers when new compounds are used. Continued surveillance of use of new and uncommon drugs is needed to inform adequate public health response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Palamar
- Department of Population Health, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Austin Le
- Department of Population Health, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA,New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
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Sexton JD, Nichols CD, Hendricks PS. Population Survey Data Informing the Therapeutic Potential of Classic and Novel Phenethylamine, Tryptamine, and Lysergamide Psychedelics. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:896. [PMID: 32116806 PMCID: PMC7026018 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The majority of contemporary psychedelic research has focused on ayahuasca, lysergic acid diethylamide, and psilocybin, though there are hundreds of novel psychedelic compounds that may have clinical utility. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of classic and novel phenethylamine, tryptamine, and lysergamide psychedelics via a large, nationally representative population-based survey. METHODS We tested the unique associations of lifetime classic and novel phenethylamine, tryptamine, and lysergamide psychedelics with past month psychological distress and past year suicidality among respondents pooled from years 2008-2017 of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (weighted N = 260,964,827). RESULTS Lifetime classic tryptamine use was associated with a decreased odds of past month psychological distress [aOR = 0.76; (0.69-0.83)] and past year suicidal thinking [aOR = 0.79; (0.72-0.87)]. Lifetime novel phenethylamine use, on the other hand, was associated with an increased odds of past year suicidal thinking [aOR = 1.44; (1.06-1.95)] and past year suicidal planning [aOR = 1.60; (1.06-2.41)]. No other significant associations were found. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS These findings, which may be driven by differences in pharmacodynamics, suggest that classic tryptamines may hold the greatest therapeutic potential of the psychedelics, whereas novel phenethylamines may pose risk for harm. The present findings thus support continued research on the clinical application of classic tryptamines. Though the current results caution against the clinical utility of novel phenethylamines, further study of these and other novel psychedelic substances is nonetheless warranted to better understand their potential application.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Sexton
- Department of Health Behavior, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Charles D Nichols
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Peter S Hendricks
- Department of Health Behavior, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Grafinger KE, Wilke A, König S, Weinmann W. Investigating the ability of the microbial model Cunninghamella elegans for the metabolism of synthetic tryptamines. Drug Test Anal 2018; 11:721-729. [PMID: 30462883 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tryptamines can occur naturally in plants, mushrooms, microbes, and amphibians. Synthetic tryptamines are sold as new psychoactive substances (NPS) because of their hallucinogenic effects. When it comes to NPS, metabolism studies are of crucial importance, due to the lack of pharmacological and toxicological data. Different approaches can be taken to study in vitro and in vivo metabolism of xenobiotica. The zygomycete fungus Cunninghamella elegans (C. elegans) can be used as a microbial model for the study of drug metabolism. The current study investigated the biotransformation of four naturally occurring and synthetic tryptamines [N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 4-hydroxy-N-methyl-N-ethyltryptamine (4-HO-MET), N,N-di allyl-5-methoxy tryptamine (5-MeO-DALT) and 5-methoxy-N-methyl-N-isoporpoyltryptamine (5-MeO-MiPT)] in C. elegans after incubation for 72 hours. Metabolites were identified using liquid chromatography-high resolution-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HR-MS/MS) with a quadrupole time-of-flight (QqTOF) instrument. Results were compared to already published data on these substances. C. elegans was capable of producing all major biotransformation steps: hydroxylation, N-oxide formation, carboxylation, deamination, and demethylation. On average 63% of phase I metabolites found in the literature could also be detected in C. elegans. Additionally, metabolites specific for C. elegans were identified. Therefore, C. elegans is a suitable complementary model to other in vitro or in vivo methods to study the metabolism of naturally occurring or synthetic tryptamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Elisabeth Grafinger
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 20, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Wilke
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Offenburg, Badstrasse 24, 77652, Offenburg, Germany
| | - Stefan König
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 20, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Weinmann
