1
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Toyting J, Miura N, Utrarachkij F, Tanomsridachchai W, Belotindos LP, Suwanthada P, Kapalamula TF, Kongsoi S, Koide K, Kim H, Thapa J, Nakajima C, Suzuki Y. Exploration of the novel fluoroquinolones with high inhibitory effect against quinolone-resistant DNA gyrase of Salmonella Typhimurium. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0133023. [PMID: 37795999 PMCID: PMC10715191 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01330-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Quinolone-resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella is a pressing public health concern, demanding the exploration of novel treatments. In this study, we focused on two innovative synthetic fluoroquinolones, WQ-3034 and WQ-3154. Our findings revealed that these new compounds demonstrate potent inhibitory effects, even against mutant strains that cause resistance to existing quinolones. Hence, WQ-3034 and WQ-3154 could potentially be effective therapeutic agents against quinolone-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium. Furthermore, the data obtained in this study will be baseline information for antimicrobial drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirachaya Toyting
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nami Miura
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Fuangfa Utrarachkij
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wimonrat Tanomsridachchai
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Lawrence P. Belotindos
- Biosafety and Environment Section, Research and Development Division, Philippine Carabao Center National Headquarters and Gene Pool Science City of Munoz, Munoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Pondpan Suwanthada
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Thoko Flav Kapalamula
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Siriporn Kongsoi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Kentaro Koide
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jeewan Thapa
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
- Hokkaido University Institute for Vaccine Research & Development, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, Hokkaido University, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
- Hokkaido University Institute for Vaccine Research & Development, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, Hokkaido University, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
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2
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Kumar Pal S, Kumar S. Indole-based LpxC (UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxyacyl)-N-acetylglucosaminedeacetylase) inhibitors for Salmonella typhi: rational drug discovery through in silico screening. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:281. [PMID: 37496977 PMCID: PMC10366066 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03699-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella typhi is an infectious bacteria that causes typhoid fever and poses a significant risk to human health. The emergence of antibiotic resistance has become a growing concern in the management of this disease. In this work, a structure-based drug design approach was used to identify inhibitors for zinc-dependent metalloamidase LpxC, the enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of lipid A. Using an in silico approach (virtual screening, docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations), from a library of 59,000 indole derivatives, we were able to identify promising lead molecules with high binding affinity to the LpxC. Of these, five molecules (compound 435 (CID: 12253558), compound 436 (CID: 122514279), compound 1812 (CID: 90797680), compound 2584 (CID: 57056726), and compound 2545 (CID: 59897361)) have passed all the filtering criteria. This finding was verified by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation as well as post-dynamics free energy calculations. The five compounds that have been identified have shown the most promise compared to other compounds that are already recognized. To further validate the positive outcome of this study, experimental validation and optimization are necessary. These lead compounds may help to develop new antibiotics for antibiotic-resistant Salmonella typhi and improve typhoid fever treatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03699-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar Pal
- Centre for Bioseparation Technology (CBST), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Sanjit Kumar
- Centre for Bioseparation Technology (CBST), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014 Tamil Nadu India
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3
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Yin X, Dudley EG, Pinto CN, M'ikanatha NM. Increase in quinolone resistance among Salmonella isolates from retail meats samples is driven by S. Enteritidis and S. Infantis. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2022; 30:487-488. [PMID: 35870721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2022.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yin
- Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Edward G Dudley
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Casey N Pinto
- Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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4
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Wang Y, Ge H, Wei X, Zhao X. Research progress on antibiotic resistance of Salmonella. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyac035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Antibiotic abuse results in various antibiotic resistance among a number of foodborne bacteria, posing a severe threat to food safety. Antibiotic resistance genes are commonly detected in foodborne pathogens, which has sparked much interest in finding solutions to these issues. Various strategies against these drug-resistant pathogens have been studied, including new antibiotics and phages. Recently, a powerful tool has been introduced in the fight against drug-resistant pathogens, namely, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR associated (CRISPR-Cas) system aggregated by a prokaryotic defense mechanism. This review summarized the mechanism of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella and resistance to common antibiotics, analysed the relationship between Salmonella CRISPR-Cas and antibiotic resistance, discussed the changes in antibiotic resistance on the structure and function of CRISPR-Cas, and finally predicted the mechanism of CRISPR-Cas intervention in Salmonella antibiotic resistance. In the future, CRISPR-Cas is expected to become an important tool to reduce the threat of antibiotic-resistant pathogens in food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhe Wang
- Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Hengwei Ge
- Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Xinyue Wei
- Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Xihong Zhao
- Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
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5
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Yin X, Dudley EG, Pinto C, M'ikanatha NM. Fluoroquinolone sales in food animals and quinolone resistance in non-typhoidal Salmonella from retail meats - United States, 2009-2018. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2022; 29:163-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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6
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Antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular characterization of Salmonella enterica serovar Indiana from foods, patients, and environments in China during 2007–2016. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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7
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Jin J, Zhou Y, Zhang Z, Wang H, Hou W, Wang H, Li R, Zhou M. Characteristics of Antimicrobial-Resistant Vibrio parahaemolyticus Strains and Identification of Related Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Mutations. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 18:873-879. [PMID: 34279997 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2020.2911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains have become a great threat to public health. The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in biological characteristics and antimicrobial resistance gene (ARG) mutations of V. parahaemolyticus that displayed different levels of antimicrobial resistance. The susceptibility of 74 V. parahaemolyticus strains to 9 common antimicrobials was investigated, of which 88% were resistant to 3-4 antimicrobials and 3% to 5-7 antimicrobials. Interestingly, only 9% were resistant to 1-2 antimicrobials. The MDR strains possessed longer growth lag time than the non-MDR strains and displayed weaker swimming abilities. Whole genome sequencing was performed on strains VP41, VP44, 460, and 469 that were resistant to two to three classes of antimicrobials. ARGs were identified and compared with that of reference strain ATCC17802, and some important mutations were deduced. The Val189Ile mutation emerged in qnr gene of a single strain. Besides, the nonsynonymous mutations existed in four ARGs in different strains, including CatB (Pro165Ser, Gly208Asp), VmeA (Ile313Thr), VmeC (Glu329Ala), and VmeD (Asn205Ser). These results linked resistance gene mutations to enhance resistance in V. parahaemolyticus strains and provide a reference for more effective monitoring and prevention of V. parahaemolyticus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Jin
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yulei Zhou
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huajuan Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenfu Hou
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongxun Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Li
- School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Zhou
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
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8
