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Rademacher MJ, Faber ML, Bone KM, Medin JA, Schloemer NJ. Fate control engagement augments NK cell responses in LV/hu-IL-12 transduced sarcoma. Exp Mol Pathol 2024; 137:104898. [PMID: 38729059 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2024.104898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION NK cells are an untapped resource for cancer therapy. Sarcomas transduced with lentiviruses to express human IL-12 are only cleared in mice bearing mature human NK cells. However, systemic inflammation limits IL-12 utilization. Fate control a.k.a. "suicide mechanisms" regulate unchecked systemic inflammation caused by cellular immunotherapies. Despite increasing utilization, there remains limited data on immune consequences or tumor-directed effects of fate control. OBJECTIVES We sought to engage the mutant thymidylate kinase (mTMPK) metabolic fate control system to regulate systemic inflammation and assess the impact on NK cell effector functions. METHODS Primary human sarcoma short-passage samples and cell lines were transduced with LV/hu-IL-12_mTMPK engineering expression of IL-12 and an AZT-associated fate control enzyme. We assessed transduced sarcoma responses to AZT engagement and subsequent modulation of NK cell functions as measured by inflammatory cytokine production and cytotoxicity. RESULTS AZT administration to transduced (LV/hu-IL-12_mTMPK) short-passage primary human sarcomas and human Ewing sarcoma, osteosarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines, abrogated the robust expression of human IL-12. Fate control activation elicited a specific dose-dependent cytotoxic effect measured by metabolic activity (WST-1) and cell death (Incucyte). NK effector functions of IFN-γ and cytotoxic granule release were significantly augmented despite IL-12 abrogation. This correlated with preferentially induced expression of NK cell activation ligands. CONCLUSIONS mTMPK fate control engagement terminates transduced sarcoma IL-12 production and triggers cell death, but also augments an NK cell-mediated response coinciding with metabolic stress activating surface ligand induction. Fate control engagement could offer a novel immune activation method for NK cell-mediated cancer clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jo Rademacher
- Departments of Pediatrics; Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Mary L Faber
- Departments of Pediatrics; Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Kathleen M Bone
- Departments of Pathology; Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Medin
- Departments of Pediatrics; Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Departments of Biochemisty; Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Nathan J Schloemer
- Departments of Pediatrics; Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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2
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Berger A, Colpitts SJ, Zych M, Paige CJ. Engineered murine IL-21-secreting leukemia cells induce granzyme B + T cells and CD4 +CD44 +CD62L - effector memory cells while suppressing regulatory T cells, leading to long-term survival. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023:10.1007/s00262-023-03442-2. [PMID: 37061631 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03442-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
We have explored the use of an IL-21 cell-based anti-leukemia treatment in a mouse model of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. 70Z/3 leukemia cells, engineered to secrete IL-21 and injected into the peritoneum of syngeneic mice, induced a strong anti-leukemia response resulting in 100% survival. Mice that mounted an IL-21-induced anti-leukemia immune response were immune to the parent cell line (no IL-21) when rechallenged.Above a certain threshold, IL-21 secretion correlated with improved survival compared to mice injected with parent 70Z/3 cells. IL-21 was detected in serum with peak levels on day 7, correlating with the maximum expansion of IL-21-secreting 70Z/3 cells which subsequently were eliminated. Mice injected with IL-21-secreting leukemia cells had elevated numbers of granzyme B+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the peritoneum, compared to mice injected with the parent cell line. Regulatory T cells, which increased greatly in 70Z/3-injected mice, failed to do so in mice injected with IL-21-secreting cells. Upon rechallenge, IL-21-primed mice went through a secondary immune response, primarily requiring CD4+ T cells, triggering a significant increase of CD4+CD44+CD62L- effector memory T cells. Adoptive transfer of T cells from IL21-primed/rechallenged hosts into naïve mice was successful, indicating that IL-21-primed antigen-experienced T cells convey immunity to naïve mice.Our study shows that delivery of IL-21 in a cell-based anti-leukemia protocol has the potential to induce a potent immune response leading to cancer elimination and long-term immunity-properties which make IL-21 an attractive candidate for cancer immunotherapy. Protecting against tumor antigens as well as improving cancer immunity is justified, as current strategies are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Berger
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Room 8-105, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada.