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 20, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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Barsuglia J, Davis AK, Palmer R, Lancelotta R, Windham-Herman AM, Peterson K, Polanco M, Grant R, Griffiths RR. Intensity of Mystical Experiences Occasioned by 5-MeO-DMT and Comparison With a Prior Psilocybin Study. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2459. [PMID: 30574112 PMCID: PMC6292276 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
5-MeO-DMT is a psychoactive substance found in high concentrations in the bufotoxin of the Colorado River Toad (Bufo alvarius). Emerging evidence suggests that vaporized 5-MeO-DMT may occasion mystical experiences of comparable intensity to those occasioned by more widely studied psychedelics such as psilocybin, but no empirical study has tested this hypothesis. Data was obtained from 20 individuals (M age = 38.9, ± 10.7; male = 55%, Caucasian = 85%) who were administered 5-MeO-DMT as part of a psychospiritual retreat program in Mexico. All participants received 50 mg of inhaled vaporized toad bufotoxin which contains 5-MeO-DMT and completed the Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) approximately 4-6 h after their session. Administration of 5-MeO-DMT occasioned strong mystical experiences (MEQ30 Overall M intensity = 4.17, ± 0.64, range 0-5) and the majority (n = 15, 75%) had "a complete mystical experience" (≥60% on all MEQ30 subscales). Compared to a prior laboratory-based psilocybin study, there were no differences in the intensity of mystical effects between 5-MeO-DMT and a high dose (30 mg/70 kg) of psilocybin, but the intensity of mystical effects was significantly higher in the 5-MeO-DMT sample compared to moderate/high dose (20 mg/70 kg) of psilocybin (MEQ30 Total Score: p = 0.02, d = 0.81). Administration of vaporized 5-MeO-DMT reliably occasioned complete mystical experiences in 75% of individuals and was similar in intensity to high dose psilocybin administered in a laboratory setting. The short duration of action may be advantageous for clinical interventions and for studying mystical-type experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Barsuglia
- Crossroads Treatment Center, Tijuana, Mexico
- Terra Incognita Project, NGO, Ben Lomond, CA, United States
- New School Research, LLC, North Hollywood, CA, United States
- The Mission Within, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Alan K. Davis
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Robert Palmer
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Rafael Lancelotta
- Department of Counseling, Leadership, Advocacy, and Design, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | | | - Kristel Peterson
- California Institute of Integral Studies, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Martin Polanco
- Crossroads Treatment Center, Tijuana, Mexico
- The Mission Within, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Robert Grant
- Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Roland R. Griffiths
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Davis AK, Barsuglia JP, Lancelotta R, Grant RM, Renn E. The epidemiology of 5-methoxy- N, N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) use: Benefits, consequences, patterns of use, subjective effects, and reasons for consumption. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:779-792. [PMID: 29708042 PMCID: PMC6248886 DOI: 10.1177/0269881118769063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM 5-Methoxy- N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is a psychoactive compound found in several plants and in high concentrations in Bufo alvarius toad venom. Synthetic, toad, and plant-sourced 5-MeO-DMT are used for spiritual and recreational purposes and may have psychotherapeutic effects. However, the use of 5-MeO-DMT is not well understood. Therefore, we examined patterns of use, motivations for consumption, subjective effects, and potential benefits and consequences associated with 5-MeO-DMT use. METHODS Using internet-based advertisements, 515 respondents ( Mage=35.4. SD=11.7; male=79%; White/Caucasian=86%; United States resident=42%) completed a web-based survey. RESULTS Most respondents consumed 5-MeO-DMT infrequently (<once/year), for spiritual exploration, and had used less than four times in their lifetime. The majority (average of 90%) reported moderate-to-strong mystical-type experiences ( Mintensity=3.64, SD=1.11; range 0-5; e.g., ineffability, timelessness, awe/amazement, experience of pure being/awareness), and relatively fewer (average of 37%) experienced very slight challenging experiences ( Mintensity=0.95, SD=0.91; range 0-5; e.g., anxiousness, fear). Less than half (39%) reported repeated consumption during the same session, and very few reported drug craving/desire (8%), or legal (1%), medical (1%), or psychiatric (1%) problems related to use. Furthermore, of those who reported being diagnosed with psychiatric disorders, the majority reported improvements in symptoms following 5-MeO-DMT use, including improvements related to post-traumatic stress disorder (79%), depression (77%), anxiety (69%), and alcoholism (66%) or drug use disorder (60%). CONCLUSION Findings suggest that 5-MeO-DMT is used infrequently, predominantly for spiritual exploration, has low potential for addiction, and might have psychotherapeutic effects. Future research should examine the safety and pharmacokinetics of 5-MeO-DMT administration in humans using rigorous experimental designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan K. Davis