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de Pina LC, da Silva FSH, Galvão TC, Pauer H, Ferreira RBR, Antunes LCM. The role of two-component regulatory systems in environmental sensing and virulence in Salmonella. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 47:397-434. [PMID: 33751923 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1895067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation to environments with constant fluctuations imposes challenges that are only overcome with sophisticated strategies that allow bacteria to perceive environmental conditions and develop an appropriate response. The gastrointestinal environment is a complex ecosystem that is home to trillions of microorganisms. Termed microbiota, this microbial ensemble plays important roles in host health and provides colonization resistance against pathogens, although pathogens have evolved strategies to circumvent this barrier. Among the strategies used by bacteria to monitor their environment, one of the most important are the sensing and signalling machineries of two-component systems (TCSs), which play relevant roles in the behaviour of all bacteria. Salmonella enterica is no exception, and here we present our current understanding of how this important human pathogen uses TCSs as an integral part of its lifestyle. We describe important aspects of these systems, such as the stimuli and responses involved, the processes regulated, and their roles in virulence. We also dissect the genomic organization of histidine kinases and response regulators, as well as the input and output domains for each TCS. Lastly, we explore how these systems may be promising targets for the development of antivirulence therapeutics to combat antibiotic-resistant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucindo Cardoso de Pina
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Ciência para o Desenvolvimento, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Teca Calcagno Galvão
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Heidi Pauer
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Inovação em Doenças de Populações Negligenciadas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - L Caetano M Antunes
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Inovação em Doenças de Populações Negligenciadas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infecção Hospitalar, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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9
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Co-existence of mphA, oqxAB and blaCTX-M-65 on the IncHI2 Plasmid in highly drug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Indiana ST17 isolated from retail foods and humans in China. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Zhang S, Shen YR, Wu S, Xiao YQ, He Q, Shi SR. The dietary combination of essential oils and organic acids reduces Salmonella enteritidis in challenged chicks. Poult Sci 2020; 98:6349-6355. [PMID: 31393588 PMCID: PMC8913765 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effects of essential oils and organic acids (EOA) on Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) challenged chickens. One-day-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicks (250) were randomly assigned to 5 groups, with 50 birds in each group. The treatment groups were as follows: 1) basal diet, negative control group (NC); 2) basal diet + S. Enteritidis, positive control group (PC); 3) PC + 4,000 g/t of enrofloxacin (5%), antibiotic group (ENR); 4) PC + 800 g/t of EOA1, thymol-benzoic acid group (TBA); and 5) PC + 800 g/t of EOA2, cinnamylaldehyde-caproic acid group (CCA). At 7 D of age, each bird, except those in NC, was orally gavaged with 0.4 mL of a suspension of 4.4 × 109 cfu S. Enteritidis/mL. Results revealed that ENR reduced bacterial counts in the liver and spleen on days 3, 5, and 7 post-challenge more (P < 0.05) than any other treatments. However, bacterial counts in cecal contents among ENR, TBA, and CCA were similar at 5 and 7 D post-challenge but lower than those of PC. Additionally, the bacterial counts in liver, spleen, and cecum contents in TBA were lower (P < 0.05) than in PC at 3, 5, and 7 D post-challenge; the bacterial counts in spleen contents in TBA were lower (P < 0.05) than in CCA at 7 D post-challenge. Tumor necrosis factor-α contents in TBA and CCA were lower (P < 0.05) than those in PC. Also, the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the ileum of CCA was higher (P < 0.05) than that of PC and ENR; however, there was no difference in the secretory IgA content of the jejunum among the groups. In conclusion, EOA had a bacteriostatic effect on S. Enteritidis, and the effect of the thymol-benzoic acid complex surpassed that of the cinnamaldehyde-caproic acid complex. Therefore, EOA may act as an effective antibiotic substitute for animals in the prevention and treatment of Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zhang
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225125, China.,Institute of Effective Evaluation of Feed and Feed Additive (Poultry institute), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225125, China
| | - Y R Shen
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225125, China.,Institute of Effective Evaluation of Feed and Feed Additive (Poultry institute), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225125, China
| | - S Wu
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225125, China.,Institute of Effective Evaluation of Feed and Feed Additive (Poultry institute), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225125, China
| | - Y Q Xiao
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225125, China.,Institute of Effective Evaluation of Feed and Feed Additive (Poultry institute), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225125, China
| | - Q He
- Shanghai Menon Animal Nutrition Technology Co., LTD, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - S R Shi
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225125, China.,Institute of Effective Evaluation of Feed and Feed Additive (Poultry institute), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225125, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225000, China
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11
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Egorova SA, Kaftyreva LA, Pomazanov VV. [Current trends in the development of resistance to clinically significant antibiotics in Salmonella (review of literature).]. Klin Lab Diagn 2020; 65:308-315. [PMID: 32298548 DOI: 10.18821/0869-2084-2020-65-5-308-315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the leading bacterial pathogens of acute diarrhea as well as foodborne outbreaks. Salmonellosis can occur as gastroenteritis with the development of complications and generalization of infection, also the extra intestinal diseases that require antibiotic therapy are often registered. Currently, the effectiveness of many antibiotics is reduced due to the development of resistance in Salmonella. National Salmonella surveillance systems monitor Salmonella resistance to «critically important for medicine» antibiotics (extended-spectrum cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones), as well as multidrug resistance. Quinoloneresistant Salmonella is considered as a high-priority resitant pathogen by the World Health Organization. The article describes the current situation on salmonellosis in the world. Foreign and Russian current data about the leading Salmonella serotypes in different regions of the world are presented. The prevalence of clinically significant resistance depending of the Salmonella serotypes in countries with state monitoring systems is shown. The authors described the leading molecular resistance mechanisms (chromosomal and plasmid mediated) and showed their prevalence in different Salmonella serotypes. The article gives the information about Salmonella successful international multidrug resistant clones with specific resistance phenotypes and genotypes. The authors describe the molecular methods for detection of resistance mechanisms, and show the necessity and significance of antimicrobial susceptibility monitoring in the epidemiological Salmonella surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Egorova
- Saint-Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 197101, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - L A Kaftyreva
- Saint-Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 197101, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.,State Educational Institution of the Higher Professional Education «North-Western state medical University n.a. I.I. Mechnikov» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 191015, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - V V Pomazanov
- State University of Humanities and Technology, 142611, Orekhovo-Zuyevo, Moscow region
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12
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Yamagishi A, Nakano S, Yamasaki S, Nishino K. An efflux inhibitor of the MacAB pump in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Microbiol Immunol 2020; 64:182-188. [PMID: 31825103 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug efflux pumps play an important role in bacterial multidrug resistance by actively excreting antibiotics. The ATP-binding cassette-type drug efflux pump MacAB was originally reported as a macrolide-specific pump. MacAB is also known to be required for the virulence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium following oral infection in mice. Here, we performed a screening of inhibitors of Salmonella MacAB and found a compound that increased the susceptibility of a MacAB-expressing strain to macrolides. It was previously reported that MacAB is required to resist peroxide-mediated killing in vitro and that a supernatant of wild-type Salmonella rescues the growth defect of a macAB mutant in H2 O2 . In this study, we also found that the MacAB inhibitor reduced the ability of the supernatant to rescue Salmonella cells in H2 O2 . This compound could lead to a better understanding of the function of MacAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Yamagishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sohei Nakano
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seiji Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Nishino
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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13
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Nimmanapalli R, Gupta V. Vaccines the tugboat for prevention-based animal production. GENOMICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES IN VETERINARY, POULTRY, AND FISHERIES 2020. [PMCID: PMC7149732 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816352-8.00020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The world population is growing at a faster rate day-by-day and the demands for animal products are also increasing to meet the food security worldwide. For sustained production of animals products, healthy livestock and poultry farming are the major concerns as animals are susceptible to various infectious agents viz. bacteria, virus, and parasites leading to huge economical losses in the form of livestock’s morbidity and mortality. Besides, zoonotic nature of some infectious pathogens of animals is also raising concern for human safety. Vaccination of animals against various diseases present in different geographical regions is a best known strategy for prevention of different disease outbreaks both in organized and unorganized livestock and poultry sectors. Vaccines had played a major role in eradication of different dreaded diseases of livestock sectors globally. In this article we have discussed different vaccine types, various vaccine strategies used for the development of more efficacious and safe vaccines and commercially available vaccines for livestock and poultry.