| | - Sarah J Colpitts
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Room 8-105, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Morgan Zych
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Room 8-105, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Christopher J Paige
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Room 8-105, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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3
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Bastin DJ, Quizi J, Kennedy MA, Kekre N, Auer RC. Current challenges in the manufacture of clinical-grade autologous whole cell vaccines for hematological malignancies. Cytotherapy 2022; 24:979-989. [PMID: 35562303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Autologous whole cell vaccines use a patient's own tumor cells as a source of antigen to elicit an anti-tumor immune response in vivo. Recently, the authors conducted a systematic review of clinical trials employing these products in hematological cancers that showed a favorable safety profile and trend toward efficacy. However, it was noted that manufacturing challenges limit both the efficacy and clinical implementation of these vaccine products. In the current literature review, the authors sought to define the issues surrounding the manufacture of autologous whole cell products for hematological cancers. The authors describe key factors, including the acquisition, culture, cryopreservation and transduction of malignant cells, that require optimization for further advancement of the field. Furthermore, the authors provide a summary of pre-clinical work that informs how the identified challenges may be overcome. The authors also highlight areas in which future basic research would be of benefit to the field. The goal of this review is to provide a roadmap for investigators seeking to advance the field of autologous cell vaccines as it applies to hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J Bastin
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Jennifer Quizi
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Michael A Kennedy
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Natasha Kekre
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Rebecca C Auer
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
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4
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Rademacher MJ, Cruz A, Faber M, Oldham RAA, Wang D, Medin JA, Schloemer NJ. Sarcoma IL-12 overexpression facilitates NK cell immunomodulation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8321. [PMID: 33859303 PMCID: PMC8050085 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is an inflammatory cytokine that has demonstrated efficacy for cancer immunotherapy, but systemic administration has detrimental toxicities. Lentiviral transduction eliciting IL-12-producing human sarcoma for autologous reintroduction provides localized delivery for both innate and adaptive immune response augmentation. Sarcoma cell lines and primary human sarcoma samples were transduced with recombinant lentivirus engineering expression of human IL-12 (hu-IL-12). IL-12 expressing sarcomas were assessed in vitro and in vivo following implantation into humanized NSG and transgenic human IL-15 expressing (NSG.Tg(Hu-IL-15)) murine models. Lentiviral transduction (LV/hu-IL-12) of human osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines, as well as low-passage primary human sarcomas, engendered high-level expression of hu-IL-12. Hu-IL-12 demonstrated functional viability, eliciting specific NK cell-mediated interferon-γ (IFN-γ) release and cytotoxic growth restriction of spheroids in vitro. In orthotopic xenograft murine models, the LV/hu-IL-12 transduced human sarcoma produced detectable IL-12 and elicited an IFN-γ inflammatory immune response specific to mature human NK reconstitution in the NSG.Tg(Hu-IL-15) model while restricting tumor growth. We conclude that LV/hu-IL-12 transduction of sarcoma elicits a specific immune reaction and the humanized NSG.Tg(Hu-IL-15) xenograft, with mature human NK cells, can define in vivo anti-tumor effects and systemic toxicities. IL-12 immunomodulation through autologous tumor transduction and reintroduction merits exploration for sarcoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jo Rademacher
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Anahi Cruz
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Mary Faber
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Robyn A A Oldham
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dandan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Medin
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Department of Biochemisty, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nathan J Schloemer
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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5
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Berger A, Colpitts SJ, Seabrook MSS, Furlonger CL, Bendix MB, Moreau JM, McKillop WM, Medin JA, Paige CJ. Interleukin-15 in cancer immunotherapy: IL-15 receptor complex versus soluble IL-15 in a cancer cell-delivered murine leukemia model. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:355. [PMID: 31856922 PMCID: PMC6924073 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0777-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines of the common γ-chain receptor family such as IL-15 are vital with respect to activating immune cells, sustaining healthy immune functions, and augmenting the anti-tumor activity of effector cells, making them ideal candidates for cancer immunotherapy. IL-15, either in its soluble form (IL-15sol) or complexed with IL-15Rα (IL-15Rc), has been shown to exhibit potent anti-tumor activities in various experimental cancer studies. Here we describe the impact of intraperitoneal IL-15 in a cancer cell-delivered IL-15 immunotherapy approach using the 70Z/3-L leukemia mouse model. Whereas both forms of IL-15 led to significantly improved survival rates compared to the parent cell line, there were striking differences in the extent of the improved survival: mice receiving cancer cells secreting IL-15sol showed significantly longer survival and protective long-term immunity compared to those producing IL-15Rc. Interestingly, injection of leukemia cells secreting IL-15sol lead to heightened expansion of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell populations in the peritoneum compared to IL-15Rc. Cell-secreted IL-15Rc resulted in an influx and/or expansion of NK1.1+ cells in the peritoneum which was much less pronounced in the IL-15sol model. Furthermore, IL-15Rc but not IL-15sol lead to T-cell exhaustion and disease progression. To our knowledge, this is the first study detailing a significantly different biological effect of cell-delivered IL-15sol versus IL-15Rc in a mouse cancer immunotherapy study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Berger
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Room 8-105, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada.
