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Besteman SB, Bogaert D, Bont L, Mejias A, Ramilo O, Weinberger DM, Dagan R. Interactions between respiratory syncytial virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae in the pathogenesis of childhood respiratory infections: a systematic review. THE LANCET. RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2024:S2213-2600(24)00148-6. [PMID: 38991585 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(24)00148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Lower respiratory tract infections, commonly caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), pose a substantial global health burden, especially in children younger than 5 years of age. A deeper understanding of the relationship between RSV and pneumococcus would aid the development of health-care approaches to disease prevention and management. We completed a systematic review to identify and assess evidence pertaining to the relationship between RSV and pneumococcus in the pathogenesis of childhood respiratory infections. We found mechanistic evidence for direct pathogen-pathogen interactions and for indirect interactions involving host modulation. We found a strong seasonal epidemiological association between these two pathogens, which was recently confirmed by a parallel decrease and a subsequent resurgence of both RSV and pneumococcus-associated disease during the COVID-19 pandemic. Importantly, we found that pneumococcal vaccination was associated with reduced RSV hospitalisations in infants, further supporting the relevance of their interaction in modulating severe disease. Overall evidence supports a broad biological and clinical interaction between pneumococcus and RSV in the pathogenesis of childhood respiratory infections. We hypothesise that the implementation of next-generation pneumococcal and RSV vaccines and monoclonal antibodies targeting RSV will act synergistically to reduce global morbidity and mortality related to childhood respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjanna B Besteman
- Department of Pediatrics, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis Ziekenhuis, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Debby Bogaert
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Louis Bont
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Asuncion Mejias
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Octavio Ramilo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Daniel M Weinberger
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases and Public Health Modeling Unit, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ron Dagan
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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2
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Tebano G, Zaghi I, Baldasso F, Calgarini C, Capozzi R, Salvadori C, Cricca M, Cristini F. Antibiotic Resistance to Molecules Commonly Prescribed for the Treatment of Antibiotic-Resistant Gram-Positive Pathogens: What Is Relevant for the Clinician? Pathogens 2024; 13:88. [PMID: 38276161 PMCID: PMC10819222 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance in Gram-positive pathogens is a relevant concern, particularly in the hospital setting. Several antibiotics are now available to treat these drug-resistant pathogens, such as daptomycin, dalbavancin, linezolid, tedizolid, ceftaroline, ceftobiprole, and fosfomycin. However, antibiotic resistance can also affect these newer molecules. Overall, this is not a frequent phenomenon, but it is a growing concern in some settings and can compromise the effectiveness of these molecules, leaving few therapeutic options. We reviewed the available evidence about the epidemiology of antibiotic resistance to these antibiotics and the main molecular mechanisms of resistance, particularly methicillin-resistant Sthaphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. We discussed the interpretation of susceptibility tests when minimum inhibitory concentrations are not available. We focused on the risk of the emergence of resistance during treatment, particularly for daptomycin and fosfomycin, and we discussed the strategies that can be implemented to reduce this phenomenon, which can lead to clinical failure despite appropriate antibiotic treatment. The judicious use of antibiotics, epidemiological surveillance, and infection control measures is essential to preserving the efficacy of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianpiero Tebano
- Infectious Diseases Unit, AUSL Romagna, Ravenna Hospital, 48121 Ravenna, Italy; (I.Z.); (C.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Irene Zaghi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, AUSL Romagna, Ravenna Hospital, 48121 Ravenna, Italy; (I.Z.); (C.C.); (C.S.)
- Unit of Microbiology, The Greater Romagna Area Hub Laboratory, 47522 Cesena, Italy;
| | - Francesco Baldasso
- Infectious Diseases Unit, AUSL Romagna, Forlì and Cesena Hospitals, 47121 Forlì and Cesena, Italy; (F.B.); (R.C.); (F.C.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Calgarini
- Infectious Diseases Unit, AUSL Romagna, Ravenna Hospital, 48121 Ravenna, Italy; (I.Z.); (C.C.); (C.S.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Capozzi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, AUSL Romagna, Forlì and Cesena Hospitals, 47121 Forlì and Cesena, Italy; (F.B.); (R.C.); (F.C.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Caterina Salvadori
- Infectious Diseases Unit, AUSL Romagna, Ravenna Hospital, 48121 Ravenna, Italy; (I.Z.); (C.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Monica Cricca
- Unit of Microbiology, The Greater Romagna Area Hub Laboratory, 47522 Cesena, Italy;
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Cristini
- Infectious Diseases Unit, AUSL Romagna, Forlì and Cesena Hospitals, 47121 Forlì and Cesena, Italy; (F.B.); (R.C.); (F.C.)