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14
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Akinola SA, Mwanza M, Ateba CN. Occurrence, Genetic Diversities And Antibiotic Resistance Profiles Of Salmonella Serovars Isolated From Chickens. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:3327-3342. [PMID: 31695452 PMCID: PMC6817352 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s217421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Contamination with Salmonella on food products and poultry in particular has been linked to foodborne infections and/or death in humans. This study investigated the occurrence, genetic diversities and antibiotic resistance profiles of Salmonella strains isolated from chickens. Patients and methods Twenty each duplicate faecal swab samples were collected from five different poultry pens of broilers, layers and indigenous chickens in the North-West Province, South Africa. Isolates identities were confirmed through amplification and sequence analysis of 16S rRNA and the invA gene fragments after which phylogenetic tree was constructed. Salmonella enteritidis (ATCC:13076TM), Salmonella Typhimurium (ATCC:14028TM) and E. coli (ATCC:259622TM) were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The serotypes of Salmonella isolates were determined. Antibiotic-resistant profiles of the isolates against eleven antimicrobial agents were determined. Results Eighty-four (84%) of representative isolates possessed the invA genes. The percent occurrence and diversity of Salmonella subspecies in chickens were 1.81-30.9% and was highest in Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica. Notably, the following serotypes Salmonella bongori (10.09%), Salmonella Pullorum (1.81%), Salmonella Typhimurium (12.72%), Salmonella Weltevreden, Salmonella Chingola, Salmonella Houten and Salmonella Bareily (1.81%). Isolates (96.6%) displayed multidrug resistance profiles and the identification of isolates with more than nine antibiotic resistance was a cause for concern. Conclusion This study indicates that isolates had pre-exposure histories to the antibiotics tested and may pose severe threats to food security and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Abiola Akinola
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Phage Bio-Control Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, Mmabatho 2745, South Africa
| | - Mulunda Mwanza
- Center for Animal Health Studies, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, Mmabatho 2745, South Africa
| | - Collins Njie Ateba
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Phage Bio-Control Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, Mmabatho 2745, South Africa
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15
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Cui M, Zhang P, Li J, Sun C, Song L, Zhang C, Zhao Q, Wu C. Prevalence and Characterization of Fluoroquinolone Resistant Salmonella Isolated From an Integrated Broiler Chicken Supply Chain. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1865. [PMID: 31456779 PMCID: PMC6700324 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence and fluoroquinolone resistant Salmonella isolated from an integrated broiler chicken supply chain and their molecular characterization. In total, 73 Salmonella isolates were recovered from a broiler chicken supply chain in Shanghai. Salmonella isolates were tested for susceptibility to 11 antimicrobial agents using the broth dilution method and were characterized using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Then, the Salmonella isolates were examined for mutations in quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE, and were screened for plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes. Lastly, we sequenced the plasmids carrying qnrS1 in six Salmonella isolates from three sources (two isolated per source). Among 73 Salmonella isolates, 45 isolates were identified as S. Indiana, 24 were S. Schwarzengrund, 2 were S. Enteritidis, and 2 were S. Stanleyville. In addition, high rates of resistance were detected for nalidixic acid (41.1%) and ciprofloxacin (37.0%), while resistance to other test agents was diverse (2.0–100%). S. Indiana and S. Schwarzengrund isolates from different sources exhibited the same PFGE pattern, suggesting that the Salmonella isolates possessed high potential to spread along the broiler chicken supply chain. gyrA and parC exhibited frequent missense mutations. Moreover, qnrS1 was the most prevalent PMQR gene in the 73 Salmonella isolates, and it was found about a new hybrid plasmid. This study concludes a high prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistant Salmonella in chicken supply chain, threatening the treatment of Salmonella foodborne diseases. In particular, the emergence of a new hybrid plasmid carrying qnrS1 indicates that the recombination of plasmid carrying resistance gene might be a potential risk factor for the prevention and control strategies of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingquan Cui
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Detection for Veterinary Drug Residue and Illegal Additive, MOA, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiyun Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Detection for Veterinary Drug Residue and Illegal Additive, MOA, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengtao Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Detection for Veterinary Drug Residue and Illegal Additive, MOA, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Song
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Chunping Zhang
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Congming Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Detection for Veterinary Drug Residue and Illegal Additive, MOA, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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16
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Koide K, Kongsoi S, Nakajima C, Suzuki Y. WQ-3810 exerts high inhibitory effect on quinolone-resistant DNA gyrase of Salmonella Typhimurium. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:2249-2256. [PMID: 31382821 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1650634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory effect of WQ-3810 on DNA gyrase was assayed to evaluate the potential of WQ-3810 as a candidate drug for the treatment of quinolone resistant Salmonella Typhymurium infection. The inhibitory effect of WQ-3810, ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid was compared by accessing the drug concentration that halves the enzyme activity (IC50) of purified S. Typhimurium wildtype and mutant DNA gyrase with amino acid substitution at position 83 or/and 87 in subunit A (GyrA) causing quinolone resistance. As a result, WQ-3810 reduced the enzyme activity of both wildtype and mutant DNA gyrase at a lower concentration than ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid. Remarkably, WQ-3810 showed a higher inhibitory effect on DNA gyrase with amino acid substitutions at position 87 than with that at position 83 in GyrA. This study revealed that WQ-3810 could be an effective therapeutic agent, especially against quinolone resistant Salmonella enterica having amino acid substitution at position 87.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Koide
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Siriporn Kongsoi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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17
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Villagra NA, Valenzuela LM, Mora AY, Millanao AR, Saavedra CP, Mora GC, Hidalgo AA. Cysteine auxotrophy drives reduced susceptibility to quinolones and paraquat by inducing the expression of efflux-pump systems and detoxifying enzymes in S. Typhimurium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 515:339-344. [PMID: 31151825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.05.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Currently, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), is a major global public health problem, which has caused food-borne illnesses in many countries. Today, with the extensive use of antimicrobials, antimicrobial resistance is increasing at a serious rate in S. Typhimurium isolates. The present study sought the role of cysteine (Cys) auxotrophy on the resistance to quinolones and paraquat in S. Typhimurium. Cys auxotrophy was achieved by deleting either the cysDNC, cysJIH or cysQ loci. Deletion of these loci resulted in loss of susceptibility against nalidixic acid, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin (CIP) and paraquat. Further studies with cysJIH mutant indicated increased expression of multi-antibiotic resistance genes marA and ramA, and consequently increased expression of efflux-pump systems. The cysJIH mutant presented a smaller increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in presence of paraquat or CIP. Expression of katG and sodA (expressing for a catalase and a superoxide dismutase, respectively) genes was increased in presence of paraquat in the cysJIH mutant; while expression of the superoxide dismutase gene sodB was decreased. These results indicate that deletion of cysDNC, cysJIH or cysQ genes of S. Typhimurium renders Cys auxotrophy along with decreased susceptibility in response to quinolone and paraquat. Overexpression of efflux-pump systems AcrB-TolC and SmvA-OmpD and antioxidant enzymes KatG and SodA could explain the mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in the Cys auxotrophic mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aracely Y Mora
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana R Millanao
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia P Saavedra
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Guido C Mora
- Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinar en Ciencias Biomédicas SEK (I3CBSEK), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad SEK, Santiago, Chile
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18
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Soares FB, Camargo CH, Cunha MPV, de Almeida EA, Bertani AMDJ, de Carvalho E, de Paiva JB, Fernandes SA, Tiba-Casas MR. Subtyping of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance among Salmonella serotypes by whole genome sequencing. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 94:403-406. [PMID: 30955894 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Most known plasmids are identified by conferring virulence or antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and such characteristics aid in the success of the dispersion of different plasmid types between bacteria from different sources. This study aimed to perform the subtyping of the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance, detected in Salmonella spp. A total of 34 Salmonella strains non-susceptible to ciprofloxacin were evaluated. Strains were selected based on the presence of PMQR determined by Polymerase Chain Reaction and further submitted to Next Generation Sequencing. Most of the strains presented the qnrB19 in small ColE-like plasmids and qnrB2 gene associated with IncN/ST5 plasmids also detected. Our results indicated the co-occurrence of PMQR and ESBLs in plasmids that are a lineage of epidemic plasmids circulating in Salmonella in which additional resistances were detected, highlighting the potential threat of resistance Salmonella to public health, particularly in infections in which antimicrobial therapy is needed.