| | - Sarah J Colpitts
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Room 8-105, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Melanie S S Seabrook
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Room 8-105, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Caren L Furlonger
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Room 8-105, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Maura B Bendix
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Room 8-105, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Joshua M Moreau
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Room 8-105, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - William M McKillop
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Room 8-105, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada.,Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Medin
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Room 8-105, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada.,Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Christopher J Paige
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Room 8-105, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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6
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Intratumoral expression using a NFkB-based promoter enhances IL12 antitumor efficacy. Cancer Gene Ther 2019; 26:216-233. [PMID: 30622324 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-018-0076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 12 is a promising anti-cancer agent; however, IL12 systemic administration is hampered by side-effects. Although intratumoral administration of IL12 is giving promising results in clinical trials, only a small percentage of patients show a complete therapeutic response. This outcome could be improved by controlling the IL12 expression window. In this work we have tested the efficacy of a self-processing P2A and codon optimized murine IL12 (mIL12Pop) using inflammation-regulated lentivectors in a syngeneic tumor model. Our results show that implantation of cells expressing mIL12Pop employing either the strong constitutive SFFV promoter or a NFkB-based promoter reduced tumor growth, caused CD8+ T cell activation and increased IFNγ production. Importantly, the use of NFkBp-mIL12Pop increased the number of CD8+ TILs and improved the remission rate without increasing IL12-serum concentration. Further experiments suggest that there is a threshold intratumoral IL12 concentration that must be reached to trigger an efficient antitumor response and a limit that once surpassed causes detrimental systemic side effects. Altogether, these results demonstrate that using NFKBp-mIL12Pop significantly increases the overall survival of the mice. In summary, this new inflammation-regulated expression system might be useful for the development of new IL12 delivery systems with improved anti-tumor activity and limited toxicity.
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7
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Fougerat A, Pan X, Smutova V, Heveker N, Cairo CW, Issad T, Larrivée B, Medin JA, Pshezhetsky AV. Neuraminidase 1 activates insulin receptor and reverses insulin resistance in obese mice. Mol Metab 2018; 12:76-88. [PMID: 29735266 PMCID: PMC6001920 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neuraminidase 1 (NEU1) cleaves terminal sialic acids of glycoconjugates during lysosomal catabolism. It also modulates the structure and activity of cellular surface receptors affecting diverse pathways. Previously we demonstrated that NEU1 activates the insulin receptor (IR) and that NEU1-deficient CathAS190A-Neo mice (hypomorph of the NEU1 activator protein, cathepsin A/CathA) on a high-fat diet (HFD) develop hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance faster than wild-type animals. The major objective of the current work was to reveal the molecular mechanism by which NEU1 desialylation activates the IR and to test if increase of NEU1 activity in insulin target tissues reverses insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. METHODS To test if desialylation causes a conformational change in the IR dimer we measured interaction between the receptor subunits by Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer in the HEK293T cells either overexpressing NEU1 or treated with the NEU1 inhibitor. The influence of NEU1 overexpression on insulin resistance was studied in vitro in palmitate-treated HepG2 cells transduced with NEU1-expressing lentivirus and in vivo in C57Bl6 mice treated with HFD and either pharmacological inducer of NEU1, Ambroxol or NEU1-expressing adenovirus. NEU1-deficient CathAS190A-Neo mice were used as a control. RESULTS By desialylation of IR, NEU1 induced formation of its active dimer leading to insulin signaling. Overexpression of NEU1 in palmitate-treated HepG2 cells restored insulin signaling, suggesting that increased NEU1 levels may reverse insulin resistance. Five-day treatment of glycemic C57Bl6 mice receiving HFD with the activator of the lysosomal gene network, Ambroxol, increased NEU1 expression and activity in muscle tissue, normalized fasting glucose levels, and improved physiological and molecular responses to glucose and insulin. Ambroxol did not improve insulin sensitivity in obese insulin-resistant CathAS190A-Neo mice indicating that the Ambroxol effect is mediated through NEU1 induction. Sustained increase of liver NEU1 activity through adenovirus-based gene transfer failed to attenuate insulin resistance most probably due to negative feedback regulation of IR expression. CONCLUSION Together our results demonstrate that increase of NEU1 activity in insulin target tissues reverses insulin resistance and glucose intolerance suggesting that a pharmacological modulation of NEU1 activity may be potentially explored for restoring insulin sensitivity and resolving hyperglycemia associated with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Fougerat
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Departments of Biochemistry and Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Xuefang Pan