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | | | - Rafael Lancelotta
- School of Counseling, Leadership, Advocacy, and Design, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave. Dept. 3374 Laramie, WY 82071 USA
| | - Robert M. Grant
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero St, Building 100, Room 603, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA
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Caspar AT, Gaab JB, Michely JA, Brandt SD, Meyer MR, Maurer HH. Metabolism of the tryptamine-derived new psychoactive substances 5-MeO-2-Me-DALT, 5-MeO-2-Me-ALCHT, and 5-MeO-2-Me-DIPT and their detectability in urine studied by GC-MS, LC-MS n , and LC-HR-MS/MS. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:184-195. [PMID: 28342193 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many N,N-dialkylated tryptamines show psychoactive properties and were encountered as new psychoactive substances. The aims of the presented work were to study the phase I and II metabolism and the detectability in standard urine screening approaches (SUSA) of 5-methoxy-2-methyl-N,N-diallyltryptamine (5-MeO-2-Me-DALT), 5-methoxy-2-methyl-N-allyl-N-cyclohexyltryptamine (5-MeO-2-Me-ALCHT), and 5-methoxy-2-methyl-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-2-Me-DIPT) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography coupled with multistage accurate mass spectrometry (LC-MSn ), and liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HR-MS/MS). For metabolism studies, urine was collected over a 24 h period after administration of the compounds to male Wistar rats at 20 mg/kg body weight (BW). Phase I and II metabolites were identified after urine precipitation with acetonitrile by LC-HR-MS/MS. 5-MeO-2-Me-DALT (24 phase I and 12 phase II metabolites), 5-MeO-2-Me-ALCHT (24 phase I and 14 phase II metabolites), and 5-MeO-2-Me-DIPT (20 phase I and 11 phase II metabolites) were mainly metabolized by O-demethylation, hydroxylation, N-dealkylation, and combinations of them as well as by glucuronidation and sulfation of phase I metabolites. Incubations with mixtures of pooled human liver microsomes and cytosols (pHLM and pHLC) confirmed that the main metabolic reactions in humans and rats might be identical. Furthermore, initial CYP activity screenings revealed that CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 were involved in hydroxylation, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 in O-demethylation, and CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 in N-dealkylation. For SUSAs, GC-MS, LC-MSn , and LC-HR-MS/MS were applied to rat urine samples after 1 or 0.1 mg/kg BW doses, respectively. In contrast to the GC-MS SUSA, both LC-MS SUSAs were able to detect an intake of 5-MeO-2-Me-ALCHT and 5-MeO-2-Me-DIPT via their metabolites following 1 mg/kg BW administrations and 5-MeO-2-Me-DALT following 0.1 mg/kg BW dosage. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim T Caspar
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 100, Building 46, D-66421, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Jonas B Gaab
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 100, Building 46, D-66421, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Julian A Michely
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 100, Building 46, D-66421, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Simon D Brandt
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, James, Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.,The Alexander Shulgin Research Institute, 1483 Shulgin Road, Lafayette, CA, 94549, USA
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 100, Building 46, D-66421, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Hans H Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 100, Building 46, D-66421, Homburg (Saar), Germany
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Dos Santos RG, Osório FL, Crippa JAS, Riba J, Zuardi AW, Hallak JEC. Antidepressive, anxiolytic, and antiaddictive effects of ayahuasca, psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD): a systematic review of clinical trials published in the last 25 years. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2016; 6:193-213. [PMID: 27354908 PMCID: PMC4910400 DOI: 10.1177/2045125316638008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, pharmacological treatments for mood and anxiety disorders and for drug dependence show limited efficacy, leaving a large number of patients suffering severe and persistent symptoms. Preliminary studies in animals and humans suggest that ayahuasca, psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) may have antidepressive, anxiolytic, and antiaddictive properties. Thus, we conducted a systematic review of clinical trials published from 1990 until 2015, assessing these therapeutic properties. Electronic searches were performed using the PubMed, LILACS, and SciELO databases. Only clinical trials published in peer-reviewed journals were included. Of these, 151 studies were identified, of which six met the established criteria. Reviewed studies suggest beneficial effects for treatment-resistant depression, anxiety and depression associated with life-threatening diseases, and tobacco and alcohol dependence. All drugs were well tolerated. In conclusion, ayahuasca, psilocybin and LSD may be useful pharmacological tools for the treatment of drug dependence, and anxiety and mood disorders, especially in treatment-resistant patients. These drugs may also be useful pharmacological tools to understand psychiatric disorders and to develop new therapeutic agents. However, all studies reviewed had small sample sizes, and half of them were open-label, proof-of-concept studies. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies with more patients are needed to replicate these preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael G Dos Santos