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19
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Koide K, Kongsoi S, Ouchi Y, Yamaguchi T, Nakajima C, Suzuki Y. Antibacterial Activity of DC-159a AgainstSalmonellaTyphimurium. Microb Drug Resist 2019; 25:14-22. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2018.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Koide
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Siriporn Kongsoi
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Yuki Ouchi
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yamaguchi
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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20
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Association of Salmonella Serotypes with Quinolone Resistance in Broilers. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2018; 6:156-159. [PMID: 31998577 PMCID: PMC6795393 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.2018012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoroquinolone is widely used for the treatment of bacterial diseases, and the emergence of
quinolone resistance has become a serious concern in recent years, owing to an increase and
inappropriate use of antimicrobials. Here, we attempted to understand the differences in the
emergence frequency of quinolone-resistant bacterial variants in three
Salmonella serotypes S. Infantis, S.
Schwarzengrund, and S. Manhattan—which are mainly found in broiler industries
in Japan. Emergence frequency tests for quinolone-resistant variants using
enrofloxacin-containing agar plates and sequence analysis in the quinolone
resistance-determining region (QRDR) of gyrA in DNA gyrase were performed. The
results showed no significant difference in the emergence frequency among the three serotypes,
and most of the resistant variants had mutations in the QRDR region. These findings suggest
that differences in the serotypes tested are not associated with the emergence frequency of
quinolone-resistant variants.
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21
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Liakopoulos A, Geurts Y, Dierikx CM, Brouwer MSM, Kant A, Wit B, Heymans R, van Pelt W, Mevius DJ. Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporin-Resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg Strains, the Netherlands(1). Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 22:1257-61. [PMID: 27314180 PMCID: PMC4918182 DOI: 10.3201/eid2207.151377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg strains (JF6X01.0022/XbaI.0251, JF6X01.0326/XbaI.1966, JF6X01.0258/XbaI.1968, and JF6X01.0045/XbaI.1970) have been identified in the United States with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Our examination of isolates showed introduction of these strains in the Netherlands and highlight the need for active surveillance and intervention strategies by public health organizations.
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22
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Zhang CZ, Chen PX, Yang L, Li W, Chang MX, Jiang HX. Coordinated Expression of acrAB-tolC and Eight Other Functional Efflux Pumps Through Activating ramA and marA in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Microb Drug Resist 2017. [PMID: 28650690 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2017.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the expression of eight other functional transporter genes upon acrAB inactivation and also the expression of acrAB when the function of eight other transporters are impaired in Salmonella enterica. We used single- or multigene deletion mutants (i.e., ΔacrA, ΔacrB, ΔtolC, ΔacrAB, ΔacrEF, ΔacrD, ΔmdsABC, ΔmdtABC, ΔemrAB, ΔmacAB, ΔmdfA, ΔmdtK, ΔacrABramA, ΔacrABmarA, and ΔacrABsoxS) and real time (RT)-PCR to quantify the expression of different pump and regulator genes; infection ability was characterized by adhesion and invasion assays. The expression of acrAB operon was increased upon acrB inactivation. Single deletion of acrA or tolC also increased expression of acrB. The deletion of acrAB increased expression of eight other functional efflux pumps genes and vice versa, in which increased expression of ramA and marA was also detected. Mutants containing single deletions of functional pump genes were attenuated in cells. In conclusion, there is a feedback mechanism that coordinates regulation of AcrAB-TolC and eight other functional efflux pumps through the global transcriptional regulators ramA and marA in S. enterica serovar Typhimurium.
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23
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Mohd-Nor F, Abu-Bakar NA, Mohd-Isa N, Wahab ZA, Mohd-Zain Z. Molecular Detection of Mutations within the Quinolone Resistance-Determining Regions in Non Typhoidal Salmonella Isolates from Malaysia. Health (London) 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2017.94045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Morales-Barrera E, Calhoun N, Lobato-Tapia JL, Lucca V, Prado-Rebolledo O, Hernandez-Velasco X, Merino-Guzman R, Petrone-García VM, Latorre JD, Mahaffey BD, Teague KD, Graham LE, Wolfenden AD, Baxter MFA, Hargis BM, Tellez G. Risks Involved in the Use of Enrofloxacin for Salmonella Enteritidis or Salmonella Heidelberg in Commercial Poultry. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3:72. [PMID: 27630995 PMCID: PMC5005317 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the risks involved in the use of Enrofloxacin for Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) or Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) in commercial poultry and determine the effects of a probiotic as an antibiotic alternative. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the risks involved in the use of Enrofloxacin for SE or SH in commercial poultry. Experiment 1 consisted of two trials. In each trial, chickens were assigned to one of three groups; control + SE challenged; Enrofloxacin 25 mg/kg + SE; and Enrofloxacin 50 mg/kg + SE. Chickens received Enrofloxacin in the drinking water from days 1 to 5 of age. On day 6, all groups received fresh water without any treatment. All chickens were orally gavaged with 107 cfu/chick of SE at 7 days of age and euthanized on 8 days of age. In Experiment 2, turkey poults were assigned to one of the three groups; control + SH; probiotic + SH; and Enrofloxacin 50 mg/kg + SH. Poults received probiotic or Enrofloxacin in the drinking water from days 1 to 5 of age. On day 6, poults received fresh water without any treatment. Poults were orally gavaged with 107 cfu/poult of SH at 7 days of age. Poults were weighed and humanely killed 24 h post-SH challenge to evaluate serum concentration of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran to evaluate intestinal permeability, metagenomics, and SH infection. In both trials of Experiment 1, chickens treated with Enrofloxacin were more susceptible to SE organ invasion and intestinal colonization when compared with control non-treated chickens (P < 0.05). In Experiment 2, poults treated with 50 mg/kg of Enrofloxacin showed an increase in body weight, however, this group also showed an increase in SH susceptibility, intestinal permeability, and lower proportion of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, but with control group had the highest proportion of Proteobacteria. By contrast, poults that received the probiotic had the highest proportion of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, but lowest Proteobacteria. The results of the present study suggest that prophylactic utilization of Enrofloxacin at five times the recommended dose in poultry increases the susceptibility to salmonellae infections, and confirms that probiotics may be an effective tool in salmonellae infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Morales-Barrera
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana , Mexico City , México
| | - Nicole Calhoun
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, AR , USA
| | - Jose L Lobato-Tapia
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana , Mexico City , México
| | - Vivian Lucca
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria, Centro de Ciencias Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Brazil
| | - Omar Prado-Rebolledo
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Colima , Colima , México
| | - Xochitl Hernandez-Velasco
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Ruben Merino-Guzman
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Victor M Petrone-García
- Departamento de ciencias pecuarias, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán UNAM , Cuautitlán , México
| | - Juan D Latorre
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, AR , USA
| | - Brittany D Mahaffey
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, AR , USA
| | - Kyle D Teague
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, AR , USA
| | - Lucas E Graham
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, AR , USA
| | - Amanda D Wolfenden
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, AR , USA
| | - Mikayla F A Baxter
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, AR , USA
| | - Billy M Hargis
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, AR , USA
| | - Guillermo Tellez
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, AR , USA
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25
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Typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in Africa. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 35:1913-1922. [PMID: 27562406 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-016-2760-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella infections in humans can range from self-limiting gastroenteritis typically associated with non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) to typhoidal fever, which can be life-threatening. Salmonellosis causes considerable morbidity and mortality in both humans and animals, and has a significant socioeconomic impact worldwide. In Africa, it is difficult to evaluate the situation of salmonellosis due to the non-availability of facilities capable of performing the tests essential for the diagnosis of typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella infections. This article reviews important work in the literature, including the epidemiology, disease burden, pathogenesis, genomics, diagnosis, treatment, emergence and tracking of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella infections and intercontinental transmission of Salmonella to Africa. Searches of PubMed and Google Scholar were completed and the retrieved list of relevant publications were further screened. The literature revealed that the most common form of the disease in Africa is gastroenteritis, with bacterial multiplication in intestinal submucosa and diarrhoea caused by the inflammatory response and, perhaps, also by toxins. In addition to the high burden of Salmonella infection in Africa, MDR Salmonella species is on the rise in the continent, which might pose difficulties in the treatment of the disease.