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Departments of Biochemistry and Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Victoria Smutova
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Departments of Biochemistry and Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nikolaus Heveker
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Departments of Biochemistry and Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Christopher W Cairo
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Tarik Issad
- INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Larrivée
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Alexey V Pshezhetsky
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Departments of Biochemistry and Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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8
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Alkayyal AA, Tai LH, Kennedy MA, de Souza CT, Zhang J, Lefebvre C, Sahi S, Ananth AA, Mahmoud AB, Makrigiannis AP, Cron GO, Macdonald B, Marginean EC, Stojdl DF, Bell JC, Auer RC. NK-Cell Recruitment Is Necessary for Eradication of Peritoneal Carcinomatosis with an IL12-Expressing Maraba Virus Cellular Vaccine. Cancer Immunol Res 2017; 5:211-221. [PMID: 28159747 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-16-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite improvements in chemotherapy and radical surgical debulking, peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) remains among the most common causes of death from abdominal cancers. Immunotherapies have been effective for selected solid malignancies, but their potential in PC has been little explored. Here, we report that intraperitoneal injection of an infected cell vaccine (ICV), consisting of autologous tumor cells infected ex vivo with an oncolytic Maraba MG1 virus expressing IL12, promotes the migration of activated natural killer (NK) cells to the peritoneal cavity in response to the secretion of IFNγ-induced protein-10 (IP-10) from dendritic cells. The recruitment of cytotoxic, IFNγ-secreting NK cells was associated with reduced tumor burden and improved survival in a colon cancer model of PC. Even in mice with bulky PC (tumors > 8 mm), a complete radiologic response was demonstrated within 8 to14 weeks, associated with 100% long-term survival. The impact of MG1-IL12-ICV upon NK-cell recruitment and function observed in the murine system was recapitulated in human lymphocytes exposed to human tumor cell lines infected with MG1-IL12. These findings suggest that an MG1-IL12-ICV is a promising therapy that could provide benefit to the thousands of patients diagnosed with PC each year. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(3); 211-21. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almohanad A Alkayyal
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.,Department of BMI, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lee-Hwa Tai
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute
| | - Michael A Kennedy
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute
| | | | - Jiqing Zhang
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute
| | - Charles Lefebvre
- Apoptosis Research Centre, CHEO Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shalini Sahi
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute
| | - Abhirami A Ananth
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute.,Department of BMI, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud
- Department of BMI, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Technology, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Greg O Cron
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Blair Macdonald
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - E Celia Marginean
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David F Stojdl
- Department of BMI, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Apoptosis Research Centre, CHEO Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - John C Bell
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute.,Department of BMI, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rebecca C Auer
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute. .,Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Preclinical validation: LV/IL-12 transduction of patient leukemia cells for immunotherapy of AML. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2016; 3:16074. [PMID: 27933304 PMCID: PMC5142463 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2016.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a potent cytokine that may be harnessed to treat cancer. To date, nearly 100 IL-12-based clinical trials have been initiated worldwide. Yet systemic administration of IL-12 is toxic. Different strategies are being developed to reduce such toxicities by restricting IL-12 distribution. Our previous studies employed lentivector-mediated expression of murine IL-12 in tumor cells and demonstrated effective protection in both mouse leukemia and solid tumor challenge models. In this study, we carried out preclinical validation studies using a novel lentivector to engineer expression of human IL-12 in acute myeloid leukemia blast cells isolated from 21 patients. Acute myeloid leukemia cells were transduced with a bicistronic lentivector that encodes the human IL-12 cDNA as a fusion, as well as a LNGFR (ΔLNGFR)/mutant thymidylate kinase cassette as a marking and cell-fate control element. A range of 20-70% functional transduction efficiencies was achieved. Transduced acute myeloid leukemia cells produced bioactive IL-12 protein and displayed dose-dependent sensitivity to the prodrug 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine. In vitro immortalization assays using transduced mouse hematopoietic stem cells demonstrated minimal genotoxic risk from our IL-12 vector. Scale-up transduction and cell processing was subsequently validated in a GMP facility to support our (now approved) Clinical Trial Application (CTA).
