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Menon A, Pandurangan Maragatham V, Samuel M, Arunraj R. Properties and applications of α-galactosidase in agricultural waste processing and secondary agricultural process industries. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:21-31. [PMID: 37555350 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture products form the foundation building blocks of our daily lives. Although they have been claimed to be renewable resources with a low carbon footprint, the agricultural community is constantly challenged to overcome two post-harvest bottlenecks: first, farm bio-waste, a substantial economic and environmental burden to the farming sector, and second, an inefficient agricultural processing sector, plagued by the need for significant energy input to generate the products. Both these sectors require extensive processing technologies that are demanding in their energy requirements and expensive. To address these issues, an enzyme(s)-based green chemistry is available to break down complex structures into bio-degradable compounds that source alternate energy with valuable by-products and co-products. α-Galactosidase is a widespread class of glycoside hydroxylases that hydrolyzes α-galactosyl moieties in simple and complex oligo and polysaccharides, glycolipids, and glycoproteins. As a result of its growing importance, in this review we discuss the source of the enzyme, production and purification systems, and enzyme properties. We also elaborate on the enzyme's potential in agricultural bio-waste management, secondary agricultural industries like sugar refining, soymilk derivatives, food and confectionery, and animal feed processing. Insight into this vital enzyme will provide new avenues for less expensive green chemistry-based secondary agricultural processing and agricultural sustainability. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Menon
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, College of Engineering and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Vetriselvi Pandurangan Maragatham
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, College of Engineering and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Marcus Samuel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rex Arunraj
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, College of Engineering and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
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Novak JK, Gardner JG. Galactomannan utilization by Cellvibrio japonicus relies on a single essential α-galactosidase encoded by the aga27A gene. Mol Microbiol 2023; 119:312-325. [PMID: 36604822 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant mannans are a component of lignocellulose that can have diverse compositions in terms of its backbone and side-chain substitutions. Consequently, the degradation of mannan substrates requires a cadre of enzymes for complete reduction to substituent monosaccharides that can include mannose, galactose, and/or glucose. One bacterium that possesses this suite of enzymes is the Gram-negative saprophyte Cellvibrio japonicus, which has 10 predicted mannanases from the Glycoside Hydrolase (GH) families 5, 26, and 27. Here we describe a systems biology approach to identify and characterize the essential mannan-degrading components in this bacterium. The transcriptomic analysis uncovered significant changes in gene expression for most mannanases, as well as many genes that encode carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) when mannan was actively being degraded. A comprehensive mutational analysis characterized 54 CAZyme-encoding genes in the context of mannan utilization. Growth analysis of the mutant strains found that the man26C, aga27A, and man5D genes, which encode a mannobiohydrolase, α-galactosidase, and mannosidase, respectively, were important for the deconstruction of galactomannan, with Aga27A being essential. Our updated model of mannan degradation in C. japonicus proposes that the removal of galactose sidechains from substituted mannans constitutes a crucial step for the complete degradation of this hemicellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Novak
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland - Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Gardner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland - Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Zhou J, Liu Y, Lu Q, Zhang R, Wu Q, Li C, Li J, Tang X, Xu B, Ding J, Han N, Huang Z. Characterization of a Glycoside Hydrolase Family 27 α-Galactosidase from Pontibacter Reveals Its Novel Salt-Protease Tolerance and Transglycosylation Activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:2315-2324. [PMID: 26948050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
α-Galactosidases are of great interest in various applications. A glycoside hydrolase family 27 α-galactosidase was cloned from Pontibacter sp. harbored in a saline soil and expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified recombinant enzyme (rAgaAHJ8) was little or not affected by 3.5-30.0% (w/v) NaCl, 10.0-100.0 mM Pb(CH3COO)2, 10.0-60.0 mM ZnSO4, or 8.3-100.0 mg mL(-1) trypsin and by most metal ions and chemical reagents at 1.0 and 10.0 mM concentrations. The degree of synergy on enzymatic degradation of locust bean gum and guar gum by an endomannanase and rAgaAHJ8 was 1.22-1.54. In the presence of trypsin, the amount of reducing sugars released from soybean milk treated by rAgaAHJ8 was approximately 3.8-fold compared with that treated by a commercial α-galactosidase. rAgaAHJ8 showed transglycosylation activity when using sucrose, raffinose, and 3-methyl-1-butanol as the acceptors. Furthermore, potential factors for salt adaptation of the enzyme were presumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjun Li