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26
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Antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic nontyphoidal Salmonella: an alarming trend? Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22:968-974. [PMID: 27506509 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic bacteria of the genus Salmonella have acquired various antimicrobial resistance properties over the years. The corresponding resistance genes are commonly located on plasmids, transposons, gene cassettes, or variants of the Salmonella Genomic Islands SGI1 and SGI2. Human infections by nontyphoidal Salmonella isolates mainly result from ingestion of contaminated food. The two predominantly found Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars in the USA and in Europe are S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium. Many other nontyphoidal Salmonella serovars have been implicated in foodborne Salmonella outbreaks. Summary reports of the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of nontyphoidal Salmonella isolates over time suggest a moderate to low level of antimicrobial resistance and multidrug-resistance. However, serovar-specific analyses showed in part a steady state, a continuous decline, or a recent increase in resistance to certain antimicrobial agents. Resistance to critically important antimicrobial agents, e.g. third-generation cephalosporins and (fluoro)quinolones is part of many monitoring programmes and the corresponding results confirm that extended-spectrum β-lactamases are still rarely found in nontyphoidal Salmonella serovars, whereas resistance to (fluoro)quinolones is prevalent at variable frequencies among different serovars from humans and animals in different countries. Although it is likely that nontyphoidal Salmonella isolates from animals represent a reservoir for resistance determinants, it is mostly unknown where and when Salmonella isolates acquired resistance properties and which exchange processes have happened since then.
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27
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Kongsoi S, Changkwanyeun R, Yokoyama K, Nakajima C, Changkaew K, Suthienkul O, Suzuki Y. Amino acid substitutions in GyrA affect quinolone susceptibility inSalmonellatyphimurium. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:1065-1070. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siriporn Kongsoi
- Division of Bioresources; Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control; Sapporo Japan
| | - Ruchirada Changkwanyeun
- Division of Bioresources; Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control; Sapporo Japan
| | - Kazumasa Yokoyama
- Central Research Laboratory; Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd; Nagano Japan
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Division of Bioresources; Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control; Sapporo Japan
- Hokkaido University The Global Station for Zoonosis Control; Sapporo Japan
| | - Kanjana Changkaew
- Division of Bioresources; Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control; Sapporo Japan
| | - Orasa Suthienkul
- Faculty of Public Health; Thammasat University; Rangsit Thailand
- Faculty of Public Health; Mahidol University; Bangkok Thailand
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources; Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control; Sapporo Japan
- Hokkaido University The Global Station for Zoonosis Control; Sapporo Japan
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28
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Preethi B, Ramanathan K. Molecular level understanding of resistance to nalidixic acid in Salmonella enteric serovar typhimurium associates with the S83F sequence type. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2015; 45:35-44. [PMID: 26329667 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-015-1073-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nalidixic acid is an antibiotic drug used for treatment of Salmonellosis, a gastrointestinal infection. DNA gyrase subunit A (GyrA) of Salmonella typhimurium is the drug target for nalidixic acid. Resistance of GyrA to nalidixic acid, because of a point mutation in S. typhimurium, was recently reported. Substitution of Phe in place of Ser at locus 83 in GyrA of S. typhimurium has been experimentally associated with nalidixic acid resistance. Despite recent efforts, the mechanism of this resistance is not well understood. In this investigation we used computational techniques to address this shortcoming. Our results showed that contact with residue Arg 91 is certainly important for efficient binding of nalidixic acid to the target protein, and that mutation of this residue results in 180° rotation of the antibiotic in its binding pocket, around its own long axis. It is hoped these findings may enable development of new antibiotics against resistant forms of Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Preethi
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Ramanathan
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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29
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Preethi B, Shanthi V, Ramanathan K. Investigation of Nalidixic Acid Resistance Mechanism in Salmonella enterica Using Molecular Simulation Techniques. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1760-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Oh JY, Kwon YK, Tamang MD, Jang HK, Jeong OM, Lee HS, Kang MS. Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolates from Wild Birds and Chickens in South Korea. Microb Drug Resist 2015. [PMID: 26207437 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2015.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 2,423 nonduplicate isolates of Escherichia coli recovered from wild birds (n=793) and chickens (n=1,630) in South Korea were investigated for plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes. Altogether, 56 isolates with PMQR genes were identified, including 25 (3.2%) from wild birds and 31 (1.9%) from chickens, which were further characterized using molecular methods. Among them, qnrS, aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrB, and qepA genes were detected in 47 (1.9%), 6 (0.24%), 2 (0.08%), and 1 (0.04%) isolates, respectively. The most prevalent gene, qnrS, was identified in 21 (0.9%) and 26 (1.1%) isolates from wild birds and chickens, respectively. The qnrB gene was identified in two chicken isolates, which included qnrB19 and a novel qnrB44 gene. Plasmid isolation and Southern hybridization revealed that qnrS1 was located on a large (>200 kbp) plasmid. The spread of the PMQR genes was attributed to a combination of horizontal dissemination and clonal expansion. The horizontal dissemination of PMQR genes was mostly mediated by IncK plasmids. Molecular typing demonstrated that the majority of the PMQR-positive isolates were genetically diverse. Only one chicken isolate belonged to ST131, which harbored an additional CMY-2 gene. Our findings suggest that the wild birds could serve as reservoirs of PMQR genes and spread them over long distances through migration. To our knowledge, this is the first report of PMQR genes in Korean wild birds. This study also reports qnrS2, qnrB19, qnrB44, and qepA genes for the first time in animal E. coli isolates from South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Young Oh
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University , Iksan, South Korea
| | - Yong-Kuk Kwon
- 2 Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency , Anyang, South Korea
| | - Migma Dorji Tamang
- 3 Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency , Anyang, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Kwan Jang
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University , Iksan, South Korea
| | - Ok-Mi Jeong
- 2 Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency , Anyang, South Korea
| | - Hee-Soo Lee
- 2 Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency , Anyang, South Korea
| | - Min-Su Kang
- 2 Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency , Anyang, South Korea
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Green J, Rolfe MD, Smith LJ. Transcriptional regulation of bacterial virulence gene expression by molecular oxygen and nitric oxide. Virulence 2014; 5:794-809. [PMID: 25603427 PMCID: PMC4601167 DOI: 10.4161/viru.27794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular oxygen (O2) and nitric oxide (NO) are diatomic gases that play major roles in infection. The host innate immune system generates reactive oxygen species and NO as bacteriocidal agents and both require O2 for their production. Furthermore, the ability to adapt to changes in O2 availability is crucial for many bacterial pathogens, as many niches within a host are hypoxic. Pathogenic bacteria have evolved transcriptional regulatory systems that perceive these gases and respond by reprogramming gene expression. Direct sensors possess iron-containing co-factors (iron–sulfur clusters, mononuclear iron, heme) or reactive cysteine thiols that react with O2 and/or NO. Indirect sensors perceive the physiological effects of O2 starvation. Thus, O2 and NO act as environmental cues that trigger the coordinated expression of virulence genes and metabolic adaptations necessary for survival within a host. Here, the mechanisms of signal perception by key O2- and NO-responsive bacterial transcription factors and the effects on virulence gene expression are reviewed, followed by consideration of these aspects of gene regulation in two major pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Key Words