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Atto B, Anteneh Y, Bialasiewicz S, Binks MJ, Hashemi M, Hill J, Thornton RB, Westaway J, Marsh RL. The Respiratory Microbiome in Paediatric Chronic Wet Cough: What Is Known and Future Directions. J Clin Med 2023; 13:171. [PMID: 38202177 PMCID: PMC10779485 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13010171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic wet cough for longer than 4 weeks is a hallmark of chronic suppurative lung diseases (CSLD), including protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB), and bronchiectasis in children. Severe lower respiratory infection early in life is a major risk factor of PBB and paediatric bronchiectasis. In these conditions, failure to clear an underlying endobronchial infection is hypothesised to drive ongoing inflammation and progressive tissue damage that culminates in irreversible bronchiectasis. Historically, the microbiology of paediatric chronic wet cough has been defined by culture-based studies focused on the detection and eradication of specific bacterial pathogens. Various 'omics technologies now allow for a more nuanced investigation of respiratory pathobiology and are enabling development of endotype-based models of care. Recent years have seen substantial advances in defining respiratory endotypes among adults with CSLD; however, less is understood about diseases affecting children. In this review, we explore the current understanding of the airway microbiome among children with chronic wet cough related to the PBB-bronchiectasis diagnostic continuum. We explore concepts emerging from the gut-lung axis and multi-omic studies that are expected to influence PBB and bronchiectasis endotyping efforts. We also consider how our evolving understanding of the airway microbiome is translating to new approaches in chronic wet cough diagnostics and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Atto
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia;
| | - Yitayal Anteneh
- Child and Maternal Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0811, Australia; (Y.A.); (M.J.B.); (J.W.)
| | - Seweryn Bialasiewicz
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Michael J. Binks
- Child and Maternal Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0811, Australia; (Y.A.); (M.J.B.); (J.W.)
- SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Mostafa Hashemi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; (M.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Jane Hill
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; (M.H.); (J.H.)
- Spire Health Technology, PBC, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ruth B. Thornton
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jacob Westaway
- Child and Maternal Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0811, Australia; (Y.A.); (M.J.B.); (J.W.)
- Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Robyn L. Marsh
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia;
- Child and Maternal Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0811, Australia; (Y.A.); (M.J.B.); (J.W.)
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Pérez Gaudio D, Pérez S, Mozo J, Martínez G, Decundo J, Dieguez S, Soraci A. Fosfomycin modifies the replication kinetics of bovine alphaherpesvirus-1 and reduces the timing of its protein expression on bovine (MDBK) and human (SH-SY5Y) cell lines. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1963-1972. [PMID: 37328643 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10150-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoAHV-1) predisposes cattle to respiratory secondary bacterial infections, which can be treated with the broad-spectrum antibiotic fosfomycin. This drug also suppresses NF-kB activity and pro-inflammatory responses. Therefore, cattle may be exposed to an interaction between the virus and the antibiotic which may have effects on it. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of calcium fosfomycin (580 µg/mL) on BoAHV-1 (moi = 0.1) replication. Two cell lines (MDBK and SH-SY5Y) were used in this study. Our results show that fosfomycin has novel properties. By MTT assay we have shown that it is non-cytotoxic for any of the cell lines. Extracellular and intracellular viral titers demonstrated that fosfomycin has a cell-type and time-dependent effect on BoAHV-1 replication. By direct immunofluorescence it was shown that it reduces the timing of BoAHV-1 protein expression, and by qPCR, we found that its effect on NF-kB mRNA expression depends on the cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Pérez Gaudio
- Lab. de Toxicología, Depto. de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-UNCPBA, Tandil, Bs. As, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bs. As, Argentina.