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianghua Tang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Junmei Ding
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Nanyu Han
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Zunxi Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
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Insights into plant cell wall degradation from the genome sequence of the soil bacterium Cellvibrio japonicus. J Bacteriol 2008; 190:5455-63. [PMID: 18556790 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01701-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant cell wall, which consists of a highly complex array of interconnecting polysaccharides, is the most abundant source of organic carbon in the biosphere. Microorganisms that degrade the plant cell wall synthesize an extensive portfolio of hydrolytic enzymes that display highly complex molecular architectures. To unravel the intricate repertoire of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes synthesized by the saprophytic soil bacterium Cellvibrio japonicus, we sequenced and analyzed its genome, which predicts that the bacterium contains the complete repertoire of enzymes required to degrade plant cell wall and storage polysaccharides. Approximately one-third of these putative proteins (57) are predicted to contain carbohydrate binding modules derived from 13 of the 49 known families. Sequence analysis reveals approximately 130 predicted glycoside hydrolases that target the major structural and storage plant polysaccharides. In common with that of the colonic prokaryote Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, the genome of C. japonicus is predicted to encode a large number of GH43 enzymes, suggesting that the extensive arabinose decorations appended to pectins and xylans may represent a major nutrient source, not just for intestinal bacteria but also for microorganisms that occupy terrestrial ecosystems. The results presented here predict that C. japonicus possesses an extensive range of glycoside hydrolases, lyases, and esterases. Most importantly, the genome of C. japonicus is remarkably similar to that of the gram-negative marine bacterium, Saccharophagus degradans 2-40(T). Approximately 50% of the predicted C. japonicus plant-degradative apparatus appears to be shared with S. degradans, consistent with the utilization of plant-derived complex carbohydrates as a major substrate by both organisms.
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Hogg D, Pell G, Dupree P, Goubet F, Martín-Orúe SM, Armand S, Gilbert HJ. The modular architecture of Cellvibrio japonicus mannanases in glycoside hydrolase families 5 and 26 points to differences in their role in mannan degradation. Biochem J 2003; 371:1027-43. [PMID: 12523937 PMCID: PMC1223318 DOI: 10.1042/bj20021860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2002] [Revised: 12/18/2002] [Accepted: 01/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
beta-1,4-Mannanases (mannanases), which hydrolyse mannans and glucomannans, are located in glycoside hydrolase families (GHs) 5 and 26. To investigate whether there are fundamental differences in the molecular architecture and biochemical properties of GH5 and GH26 mannanases, four genes encoding these enzymes were isolated from Cellvibrio japonicus and the encoded glycoside hydrolases were characterized. The four genes, man5A, man5B, man5C and man26B, encode the mannanases Man5A, Man5B, Man5C and Man26B, respectively. Man26B consists of an N-terminal signal peptide linked via an extended serine-rich region to a GH26 catalytic domain. Man5A, Man5B and Man5C contain GH5 catalytic domains and non-catalytic carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) belonging to families 2a, 5 and 10; Man5C in addition contains a module defined as X4 of unknown function. The family 10 and 2a CBMs bound to crystalline cellulose and ivory nut crystalline mannan, displaying very similar properties to the corresponding family 10 and 2a CBMs from Cellvibrio cellulases and xylanases. CBM5 bound weakly to these crystalline polysaccharides. The catalytic domains of Man5A, Man5B and Man26B hydrolysed galactomannan and glucomannan, but displayed no activity against crystalline mannan or cellulosic substrates. Although Man5C was less active against glucomannan and galactomannan than the other mannanases, it did attack crystalline ivory nut mannan. All the enzymes exhibited classic endo-activity producing a mixture of oligosaccharides during the initial phase of the reaction, although their mode of action against manno-oligosaccharides and glucomannan indicated differences in the topology of the respective substrate-binding sites. This report points to a different role for GH5 and GH26 mannanases from C. japonicus. We propose that as the GH5 enzymes contain CBMs that bind crystalline polysaccharides, these enzymes are likely to target mannans that are integral to the plant cell wall, while GH26 mannanases, which lack CBMs and rapidly release mannose from polysaccharides and oligosaccharides, target the storage polysaccharide galactomannan and manno-oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Hogg
- School of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
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