- AIP, autoinducer peptide
- Arc, Aerobic respiratory control
- FNR
- FNR, fumarate nitrate reduction regulator
- GAF, cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase-adenylyl cyclase-FhlA domain
- Isc, iron–sulfur cluster biosynthesis machinery
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- NOX, NADPH oxidase
- PAS, Per-Amt-Sim domain
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Staphylococcus aureus
- TB, tuberculosis
- WhiB-like proteins
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- iron–sulfur cluster
- nitric oxide sensors
- oxygen sensors
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Green
- a Krebs Institute; Molecular Biology & Biotechnology; University of Sheffield ; Western Bank , Sheffield , UK
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Zhang Z, Meng X, Wang Y, Xia X, Wang X, Xi M, Meng J, Shi X, Wang D, Yang B. Presence ofqnr,aac(6′)-Ib,qepA,oqxAB, and Mutations in Gyrase and Topoisomerase in Nalidixic Acid–ResistantSalmonellaIsolates Recovered from Retail Chicken Carcasses. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2014; 11:698-705. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zengfeng Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaofeng Meng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaodong Xia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Meili Xi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jianghong Meng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | | | - Dapeng Wang
- Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baowei Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Diversity and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica isolates from surface water in Southeastern United States. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:6355-65. [PMID: 25107969 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02063-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A study of prevalence, diversity, and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica in surface water in the southeastern United States was conducted. A new scheme was developed for recovery of Salmonella from irrigation pond water and compared with the FDA's Bacteriological Analytical Manual (8th ed., 2014) (BAM) method. Fifty-one isolates were recovered from 10 irrigation ponds in produce farms over a 2-year period; nine Salmonella serovars were identified by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis, and the major serovar was Salmonella enterica serovar Newport (S. Newport, n = 29), followed by S. enterica serovar Enteritidis (n = 6), S. enterica serovar Muenchen (n = 4), S. enterica serovar Javiana (n = 3), S. enterica serovar Thompson (n = 2), and other serovars. It is noteworthy that the PulseNet patterns of some of the isolates were identical to those of the strains that were associated with the S. Thompson outbreaks in 2010, 2012, and 2013, S. Enteritidis outbreaks in 2011 and 2013, and an S. Javiana outbreak in 2012. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing confirmed 16 S. Newport isolates of the multidrug resistant-AmpC (MDR-AmpC) phenotype, which exhibited resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline (ACSSuT), and to the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generations of cephalosporins (cephalothin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and ceftriaxone). Moreover, the S. Newport MDR-AmpC isolates had a PFGE pattern indistinguishable from the patterns of the isolates from clinical settings. These findings suggest that the irrigation water may be a potential source of contamination of Salmonella in fresh produce. The new Salmonella isolation scheme significantly increased recovery efficiency from 21.2 (36/170) to 29.4% (50/170) (P = 0.0002) and streamlined the turnaround time from 5 to 9 days with the BAM method to 4 days and thus may facilitate microbiological analysis of environmental water.
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Abgottspon H, Zurfluh K, Nüesch-Inderbinen M, Hächler H, Stephan R. Quinolone resistance mechanisms in Salmonella enterica serovars Hadar, Kentucky, Virchow, Schwarzengrund, and 4,5,12:i:-, isolated from humans in Switzerland, and identification of a novel qnrD variant, qnrD2, in S. Hadar. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:3560-3. [PMID: 24733466 PMCID: PMC4068464 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02404-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human isolates of Salmonella enterica serovars Hadar, Kentucky, Virchow, Schwarzengrund, and the monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 4,5,12:i:- were examined for mutations within the quinolone resistance target genes gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE and for plasmid-mediated resistance genes. Differences were observed among the serovars. A novel variant of qnrD, qnrD2, was detected in an S. Hadar isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Abgottspon
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Zurfluh
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Herbert Hächler
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Sutkuvienė S, Mikalayeva V, Pavan S, Berti F, Daugelavičius R. Evaluation of the efficiency of synthesized efflux pump inhibitors on Salmonella enterica ser. typhimurium cells. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 82:438-45. [PMID: 23763959 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug efflux pump inhibitors have a great potential as pharmacological agents that increase the drug susceptibility of bacterial pathogens. Our study was focused on the synthesis and evaluation of the efficiency of resistance-nodulation-division (RND) family efflux pump inhibitors. The efficiency of these inhibitors was investigated on Salmonella enterica ser. typhimurium cells using tetraphenylphosphonium (TPP(+) ) and ethidium cations as the efflux pump substrates. Results of our study indicated that efficiency of the inhibitors depends on the cell outer membrane permeability and method of the assay used. Temperature of the incubation medium and a solvent of the inhibitor used have only minor effect on results of the assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Sutkuvienė
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnologies, Vytautas Magnus University, Vileikos 8, 44404 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Colla FL, Mion L, Parizotto L, Santos LAD, Pilotto F, Rodrigues LB, Nascimento VPD, Santos LRD. Perfil de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos e eficácia de sanitizantes frente aos isolados de Salmonella spp. oriundos de carcaças suínas no Rio Grande do Sul. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2014000400003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Os objetivos do trabalho foram avaliar o perfil de sensibilidade a antimicrobianos e a eficácia de três sanitizantes frente a isolados de Salmonella spp. oriundos de carcaças na tecnologia de abate de suínos. Avaliaram-se 120 amostras, das quais 39 foram positivas para Salmonella spp. Os princípios ativos testados foram penicilina G 10 U, amoxicilina + ácido clavulânico 30mcg, ampicilina 10mcg, cloranfenicol 30mcg, tetraciclina 30mcg, estreptomicina 10mcg, neomicina 30mcg, gentamicina 10mcg, enrofloxacina 5mcg, sulfazotrim 25mcg, sulfonamida 300mcg e trimetropima 5mcg. Nos testes com sanitizantes utilizaram-se clorexidina, amônia quaternária e ácido peracético com tempos de contato de um, cinco, 10 e 15 minutos. Os índices de resistência aos antimicrobianos foram de 100% para penicilina, 94,9% para tetraciclina, 89,7% para trimetropima e 87,2% para ampicilina. Nenhum dos princípios ativos foi 100% eficaz frente aos isolados testados, observando-se melhor ação para amoxicilina+ácido clavulânico (86,7%), neomicina (86,7%) e cloranfenicol (64,1%). Nos testes de eficácia dos sanitizantes, o ácido peracético a 0.5% foi efetivo a partir de 10 minutos (94,6%) e 15 minutos (97,3%) de contato; amônia quaternária a 1% por 10 minutos (89,2%) e 15 minutos (97,3%) e clorexidina a 0.5% por 10 minutos (70,3%) e 15 minutos de contato (72,8%). Todas as amostras testadas apresentaram multirresistência e seis (15,3%) apresentaram resistência à ampicilina, cloranfenicol, estreptomicina, sulfonamida e tetraciclina (denominado grupo ACSSuT), indicando a necessidade de monitorar a propagação da resistência aos antimicrobianos em Salmonella spp. oriundas de suínos. O sanitizante mais efetivo frente aos isolados testados foi o ácido peracético a 0.5% por 15 minutos, reforçando a necessidade de monitorar também a efetividade de produtos sanitizantes frente aos isolados de Salmonella spp.