| | - Sandra Pérez
- Lab. de Virología, Depto. de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-UNCPBA, Tandil, Bs. As, Argentina
| | | | - Guadalupe Martínez
- Lab. de Toxicología, Depto. de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-UNCPBA, Tandil, Bs. As, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bs. As, Argentina
| | - Julieta Decundo
- Lab. de Toxicología, Depto. de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-UNCPBA, Tandil, Bs. As, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bs. As, Argentina
| | - Susana Dieguez
- Lab. de Toxicología, Depto. de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-UNCPBA, Tandil, Bs. As, Argentina
- Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), Bs. As, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Soraci
- Lab. de Toxicología, Depto. de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-UNCPBA, Tandil, Bs. As, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bs. As, Argentina
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5
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Wangchinda W, Rattanaumpawan P. JMM Profile: Fosfomycin: a potential antibiotic for multi- and extensively resistant bacteria. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 35951643 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fosfomycin (FOF) is the first antimicrobial of the epoxide class. It is commercially available in oral and parenteral formulations. Oral FOF is widely used to treat uncomplicated cystitis in women, while parenteral FOF is extensively utilized for upper urinary tract infections. FOF has a broad-spectrum bactericidal activity with a low risk of cross-resistance to other antimicrobial classes. Therefore, parenteral FOF is increasingly prescribed adjunctive therapy to treat extra-urinary tract infections caused by multidrug-resistant, Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaiporn Wangchinda
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wang Lang Rd, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Pinyo Rattanaumpawan
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wang Lang Rd, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
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6
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Martínez G, Diéguez SN, Fernández Paggi MB, Riccio MB, Pérez Gaudio DS, Rodríguez E, Amanto FA, Tapia MO, Soraci AL. Effect of fosfomycin, Cynara scolymus extract, deoxynivalenol and their combinations on intestinal health of weaned piglets. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2019; 5:386-395. [PMID: 31890916 PMCID: PMC6920400 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Weaning is a challenging stage of pig farming. Animals undergo environmental, social and dietary changes leading to weaning stress syndrome. In order to compensate for the detrimental effects of weaning stress, antibiotics and natural extracts are used as feed additives, sometimes without fully understanding the interactions between them or even with low concentrations of mycotoxins that are frequently present in feed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fosfomycin (FOS), Cynara scolymus extract (CSE), deoxynivalenol (DON) and their combined administration on intestinal health of weaned piglets. The experiment was designed as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with 3 factors (FOS, CSE and DON treatments), 2 levels each (presence and absence) and 3 repeats. Weaned piglets (n = 24) were randomly divided in groups to receive the different treatments, namely DON administered in diet (50 μg/kg BW), FOS administered into the drinking water (30 mg/kg BW), CSE administered in diet (15 mg/kg BW) and all their combinations. After 15 d, the animals were euthanized and gastrointestinal tract samples were immediately taken to evaluate gastrointestinal pH, Enterobacteriaceae to lactic acid bacteria (E:L) ratio, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations, disaccharidase (lactase, sucrase and maltase) activity, histology (intestinal absorptive area [IAA] and goblet cells count) and mucus ability to adhere pathogenic Escherichia coli. From our results, FOS and CSE treatments, individually or combined, produced a lower E:L ratio, an enhanced production of butyrate, increased disaccharidase activity (particularly maltase), and a greater IAA and goblet cells count along with an increase in pathogenic bacteria adherence to intestinal mucus. Deoxynivalenol did not show interactions with the other factors and its administration produced decreases on VFA, disaccharidase activity and goblet cells count. In conclusion, weaning piglets receiving diets containing FOS, CSE or both exhibited evident beneficial intestinal effects compared to animals receiving diets free from these compounds. On the contrary, the presence of DON at sub-toxic concentrations produced detrimental effects on intestinal health. The knowledge of the physiological and pathological gut changes produced by these compounds contributes to understand their potential productive consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Martínez
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas-CONICET, Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Susana N. Diéguez
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, B1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María B. Fernández Paggi
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Área Producción Porcina, Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María B. Riccio
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Denisa S. Pérez Gaudio
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas-CONICET, Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Edgardo Rodríguez
- Área Estadística, Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fabián A. Amanto
- Área Producción Porcina, Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María O. Tapia
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas-CONICET, Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Alejandro L. Soraci
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas-CONICET, Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina
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Trinh TD, Smith JR, Rybak MJ. Parenteral Fosfomycin for the Treatment of Multidrug Resistant Bacterial Infections: The Rise of the Epoxide. Pharmacotherapy 2019; 39:1077-1094. [PMID: 31487056 DOI: 10.1002/phar.2326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fosfomycin was initially discovered in 1969 but has recently gained renewed interest for the treatment of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections, particularly in the United States. Its unique mechanism of action, bactericidal activity, broad spectrum of activity, and relatively safe and tolerable adverse effect profile make it a great addition to the dwindling antibiotic armamentarium. Fosfomycin contains a three-membered epoxide ring with a direct carbon to phosphorous bond that bypasses the intermediate oxygen bond commonly present in other organophosphorous compounds; this structure makes the agent unique from other antibiotics. Despite nearly 50 years of parenteral fosfomycin use in Europe, fosfomycin has retained stable activity against most pathogens. Furthermore, fosfomycin demonstrated in vitro synergy in combination with other cell wall-active antibiotics (e.g., β-lactams, daptomycin). These combinations may offer respite for severe infections due to MDR gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The intravenous (IV) formulation is currently under review in the United States, and apropos, this review collates more contemporary evidence (i.e., studies published between 2000 and early 2019) in anticipation of this development. The approval of IV fosfomycin provides another option for consideration in the management of MDR infections. Its unique structure will give rise to a promising epoxide epoch in the battle against MDR bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang D Trinh