- Departamento de Neurociências e Ciências do Comportamento, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, Terceiro Andar, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia L Osório
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), CNPq, Brazil
| | - José Alexandre S Crippa
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), CNPq, Brazil
| | - Jordi Riba
- Centre d'Investigació de Medicaments, Servei de Farmacologia Clínica, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antônio W Zuardi
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), CNPq, Brazil
| | - Jaime E C Hallak
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), CNPq, Brazil
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Brandt SD, Kavanagh PV, Dowling G, Talbot B, Westphal F, Meyer MR, Maurer HH, Halberstadt AL. Analytical characterization of N,N-diallyltryptamine (DALT) and 16 ring-substituted derivatives. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:115-126. [PMID: 27100373 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many N,N-dialkylated tryptamines show psychoactive properties in humans and the number of derivatives involved in multidisciplinary areas of research has grown over the last few decades. Whereas some derivatives form the basis of a range of medicinal products, others are predominantly encountered as recreational drugs, and in some cases, the areas of therapeutic and recreational use can overlap. In recent years, 5-methoxy-N,N-diallyltryptamine (5-MeO-DALT) has appeared as a new psychoactive substance (NPS) and 'research chemical' whereas 4-acetoxy-DALT and the ring-unsubstituted DALT have only been detected very recently. Strategies pursued in the authors' laboratories included the preparation and biological evaluation of previously unreported N,N-diallyltryptamines (DALTs). This report describes the analytical characterization of 17 DALTs. Fifteen DALTs were prepared by a microwave-accelerated Speeter and Anthony procedure following established procedures developed previously in the authors' laboratories. In addition to DALT, the substances included in this study were 2-phenyl-, 4-acetoxy-, 4-hydroxy-, 4,5-ethylenedioxy-, 5-methyl-, 5-methoxy-, 5-methoxy-2-methyl-, 5-ethoxy-, 5-fluoro-, 5-fluoro-2-methyl-, 5-chloro-, 5-bromo-, 5,6-methylenedioxy-, 6-fluoro-, 7-methyl, and 7-ethyl-DALT, respectively. The DALTs were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), gas chromatography (GC) quadrupole and ion trap (EI/CI) mass spectrometry (MS), low and high mass accuracy MS/MS, photodiode array detection, and GC solid-state infrared analysis, respectively. A comprehensive collection of spectral data was obtained that are provided to research communities who face the challenge of encountering newly emerging substances where analytical data are not available. These data are also relevant to researchers who might wish to explore the clinical and non-clinical uses of these substances. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Brandt
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.,The Alexander Shulgin Research Institute, 1483 Shulgin Road, Lafayette, CA, 94549, USA
| | - Pierce V Kavanagh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Geraldine Dowling
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Brian Talbot
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Folker Westphal
- State Bureau of Criminal Investigation Schleswig-Holstein, Section Narcotics/Toxicology, D-24116, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans H Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, D-66421, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Adam L Halberstadt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA
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Liu C, Yi JC, Zheng ZB, Tang Y, Dai LX, You SL. Enantioselective Synthesis of 3a-Amino-Pyrroloindolines by Copper-Catalyzed Direct Asymmetric Dearomative Amination of Tryptamines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:751-4. [PMID: 26603145 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201508570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A direct asymmetric dearomative amination of tryptamines with O-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydroxylamine (DPH) was achieved using CuBr-bisoxazoline complex as a catalyst, affording 3a-amino-pyrroloindolines in good to excellent enantioselectivity under mild reaction conditions. Furthermore, the synthetic value of this method was demonstrated in the total synthesis of (-)-psychotriasine in a highly concise manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032 (China)
| | - Ji-Cheng Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032 (China)
| | - Zhong-Bo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032 (China)
| | - Yong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032 (China). .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin (China).