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Abstract
Basic science advances in cancer immunotherapy have resulted in various treatments that have recently shown success in the clinic. Many of these therapies require the insertion of genes into cells to directly kill them or to redirect the host's cells to induce potent immune responses. Other analogous therapies work by modifying effector cells for improved targeting and enhanced killing of tumor cells. Initial studies done using γ-retroviruses were promising, but safety concerns centered on the potential for insertional mutagenesis have highlighted the desire to develop other options for gene delivery. Lentiviral vectors (LVs) have been identified as potentially more effective and safer alternative delivery vehicles. LVs are now in use in clinical trials for many different types of inherited and acquired disorders, including cancer. This review will discuss current knowledge of LVs and the applications of this viral vector-based delivery vehicle to cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Aa Oldham
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S, Canada
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11
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Goyvaerts C, Broos K, Escors D, Heirman C, Raes G, De Baetselier P, Thielemans K, Breckpot K. The transduction pattern of IL-12-encoding lentiviral vectors shapes the immunological outcome. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:3351-61. [PMID: 26377033 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In situ modification of antigen-presenting cells garnered interest in cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, we developed APC-targeted lentiviral vectors (LVs). Unexpectedly, these LVs were inferior vaccines to broad tropism LVs. Since IL-12 is a potent mediator of antitumor immunity, we evaluated whether this proinflammatory cytokine could enhance antitumor immunity of an APC-targeted LV-based vaccine. Therefore, we compared subcutaneous administration of broad tropism LVs (VSV-G-LV) with APC-targeted LVs (DC2.1-LV)-encoding enhanced GFP and ovalbumin, or IL-12 and ovalbumin in mice. We show that codelivery of IL-12 by VSV-G-LVs or DC2.1-LVs augments CD4(+) or CD8(+) T-cell proliferation, respectively. Furthermore, we demonstrate that codelivery of IL-12 enhances the CD4(+) TH 1 profile irrespective of its delivery mode, while an increase in cytotoxic and therapeutic CD8(+) T cells was only induced upon VSV-G-LV injection. While codelivery of IL-12 by DC2.1-LVs did not enhance CD8(+) T-cell performance, it increased expression of inhibitory checkpoint markers Lag3, Tim3, and PD-1. Finally, the discrepancy between CD4(+) T-cell stimulation with and without functional CD8(+) T-cell stimulation by VSV-G- and DC2.1-LVs is partly explained by the observation that IL-12 relieves CD8(+) T cells from CD4(+) T-cell help, implying that a T(H)1 profile is of minor importance for antitumor immunotherapy if IL-12 is exogenously delivered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleo Goyvaerts
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katrijn Broos
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Escors
- Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlo Heirman
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Geert Raes
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,VIB Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Immunology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Baetselier
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,VIB Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Immunology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kris Thielemans
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karine Breckpot
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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12
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Nelles ME, Paige CJ. CD4 + T cell plasticity engenders robust immunity in response to cytokine therapy. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e994370. [PMID: 25949915 PMCID: PMC4404832 DOI: 10.4161/2162402x.2014.994370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells represent an entire arm of the immune system that has hitherto been incompletely understood, but their potential to act as both helper and effector may make them optimal protagonists in immunotherapeutic approaches to treat cancer. Cytokine therapy can activate this population in a manner that ensures maximal diversification of effector function for a robust immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Nelles
- Ontario Cancer Institute; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; University Health Network ; Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; Department of Medical Biophysics; University of Toronto ; Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher J Paige
- Ontario Cancer Institute; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; University Health Network ; Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; Department of Medical Biophysics; University of Toronto ; Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; Department of Immunology; University of Toronto ; Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Van der Jeught K, Bialkowski L, Daszkiewicz L, Broos K, Goyvaerts C, Renmans D, Van Lint S, Heirman C, Thielemans K, Breckpot K. Targeting the tumor microenvironment to enhance antitumor immune responses. Oncotarget 2015; 6:1359-81. [PMID: 25682197 PMCID: PMC4359300 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of tumor-specific antigens and the immune responses directed against them has instigated the development of therapies to enhance antitumor immune responses. Most of these cancer immunotherapies are administered systemically rather than directly to tumors. Nonetheless, numerous studies have demonstrated that intratumoral therapy is an attractive approach, both for immunization and immunomodulation purposes. Injection, recruitment and/or activation of antigen-presenting cells in the tumor nest have been extensively studied as strategies to cross-prime immune responses. Moreover, delivery of stimulatory cytokines, blockade of inhibitory cytokines and immune checkpoint blockade have been explored to restore immunological fitness at the tumor site. These tumor-targeted therapies have the potential to induce systemic immunity without the toxicity that is often associated with systemic treatments. We review the most promising intratumoral immunotherapies, how these affect systemic antitumor immunity such that disseminated tumor cells are eliminated, and which approaches have been proven successful in animal models and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Van der Jeught