- Medication Outcomes Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jordan R Smith
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina
| | - Michael J Rybak
- Anti-Infective Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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8
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Falagas ME, Athanasaki F, Voulgaris GL, Triarides NA, Vardakas KZ. Resistance to fosfomycin: Mechanisms, Frequency and Clinical Consequences. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2018; 53:22-28. [PMID: 30268576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fosfomycin has been used for the treatment of infections due to susceptible and multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis through a unique mechanism of action at a step prior to that inhibited by β-lactams. Fosfomycin enters the bacterium through membrane channels/transporters and inhibits MurA, which initiates peptidoglycan (PG) biosynthesis of the bacterial cell wall. Several bacteria display inherent resistance to fosfomycin mainly through MurA mutations. Acquired resistance involves, in order of decreasing frequency, modifications of membrane transporters that prevent fosfomycin from entering the bacterial cell, acquisition of plasmid-encoded genes that inactivate fosfomycin, and MurA mutations. Fosfomycin resistance develops readily in vitro but less so in vivo. Mutation frequency is higher among Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella spp. compared with Escherichia coli and is associated with fosfomycin concentration. Mutations in cAMP regulators, fosfomycin transporters and MurA seem to be associated with higher biological cost in Enterobacteriaceae but not in Pseudomonas spp. The contribution of fosfomycin inactivating enzymes in emergence and spread of fosfomycin resistance currently seems low-to-moderate, but their presence in transferable plasmids may potentially provide the best means for the spread of fosfomycin resistance in the future. Their co-existence with genes conferring resistance to other antibiotic classes may increase the emergence of MDR strains. Although susceptibility rates vary, rates seem to increase in settings with higher fosfomycin use and among multidrug-resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Falagas
- Alfa Institute of Biomedical Sciences (AIBS), Athens, Greece; Department of Medicine, Henry Dunant Hospital Center, Athens, Greece; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | | | - Georgios L Voulgaris
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, 401 General Military Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos A Triarides
- Alfa Institute of Biomedical Sciences (AIBS), Athens, Greece; Department of Medicine, Henry Dunant Hospital Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Z Vardakas
- Alfa Institute of Biomedical Sciences (AIBS), Athens, Greece; Department of Medicine, Henry Dunant Hospital Center, Athens, Greece
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9
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Sudaryatma PE, Nakamura K, Mekata H, Sekiguchi S, Kubo M, Kobayashi I, Subangkit M, Goto Y, Okabayashi T. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection enhances Pasteurella multocida adherence on respiratory epithelial cells. Vet Microbiol 2018; 220:33-38. [PMID: 29885798 PMCID: PMC7117154 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Primary infection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) predisposes cattle to secondary infection with bacteria that cause bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC). However, the interaction between BRSV and bacteria is unclear. This in vitro study examined the adherence of Pasteurella multocida (PM) to BRSV-infected cells was assessed in colony forming unit assays, by flow cytometry analysis, and by indirect immunofluorescence analysis (IFA) of epithelial cells (A549, HEp-2, and MDBK). An in vitro model based on infection of BRSV-infected epithelial cells revealed that PM adherence to BRSV-infected cells was 2- to 8-fold higher than uninfected cells. This was confirmed by flow cytometry analysis and IFA. Epithelial cell expression of mRNA encoding cytokines and chemokines increased after exposure to PM, but increased further after co-infection with BRSV and PM. BRSV-mediated adherence of PM to epithelial cells may underlie the serious symptoms of BRDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Putu Eka Sudaryatma
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan; Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kimika Nakamura
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Mekata
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan; Organization for Promotion of Tenure Track University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sekiguchi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan; Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Meiko Kubo
- Miyakonojo Meat Inspection Center Miyazaki Prefecture Government, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kobayashi
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan; Sumiyoshi education farm, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Mawar Subangkit
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan; Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Goto
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan; Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Tamaki Okabayashi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan; Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
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10
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Abstract
The treatment of bacterial infections suffers from two major problems: spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) or extensively drug-resistant (XDR) pathogens and lack of development of new antibiotics active against such MDR and XDR bacteria. As a result, physicians have turned to older antibiotics, such as polymyxins, tetracyclines, and aminoglycosides. Lately, due to development of resistance to these agents, fosfomycin has gained attention, as it has remained active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative MDR and XDR bacteria. New data of higher quality have become available, and several issues were clarified further. In this review, we summarize the available fosfomycin data regarding pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, the in vitro activity against susceptible and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, mechanisms of resistance and development of resistance during treatment, synergy and antagonism with other antibiotics, clinical effectiveness, and adverse events. Issues that need to be studied further are also discussed.