| | - Li-Xin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032 (China)
| | - Shu-Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032 (China). .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin (China).
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Abstract
Novel psychoactive substances include synthetic cannabinoids, cathinone derivatives, psychedelic phenethylamines, novel stimulants, synthetic opioids, tryptamine derivatives, phencyclidine-like dissociatives, piperazines, GABA-A/B receptor agonists, a range of prescribed medications, psychoactive plants/herbs, and a large series of performance and image enhancing drugs. Users are typically attracted by these substances due to their intense psychoactive effects and likely lack of detection in routine drug screenings. This paper aims at providing psychiatrists with updated knowledge of the clinical pharmacology and psychopathological consequences of the use of these substances. Indeed, these drugs act on a range of neurotransmitter pathways/receptors whose imbalance has been associated with psychopathological conditions, including dopamine, cannabinoid CB1, GABA-A/B, 5-HT2A, glutamate, and k opioid receptors. An overall approach in terms of clinical management is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Schifano
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Herts, UK
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34
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Blough BE, Landavazo A, Decker AM, Partilla JS, Baumann MH, Rothman RB. Interaction of psychoactive tryptamines with biogenic amine transporters and serotonin receptor subtypes. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:4135-44. [PMID: 24800892 PMCID: PMC4194234 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3557-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Synthetic hallucinogenic tryptamines, especially those originally described by Alexander Shulgin, continue to be abused in the USA. The range of subjective experiences produced by different tryptamines suggests that multiple neurochemical mechanisms are involved in their actions, in addition to the established role of agonist activity at serotonin 2A (5-HT₂A) receptors. OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the interaction of a series of synthetic tryptamines with biogenic amine neurotransmitter transporters and with serotonin (5-HT) receptor subtypes implicated in psychedelic effects. METHODS Neurotransmitter transporter activity was determined in rat brain synaptosomes. Receptor activity was determined using calcium mobilization and DiscoveRx PathHunter assays in HEK293, Gα16-CHO, and CHOk1 cells transfected with human receptors. RESULTS Twenty-one tryptamines were analyzed in transporter uptake and release assays, and 5-HT₂A, serotonin 1A (5-HT₁A), and 5-HT₂A β-arrestin functional assays. Eight of the compounds were found to have 5-HT-releasing activity. Thirteen compounds were found to be 5-HT uptake inhibitors or were inactive. All tryptamines were 5-HT₂A agonists with a range of potencies and efficacies, but only a few compounds were 5-HT1A agonists. Most tryptamines recruited β-arrestin through 5-HT₂A activation. CONCLUSIONS All psychoactive tryptamines are 5-HT₂A agonists, but 5-HT transporter (SERT) activity may contribute significantly to the pharmacology of certain compounds. The in vitro transporter data confirm structure-activity trends for releasers and uptake inhibitors whereby releasers tend to be structurally smaller compounds. Interestingly, two tertiary amines were found to be selective substrates at SERT, which dispels the notion that 5-HT-releasing activity is limited only to primary or secondary amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce E. Blough
- Discovery Science Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA,Corresponding author. Tel.: 919-541-1244; fax: 919-541-6499;
| | - Antonio Landavazo
- Discovery Science Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Ann M. Decker
- Discovery Science Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - John S. Partilla
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Michael H. Baumann