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Multiple transmissible genes encoding fluoroquinolone and third-generation cephalosporin resistance co-located in non-typhoidal Salmonella isolated from food-producing animals in China. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2014; 43:242-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Baucheron S, Monchaux I, Le Hello S, Weill FX, Cloeckaert A. Lack of efflux mediated quinolone resistance in Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:12. [PMID: 24478769 PMCID: PMC3902205 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A isolates from human patients in France displaying different levels of resistance to quinolones or fluoroquinolones were studied for resistance mechanisms to these antimicrobial agents. All resistant isolates carried either single or multiple target gene mutations (i.e., in gyrA, gyrB, or parC) correlating with the resistance levels observed. Active efflux, through upregulation of multipartite efflux systems, has also been previously reported as contributing mechanism for other serovars. Therefore, we investigated also the occurrence of non-target gene mutations in regulatory regions affecting efflux pump expression. However, no mutation was detected in these regions in both Typhi and Paratyphi isolates of this study. Besides, no overexpression of the major efflux systems was observed for these isolates. Nevertheless, a large deletion of 2334 bp was identified in the acrS-acrE region of all S. Typhi strains but which did not affect the resistance phenotype. As being specific to S. Typhi, this deletion could be used for specific molecular detection purposes. In conclusion, the different levels of quinolone or FQ resistance in both S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A seem to rely only on target modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Baucheron
- UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Nouzilly, France ; UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François Rabelais de Tours Tours, France
| | - Isabelle Monchaux
- UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Nouzilly, France ; UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François Rabelais de Tours Tours, France
| | - Simon Le Hello
- Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Institut Pasteur, Shigella et Salmonella Paris, France
| | - François-Xavier Weill
- Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Institut Pasteur, Shigella et Salmonella Paris, France
| | - Axel Cloeckaert
- UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Nouzilly, France ; UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François Rabelais de Tours Tours, France
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Emergence of quinolone resistance in Salmonella and Shigella strains isolated from diarrhoea in Senegal. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2013; 1:231-232. [PMID: 27873620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Burke L, Hopkins KL, Meunier D, de Pinna E, Fitzgerald-Hughes D, Humphreys H, Woodford N. Resistance to third-generation cephalosporins in human non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica isolates from England and Wales, 2010-12. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 69:977-81. [PMID: 24288030 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify the mechanism(s) underlying cefotaxime resistance in 118 of 21,641 (0.55%) non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica isolates collected from humans throughout England and Wales from January 2010 to September 2012. METHODS Non-duplicate isolates (n = 118) resistant to cefotaxime (MICs >1 mg/L) were screened by PCR for genes encoding CTX-M extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and associated ISEcp1-like elements, and for genes encoding acquired AmpC, SHV, TEM, VEB, PER and GES β-lactamases. Sequencing was used to identify specific alleles in selected isolates. Carbapenem resistance was sought by ertapenem disc screening. RESULTS Seventy-nine isolates (0.37% of all referred S. enterica) produced ESBLs, 37 isolates (0.17%) produced CMY-type AmpC enzymes, and 1 isolate had both enzyme types; the mechanism of cefotaxime resistance in 3 isolates could not be identified. Group 1 CTX-M genes were identified in 57 isolates belonging to 22 serotypes, with CTX-M-1 (n = 11), -15 (n = 9) and -55/57 (n = 8) the most prevalent alleles among the 29 (51%) investigated. CTX-M-2 (n = 5), -14 (n = 5), -8 (n = 1) and -65 (n = 1) were also identified. TEM-52 was identified in two isolates and SHV-12 in seven isolates. There was no evidence of carbapenem resistance. ESBL and AmpC genes were detected in both domestically acquired and travel-associated salmonellae. Eighty-nine isolates (75%) were multidrug resistant (resistant to at least three antimicrobial classes) and 42 (36%) had decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (MICs 0.25-1 mg/L), with a further 13 (11%) isolates resistant (MICs >1 mg/L). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of CTX-M and acquired AmpC genes in human non-typhoidal S. enterica from England and Wales is still low, but has increased from 0.03% in 2001-03 to 0.49% in 2010-12. Resistance to third-generation cephalosporins requires monitoring as it may reduce therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Burke
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
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41
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Bae DH, Baek HJ, Jeong SJ, Lee YJ. Amino acid substitutions in gyrA and parC associated with quinolone resistance in nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella isolates. Ir Vet J 2013; 66:23. [PMID: 24237626 PMCID: PMC4225662 DOI: 10.1186/2046-0481-66-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to identify and characterize amino acid substitutions in gyrA and parC related with quinolone resistance of 27 nalidixic acid-resistant (NaR) Salmonella isolates collected in poultry slaughterhouses in Korea. A total of 51 Salmonella isolates were detected from 44.8% (47/105) of the total samples from 15 poultry slaughterhouses examined, among which 27 (52.9%) NaR isolates were detected while ciprofloxacin (Cip) resistance was not present in the isolates. These 27 NaR isolates of DNA sequencing revealed that it contained three types of gyrA mutations in only D87 codon. Mutations in the D87 codon resulted in substitutions to G in most of the isolates, but D87Y and D87N exchanges were also detected. Although Cip resistance was absent, reduced susceptibility characterized by mutations in gyrA was apparent among Salmonella isolates from poultry slaughterhouses in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Young Ju Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
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42
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Ferrari R, Galiana A, Cremades R, Rodríguez JC, Magnani M, Tognim MCB, Oliveira TCRM, Royo G. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) and mutations in the topoisomerase genes of Salmonella enterica strains from Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2013; 44:651-6. [PMID: 24294265 PMCID: PMC3833171 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822013000200046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify mutations in the Quinolone Resistance Determining sources Regions (QRDR) of the gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE genes and to determine if any of the qnr variants or the aac(6')-Ib-cr variant were present in strains of Salmonella spp. isolated in Brazil. A total of 126 Salmonella spp. strains from epidemic (n = 114) and poultry (n = 12) origin were evaluated. One hundred and twelve strains (88.8%) were resistant to nalidixic acid (NAL) and 29 (23.01%) showed a reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (Cip). The mutations identified were substitutions limited to the QRDR of the gyrA gene in the codons for Serine 83, Aspartate 87 and Alanine 131. The sensitivity to NAL seems to be a good phenotypic indication of distinguishing mutated and non-mutated strains in the QRDR, however the double mutation in gyrA did not cause resistance to ciprofloxacin. The qnrA1 and qnrB19 genes were detected, respectively, in one epidemic strain of S. Enteritidis and one strain of S. Corvallis of poultry origin. Despite previous detection of qnr genes in Brazil, this is the first report of qnr gene detection in Salmonella, and also the first detection of qnrB19 gene in this country. The results alert for the continuous monitoring of quinolone resistance determinants in order to minimize the emergence and selection of Salmonella spp. strains showing reduced susceptibility or resistance to quinolones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Ferrari
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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43
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Taneja N, Appannanavar SB, Kumar A, Varma G, Kumar Y, Mohan B, Sharma M. Serotype profile and molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance in non-typhoidal Salmonella isolated from gastroenteritis cases over nine years. J Med Microbiol 2013; 63:66-73. [PMID: 24149623 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.061416-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to third-generation cephalosporins in non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is emerging worldwide. We report the occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) phenotypes in 53.4 % of NTS isolated over a period of nine years from gastroenteritis cases. ESBL and AmpC co-production was observed in 21 % of the isolates. Occurrence of blaCTX-M-15 and blaCMY-2 resistance genes was observed in 11.6 % and 37 % of the isolates respectively. Overall, Salmonella enterica serovar Senftenberg was the predominant serovar carrying blaCTX-M-15 and blaCMY-2 resistance genes. We report for the first time from India, one isolate each of S. enterica serovar Thompson, S. enterica serovar Infantis and S. enterica serovar Newport, carrying the blaCTX-M-15 gene. We also report for the first time from India, a case of gastroenteritis due to S. enterica serovar Thompson.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Taneja