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11
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Bellinghausen C, Rohde GGU, Savelkoul PHM, Wouters EFM, Stassen FRM. Viral-bacterial interactions in the respiratory tract. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:3089-3102. [PMID: 27902340 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the respiratory tract, viruses and bacteria can interact on multiple levels. It is well known that respiratory viruses, particularly influenza viruses, increase the susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections. Numerous mechanisms, including compromised physical and immunological barriers, and changes in the microenvironment have hereby been shown to contribute to the development of secondary bacterial infections. In contrast, our understanding of how bacteria shape a response to subsequent viral infection is still limited. There is emerging evidence that persistent infection (or colonization) of the lower respiratory tract (LRT) with potential pathogenic bacteria, as observed in diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or cystic fibrosis, modulates subsequent viral infections by increasing viral entry receptors and modulating the inflammatory response. Moreover, recent studies suggest that even healthy lungs are not, as had long been assumed, sterile. The composition of the lung microbiome may thus modulate responses to viral infections. Here we summarize the current knowledge on the co-pathogenesis between viruses and bacteria in LRT infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Bellinghausen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM - School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, NUTRIM - School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gernot G U Rohde
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM - School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H M Savelkoul
- Department of Medical Microbiology, NUTRIM - School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emiel F M Wouters
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM - School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank R M Stassen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, NUTRIM - School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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12
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Impact of the glpQ2 gene on virulence in a Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19A sequence type 320 strain. Infect Immun 2014; 83:682-92. [PMID: 25422269 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02357-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (GlpQ) metabolizes glycerophosphorylcholine from the lung epithelium to produce free choline, which is transformed into phosphorylcholine and presented on the surfaces of many respiratory pathogens. Two orthologs of glpQ genes are found in Streptococcus pneumoniae: glpQ, with a membrane motif, is widespread in pneumococci, whereas glpQ2, which shares high similarity with glpQ in Haemophilus influenzae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae, is present only in S. pneumoniae serotype 3, 6B, 19A, and 19F strains. Recently, serotype 19A has emerged as an epidemiological etiology associated with invasive pneumococcal diseases. Thus, we investigated the pathophysiological role of glpQ2 in a serotype 19A sequence type 320 (19AST320) strain, which was the prevalent sequence type in 19A associated with severe pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease in pediatric patients. Mutations in glpQ2 reduced phosphorylcholine expression and the anchorage of choline-binding proteins to the pneumococcal surface during the exponential phase, where the mutants exhibited reduced autolysis and lower natural transformation abilities than the parent strain. The deletion of glpQ2 also decreased the adherence and cytotoxicity to human lung epithelial cell lines, whereas these functions were indistinguishable from those of the wild type in complementation strains. In a murine respiratory tract infection model, glpQ2 was important for nasopharynx and lung colonization. Furthermore, infection with a glpQ2 mutant decreased the severity of pneumonia compared with the parent strain, and glpQ2 gene complementation restored the inflammation level. Therefore, glpQ2 enhances surface phosphorylcholine expression in S. pneumoniae 19AST320 during the exponential phase, which contributes to the severity of pneumonia by promoting adherence and host cell cytotoxicity.