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Richard B. Rothman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Eletriptan (Relpax) is a new triptan soon to be made available by prescription for the treatment of acute migraine. Currently five triptans are available by prescription and more are under development. In light of the many drugs for treating acute migraine, there is a need for evidence-based assessments to help determine the relative efficacy and harm of these treatments. OBJECTIVES To determine the efficacy of eletriptan for treating a single migraine attack using the outcomes of headache response and pain-free response at 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 hours, and sustained relief over 24 hours. To express efficacy in terms of number-needed-to-treat (NNT). To determine the adverse effects of a single dose of eletriptan and express this in terms of number-needed-to-harm (NNH). To allow for the comparison of the efficacy of eletriptan with other migraine treatments evaluated systematically in the same way. SEARCH STRATEGY Data from all Phase III randomised placebo-controlled trials were made available by the manufacturer, Pfizer Inc. To date, these trials comprise the only data on eletriptan relevant to this review in a published or unpublished form; thus, searches of electronic databases for further trials of eletriptan were not conducted. Date of last search: January 2000. SELECTION CRITERIA Trials of eletriptan for acute migraine; randomised allocation to treatment groups, including a placebo group; double-blind design; International Headache Society diagnostic criteria for migraine with or without aura; single migraine attack; single-dose treatment at standard doses; adult population; baseline pain of moderate or severe intensity using a 4-point standardised rating scale (0 = no pain, 1 = mild pain, 2 = moderate pain and 3 = severe pain); and dichotomous or percentage data for at least one of the main efficacy outcomes. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Trials were scored for quality and data extracted by two independent reviewers. Dichotomous or percentage data were extracted and pooled to calculate the relative benefit (RB) or relative risk (RR) and NNTs or NNHs for a number of outcomes for eletriptan 20 mg, 40 mg and 80 mg. The main outcomes considered were headache response at 1 and 2 hours, pain-free response at 2 hours, sustained relief over 24 hours and adverse effects. Minor outcomes considered were headache response at 0.5 and 4 hours, and pain-free response at 0.5, 1 and 4 hours. MAIN RESULTS Six trials met the inclusion criteria. Significant benefit of eletriptan over placebo was shown for eletriptan 20 mg, 40 mg and 80 mg for the primary efficacy outcomes of headache response and pain-free response at 2 hours. For headache response at 2 hours, the NNTs (with 95% confidence intervals) were 4.4 (3.4 to 6.2), 2.9 (2.6 to 3.3) and 2.6 (2.4 to 3.0) for eletriptan 20 mg, 40 mg and 80 mg, respectively. For pain-free response at 2 hours, the NNTs were 9.9 (6.9 to 18), 4.0 (3.6 to 4.5) and 3.7 (3.4 to 4.2), for eletriptan 20 mg, 40 and 80 mg, respectively. There was no significant difference in the incidence of major adverse effects between any dose of eletriptan and placebo. The incidence of minor adverse effects was significantly higher for all eletriptan doses than for placebo, with NNHs of 11 (95% confidence interval, 6.2 to 39), 7.0 (5.2 to 11) and 3.7 (3.1 to 4.5) for eletriptan 20 mg, 40 mg and 80 mg, respectively. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Eletriptan 20 mg, 40 mg and 80 mg are effective for the treatment of an acute migraine attack. Effectiveness is dose-related, with statistically significant differences between doses for pain-free response and 24-hour outcomes. Eletriptan compares well with other triptans available for outcomes measured up to 2 hours and provides meaningful relief for 24 hours. Taken as a single dose, eletriptan was well tolerated and caused no major harm. The incidence of minor harm was dose-dependent, with 80 mg giving significantly more adverse effects than 40 mg.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Smith
- Oxford Brookes University, School of Health and Social Care, Jack Straws Lane, Marston, Oxford, UK, OX3 0FL.
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Holt A. Imidazoline binding sites on receptors and enzymes: emerging targets for novel antidepressant drugs? J Psychiatry Neurosci 2003; 28:409-14. [PMID: 14631453 PMCID: PMC257786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
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