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Suma B Appannanavar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Garima Varma
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Yashwant Kumar
- National Salmonella and Escherichia Serotyping Centre, Central Research Institute, Kasauli, India
| | - Balvinder Mohan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Meera Sharma
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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de Souza RB, Magnani M, Ferrari RG, Kottwitz LBM, Sartori D, Tognim MCB, de Oliveira TCRM. Detection of quinolone-resistance mutations in salmonella spp. Strains of epidemic and poultry origin. Braz J Microbiol 2013; 42:211-5. [PMID: 24031623 PMCID: PMC3768919 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822011000100026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations into codons Aspartate-87 (62%) and Serine-83 (38%) in QRDR of gyrA were identified in 105 Salmonella strains resistant to nalidixic acid (94 epidemic and 11 of poultry origin). The results show a high incidence of mutations associated to quinolone resistance but suggest association with others mechanisms of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Barreiros de Souza
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos , Londrina, PR , Brasil
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Guo W, Cui S, Xu X, Wang H. Resistant mechanism study of benzalkonium chloride selected Salmonella Typhimurium mutants. Microb Drug Resist 2013; 20:11-6. [PMID: 23987991 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2012.0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzalkonium chloride is one of the invaluable biocides that is extensively used in healthcare settings as well as in the food processing industry. After exposing wild-type Salmonella Typhimurium 14028s or its AcrAB inactivation mutant to gradually increasing levels of benzalkonium chloride, resistance mutants S-41, S-150, S-AB-23, S-AB-38, and S-AB-73 were selected and these mutants also showed a 2-64-fold stable minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) increase to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, and tetracycline. In S-41 and S-150, the expression of acrB was increased 2.7- and 7.6-fold, and ΔtolC or ΔacrAB mutants of S-41 and S-150 showed the same MICs to all tested antimicrobials as the equivalent Salmonella Typhimurium 14028s mutants. However, in S-AB-23, S-AB-38, and S-AB-73, the expression of acrF was increased 96-, 230-, and 267-fold, respectively, and ΔtolC or ΔacrEF mutants of S-AB-23, S-AB-38, and S-AB-73 showed the similar MICs to all tested antimicrobials as the ΔtolC mutant of Salmonella Typhimurium 14028s. Our data showed that constitutively over-expressed AcrAB working through TolC was the main resistance mechanism in ST14028s benzalkonium chloride resistance mutants. However, after AcrAB had been inactivated, benzalkonium chloride-resistant mutants could still be selected and constitutively over-expressed, AcrEF became the dominant efflux pump working through TolC and being responsible for the increasing antimicrobial resistance. These data indicated that different mechanisms existed for acrB and acrF constitutive over-expression. Since exposure to benzalkonium chloride may lead to Salmonella mutants with a decreased susceptibility to quinolones, which is currently one of the drugs of choice for the treatment of life-threatening salmonelosis, research into the pathogenesis and epidemiology of the benzalkonium chloride resistance mutants will be of increasing importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
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Guerrero P, Collao B, Álvarez R, Salinas H, Morales EH, Calderón IL, Saavedra CP, Gil F. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium BaeSR two-component system positively regulates sodA in response to ciprofloxacin. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2013; 159:2049-2057. [PMID: 23918818 PMCID: PMC3799227 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.066787-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In response to antibiotics, bacteria activate regulatory systems that control the expression of genes that participate in detoxifying these compounds, like multidrug efflux systems. We previously demonstrated that the BaeSR two-component system from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) participates in the detection of ciprofloxacin, a bactericidal antibiotic, and in the positive regulation of mdtA, an efflux pump implicated in antibiotic resistance. In the present work, we provide further evidence for a role of the S. Typhimurium BaeSR two-component system in response to ciprofloxacin treatment and show that it regulates sodA expression. We demonstrate that, in the absence of BaeSR, the transcript levels of sodA and the activity of its gene product are lower. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays and transcriptional fusions, we demonstrate that BaeR regulates sodA by a direct interaction with the promoter region.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - B Collao
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - R Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - H Salinas
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - E H Morales
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA.,Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
| | - I L Calderón
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - C P Saavedra
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - F Gil
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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Baucheron S, Le Hello S, Doublet B, Giraud E, Weill FX, Cloeckaert A. ramR mutations affecting fluoroquinolone susceptibility in epidemic multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky ST198. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:213. [PMID: 23914184 PMCID: PMC3728480 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A screening for non-target mutations affecting fluoroquinolone susceptibility was conducted in epidemic multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky ST198. Among a panel of representative isolates (n = 27), covering the epidemic, only three showed distinct mutations in ramR resulting in enhanced expression of genes encoding the AcrAB-TolC efflux system and low increase in ciprofloxacin MIC. No mutations were detected in other regulatory regions of this efflux system. Ciprofloxacin resistance in serovar Kentucky ST198 is thus currently mainly due to multiple target gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Baucheron
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique Nouzilly, France ; Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique Tours, France
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Serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility, pulse field gel electrophoresis analysis of Salmonella isolates from retail foods in Henan Province, China. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Li L, Liao X, Yang Y, Sun J, Li L, Liu B, Yang S, Ma J, Li X, Zhang Q, Liu Y. Spread of oqxAB in Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium predominantly by IncHI2 plasmids. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68:2263-8. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Filioussis G, Tzivara A, Petridou E, Giadinis ND, Burriel AR, Kritas SK. Ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from the intestinal microbiota of goats in Greece in the absence of selective pressure. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 76:352-5. [PMID: 23623041 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The presence of ciprofloxacin resistance commensal Escherichia coli (C-R-Ec) was determined for goats in the absence of selective pressure in Northern and Central Greece. The C-R-Ec was categorized in 3 groups with respect to their phenotypic resistance to other antibiotics as well as the carriage of antibiotic resistance genes. The first group consisted of 7 C-R-Ec that were found also resistant to tetracycline. Among them tet(B) (n = 7), qnr(S) (n = 7), and qnr(B) (n = 3) producers were identified by polymerase chain reaction. The second group consisted of 10 C-R-Ec that were found sensitive to all other antibiotics, and their phenotypic resistance to ciprofloxacin was not attributed to the presence of resistance genes. Finally, the third group consisted of 2 C-R-Ec also resistant to sulfamethoxazole. These strains were not carrying any transferable elements that contribute to resistance either to ciprofloxacin or to sulfamethoxazole. This is the first report of ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli isolated from goats in Greece.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Filioussis
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece.
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