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology-Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan, Jette, Belgium
| | - Lukasz Bialkowski
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology-Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan, Jette, Belgium
| | - Lidia Daszkiewicz
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology-Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan, Jette, Belgium
| | - Katrijn Broos
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology-Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan, Jette, Belgium
| | - Cleo Goyvaerts
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology-Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan, Jette, Belgium
| | - Dries Renmans
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology-Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan, Jette, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Lint
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology-Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan, Jette, Belgium
| | - Carlo Heirman
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology-Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan, Jette, Belgium
| | - Kris Thielemans
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology-Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan, Jette, Belgium
| | - Karine Breckpot
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology-Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan, Jette, Belgium
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14
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Murine Splenic CD4+ T Cells, Induced by Innate Immune Cell Interactions and Secreted Factors, Develop Antileukemia Cytotoxicity. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:1113-24. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Wei LZ, Xu Y, Nelles EM, Furlonger C, Wang JCM, Di Grappa MA, Khokha R, Medin JA, Paige CJ. Localized interleukin-12 delivery for immunotherapy of solid tumours. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:1465-74. [PMID: 24251770 PMCID: PMC4117559 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-12 is the key cytokine in the initiation of a Th1 response and has shown promise as an anti-cancer agent; however, clinical trials involving IL-12 have been unsuccessful due to toxic side-effects. To address this issue, lentiviral vectors were used to transduce tumour cell lines that were injected as an autologous tumour cell vaccine. The focus of the current study was to test the efficacy of this approach in a solid tumour model. SCCVII cells that were transduced to produce IL-12 at different concentrations were then isolated. Subcutaneous injection of parental SCCVII cells results in tumour development, while a mixture of IL-12-producing and non-producing cells results in tumour clearance. Interestingly, when comparing mice injected a mixture of SCCVII and either high IL-12-producing tumour cells or low IL-12-producing tumour cells, we observed that mixtures containing small amounts of high producing cells lead to tumour clearance, whereas mixtures containing large amounts of low producing cells fail to elicit protection, despite the production of equal amounts of total IL-12 in both mixtures. Furthermore, immunizing mice with IL-12-producing cells leads to the establishment of both local and systemic immunity against challenge with SCCVII. Using depletion antibodies, it was shown that both CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells are crucial for therapy. Lastly, we have established cell clones of other solid tumour cell lines (RM-1, LLC1 and moto1.1) that produce IL-12. Our results show that the delivery of IL-12 by cancer cells is an effective route for immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Z Wei
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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16
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RAA NED, RA H, MM E, NA H, MG M. Levels of interleukins 12 (IL-12) and 13 (IL-13), hepatitis B and C serology, and blood cultures among acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients in Egypt. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s1678-91992011000300009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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17
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Long-term protection from syngeneic acute lymphoblastic leukemia by CpG ODN-mediated stimulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Blood 2009; 114:2459-66. [PMID: 19636062 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-02-203984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood cancer and remains a major cause of mortality in children with recurrent disease and in adults. Despite observed graft-versus-leukemia effects after stem cell transplantation, successful immune therapies for ALL have proven elusive. We previously reported immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG ODN) enhance allogeneic T(h)1 responses and reduce leukemic burden of primary human ALL xenografts. To further the development of CpG ODN as a novel ALL therapy, we investigated the antileukemia activity induced by CpG ODN in a transplantable syngeneic pre-B ALL model. CpG ODN induced early killing of leukemia by innate immune effectors both in vitro and in vivo. Mice were treated with CpG ODN starting 7 days after injection with leukemia to mimic a minimal residual disease state and achieved T cell-dependent remissions of more than 6 months. In addition, mice in remission after CpG ODN treatment were protected from leukemia rechallenge, and adoptive transfer of T cells from mice in remission conferred protection against leukemia growth. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that CpG ODN induce a durable remission and ongoing immune-mediated protection in ALL, suggesting this treatment may have clinical utility in patients with minimal residual disease.