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13
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Suri R, Mallia P, Martin JE, Footitt J, Zhu J, Trujillo-Torralbo MB, Johnston SL, Grigg J. Bronchial platelet-activating factor receptor in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med 2014; 108:898-904. [PMID: 24685340 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacteria expressing phosphorylcholine (ChoP) co-opt host-expressed platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR) to adhere to lower airway cells. Cigarette smoke and rhinovirus (RV) infection upregulate PAFR-dependent bacterial adhesion to airway cells in vitro, and in healthy adults smoking increases the proportion of PAFR positive bronchial epithelial cells. To date the effect of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on smoke-induced PAFR is unknown. We therefore sought to test the hypothesis that bronchial PAFR mRNA expression is increased in smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and further increases after RV infection. METHODS Endobronchial biopsies were obtained by fibreoptic bronchoscopy from healthy non-smokers, smokers without airway obstruction, and smokers with COPD, before and after infection with rhinovirus (RV) serotype 16. Endobronchial PAFR mRNA expression was assessed by quantitative PCR and expressed as a ratio of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The distribution of PAFR was assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Baseline PAFR mRNA expression was increased (p < 0.05) in smokers (n = 16), and smokers with COPD (n = 14) compared with non-smokers (n = 18). In RV16 infected subjects there was no increase in PAFR mRNA expression in either non-smokers (n = 9), smokers (n = 8), or smokers with COPD (n = 7). PAFR immunoreactivity in all 3 groups was predominately restricted to the bronchial epithelium and submucosal glands. CONCLUSIONS Endobronchial PAFR mRNA is increased in both smokers without airway obstruction and smokers with COPD. We found preliminary evidence that RV16 infection does not increase PAFR mRNA expression in either smokers or smokers with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetika Suri
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Patrick Mallia
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Joanne E Martin
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Joseph Footitt
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Jie Zhu
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | | | - Sebastian L Johnston
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Jonathan Grigg
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK.
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14
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Bosch AATM, Biesbroek G, Trzcinski K, Sanders EAM, Bogaert D. Viral and bacterial interactions in the upper respiratory tract. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003057. [PMID: 23326226 PMCID: PMC3542149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infectious diseases are mainly caused by viruses or bacteria that often interact with one another. Although their presence is a prerequisite for subsequent infections, viruses and bacteria may be present in the nasopharynx without causing any respiratory symptoms. The upper respiratory tract hosts a vast range of commensals and potential pathogenic bacteria, which form a complex microbial community. This community is assumed to be constantly subject to synergistic and competitive interspecies interactions. Disturbances in the equilibrium, for instance due to the acquisition of new bacteria or viruses, may lead to overgrowth and invasion. A better understanding of the dynamics between commensals and pathogens in the upper respiratory tract may provide better insight into the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases. Here we review the current knowledge regarding specific bacterial–bacterial and viral–bacterial interactions that occur in the upper respiratory niche, and discuss mechanisms by which these interactions might be mediated. Finally, we propose a theoretical model to summarize and illustrate these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid A. T. M. Bosch
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center-Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Giske Biesbroek
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center-Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Krzysztof Trzcinski
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center-Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth A. M. Sanders
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center-Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Debby Bogaert
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center-Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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15
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Clarithromycin suppresses human respiratory syncytial virus infection-induced Streptococcus pneumoniae adhesion and cytokine production in a pulmonary epithelial cell line. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:528568. [PMID: 22761540 PMCID: PMC3384978 DOI: 10.1155/2012/528568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) sometimes causes acute and severe lower respiratory tract illness in infants and young children. RSV strongly upregulates proinflammatory cytokines and the platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor, which is a receptor for Streptococcus pneumoniae, in the pulmonary epithelial cell line A549. Clarithromycin (CAM), which is an antimicrobial agent and is also known as an immunomodulator, significantly suppressed RSV-induced production of interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES). CAM also suppressed RSV-induced PAF receptor expression and adhesion of fluorescein-labeled S. pneumoniae cells to A549 cells. The RSV-induced S. pneumoniae adhesion was thought to be mediated by the host cell's PAF receptor. CAM, which exhibits antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities, was found in this study to suppress the RSV-induced adhesion of respiratory disease-causing bacteria, S. pneumoniae, to host cells. Thus, CAM might suppress immunological disorders and prevent secondary bacterial infections during RSV infection.
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