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18
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Rodriguez-Galan MC, Reynolds D, Correa SG, Iribarren P, Watanabe M, Young HA. Coexpression of IL-18 strongly attenuates IL-12-induced systemic toxicity through a rapid induction of IL-10 without affecting its antitumor capacity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:740-8. [PMID: 19535628 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0804166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
IL-12 is an excellent candidate for the treatment of cancer due to its ability to drive strong antitumor responses. Recombinant IL-12 protein is currently used in cancer patients; however, systemic expression of rIL-12 presents disadvantages including cost and dose limitation due to its toxicity. In this study, we used hydrodynamic shear of cDNA as a tool to achieve systemic expression of IL-12. We found that sustained but toxic levels of serum IL-12 could be generated in 6- to 7-wk-old B6 mice after a single injection of the cDNA. Unexpectedly, we observed that when IL-12 cDNA is coinjected with IL-18 cDNA, IL-12 antitumor activity was maintained, but there was a significant attenuation of IL-12 toxicity, as evidenced by a greater survival index and a diminution of liver enzymes (ALT and AST). Interestingly, after IL-12 plus IL-18 cDNA administration, more rapid and higher IL-10 levels were observed than after IL-12 cDNA treatment alone. To understand the mechanism of protection, we coinjected IL-12 plus IL-10 cDNAs and observed an increase in survival that correlated with diminished serum levels of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma. Confirming the protective role of early IL-10 expression, we observed a significant decrease in survival in IL-10 knockout mice or IL-10R-blocked B6 mice after IL-12 plus IL-18 treatment. Thus, our data demonstrate that the high and early IL-10 expression induced after IL-12 plus IL-18 cDNA treatment is critical to rapidly attenuate IL-12 toxicity without affecting its antitumor capacity. These data could highly contribute to the design of more efficient/less toxic protocols for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cecilia Rodriguez-Galan
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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19
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Adoptive transfer of allogeneic tumor-specific T cells mediates effective regression of large tumors across major histocompatibility barriers. Blood 2008; 112:4746-54. [PMID: 18799724 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-07-169797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Graft-versus-tumor effects can be achieved after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in patients with malignancies of the kidney or hematopoietic system but are often accompanied by severe graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD). We sought to maximize graft-versus-tumor while minimizing GVHD using tumor-specific allogeneic effector T cells rather than open-repertoire T cells. We transferred allogeneic CD8(+) pmel-1 or CD4(+) TRP-1 T cells specific for the melanoma-associated antigens, glycoprotein 100 (gp100) and tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), respectively, into B16-melanoma-bearing mice. Mice receiving a preparative regimen of nonmyeloablating (5 Gy) total body irradiation experienced the rapid rejection of tumor-specific allogeneic lymphocytes with no impact on tumor growth. However, when mice were given more intense total body irradiation conditioning regimens combined with autologous bone marrow transplantation, adoptively transferred allogeneic tumor-specific T lymphocytes persisted at detectable levels for several weeks and mediated significant regression of large, vascularized tumors. We found that the risk of GVHD was low when tumor-specific T cells were transferred and significant toxicity was observed only when substantial numbers of open repertoire allogeneic naive T cells were mixed with the tumor-specific lymphocytes. Taken together, these data indicate that the use of tumor-specific allogeneic CD8(+) T cells or CD4(+) can result in significant antitumor effects in the absence of measurable GVHD.
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