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Somu P, Mohanty S, Basavegowda N, Yadav AK, Paul S, Baek KH. The Interplay between Heat Shock Proteins and Cancer Pathogenesis: A Novel Strategy for Cancer Therapeutics. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:638. [PMID: 38339390 PMCID: PMC10854888 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16030638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are developmentally conserved families of protein found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. HSPs are engaged in a diverse range of physiological processes, including molecular chaperone activity to assist the initial protein folding or promote the unfolding and refolding of misfolded intermediates to acquire the normal or native conformation and its translocation and prevent protein aggregation as well as in immunity, apoptosis, and autophagy. These molecular chaperonins are classified into various families according to their molecular size or weight, encompassing small HSPs (e.g., HSP10 and HSP27), HSP40, HSP60, HSP70, HSP90, and the category of large HSPs that include HSP100 and ClpB proteins. The overexpression of HSPs is induced to counteract cell stress at elevated levels in a variety of solid tumors, including anticancer chemotherapy, and is closely related to a worse prognosis and therapeutic resistance to cancer cells. HSPs are also involved in anti-apoptotic properties and are associated with processes of cancer progression and development, such as metastasis, invasion, and cell proliferation. This review outlines the previously mentioned HSPs and their significant involvement in diverse mechanisms of tumor advancement and metastasis, as well as their contribution to identifying potential targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathap Somu
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, School of Civil & Chemical Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Dehmi Kalan, Jaipur 303007, India;
| | - Sonali Mohanty
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, India;
| | - Nagaraj Basavegowda
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38451, Republic of Korea;
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung 413310, Taiwan;
- Department of Bioengineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 602105, India
| | - Subhankar Paul
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, India;
| | - Kwang-Hyun Baek
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38451, Republic of Korea;
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2
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Sha G, Jiang Z, Zhang W, Jiang C, Wang D, Tang D. The multifunction of HSP70 in cancer: Guardian or traitor to the survival of tumor cells and the next potential therapeutic target. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 122:110492. [PMID: 37390645 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) is a highly conserved protein composed of nucleotide-binding domains (NBD) and C-terminal substrate binding domain (SBD) that can function as a "molecular chaperone". HSP70 was discovered to directly or indirectly play a regulatory role in both internal and external apoptosis pathways. Studies have shown that HSP70 can not only promote tumor progression, enhance tumor cell resistance and inhibit anticancer effects but also induce an anticancer response by activating immune cells. In addition, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy for cancer may be affected by HSP70, which has shown promising potential as an anticancer drug. In this review, we summarized the molecular structure and mechanism of HSP70 and discussed the dual effects of HSP70 on tumor cells and the possibility and potential methods of using HSP70 as a target to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengyu Sha
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225000, China.
| | - Zhengting Jiang
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225000, China.
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225000, China.
| | - Chuwen Jiang
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225000, China.
| | - Daorong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of General Surgery, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou 225000, China.
| | - Dong Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of General Surgery, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou 225000, China.
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3
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Kou M, Lu W, Zhu M, Qu K, Wang L, Yu Y. Massively recruited sTLR9 + neutrophils in rapidly formed nodules at the site of tumor cell inoculation and their contribution to a pro-tumor microenvironment. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023:10.1007/s00262-023-03451-1. [PMID: 37079065 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03451-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils exert either pro- or anti-tumor activities. However, few studies have focused on neutrophils at the tumor initiation stage. In this study, we unexpectedly found a subcutaneous nodule in the groin areas of mice inoculated with tumor cells. The nodule was developed 24 h after the inoculation, filled with tumor cells and massively recruited neutrophils, being designated as tumor nodules. 22% of the neutrophils in tumor nodules are surface TLR9 (sTLR9) expressing neutrophils (sTLR9+ neutrophils). With tumor progression, sTLR9+ neutrophils were sustainably increased in tumor nodules/tumor tissues, reaching to 90.8% on day 13 after inoculation, with increased expression of IL-10 and decreased or no expression of TNFα. In vivo administration of CpG 5805 significantly reduced sTLR9 expression of the sTLR9+ neutrophils. The reduction of sTLR9 on neutrophils in tumor nodules contributed to the induction of an anti-tumor microenvironment conductive to the inhibition of tumor growth. Overall, the study provides insights for understanding the role of sTLR9+ neutrophils in the tumor development, especially in the early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Kou
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenting Lu
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengru Zhu
- Department of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Kuo Qu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Liying Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongli Yu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Wu Z, Stangl S, Hernandez-Schnelzer A, Wang F, Hasanzadeh Kafshgari M, Bashiri Dezfouli A, Multhoff G. Functionalized Hybrid Iron Oxide-Gold Nanoparticles Targeting Membrane Hsp70 Radiosensitize Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells by ROS-Mediated Apoptosis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041167. [PMID: 36831510 PMCID: PMC9954378 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) a highly aggressive tumor entity with an unfavorable prognosis, is treated by multimodal therapies, including ionizing radiation (IR). Radiation-resistant tumor cells, as well as induced normal tissue toxicity, contribute to the poor clinical outcome of the disease. In this study, we investigated the potential of novel hybrid iron oxide (Fe3O4)-gold (Au) nanoparticles (FeAuNPs) functionalized with the heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) tumor-penetrating peptide (TPP) and coupled via a PEG4 linker (TPP-PEG4-FeAuNPs) to improve tumor targeting and uptake of NPs and to break radioresistance in TNBC cell lines 4T1 and MDA-MB-231. Hsp70 is overexpressed in the cytosol and abundantly presented on the cell membrane (mHsp70) of highly aggressive tumor cells, including TNBCs, but not on corresponding normal cells, thus providing a tumor-specific target. The Fe3O4 core of the NPs can serve as a contrast agent enabling magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the tumor, and the nanogold shell radiosensitizes tumor cells by the release of secondary electrons (Auger electrons) upon X-ray irradiation. We demonstrated that the accumulation of TPP-PEG4-FeAuNPs into mHsp70-positive TNBC cells was superior to that of non-conjugated FeAuNPs and FeAuNPs functionalized with a non-specific, scrambled peptide (NGL). After a 24 h co-incubation period of 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 cells with TPP-PEG4-FeAuNPs, but not with control hybrid NPs, ionizing irradiation (IR) causes a cell cycle arrest at G2/M and induces DNA double-strand breaks, thus triggering apoptotic cell death. Since the radiosensitizing effect was completely abolished in the presence of the ROS inhibitor N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), we assume that the TPP-PEG4-FeAuNP-induced apoptosis is mediated via an increased production of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Wu
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Radiation Immuno Oncology Group, Klinikum Rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Stangl
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Radiation Immuno Oncology Group, Klinikum Rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Alicia Hernandez-Schnelzer
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Radiation Immuno Oncology Group, Klinikum Rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Fei Wang
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Radiation Immuno Oncology Group, Klinikum Rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Morteza Hasanzadeh Kafshgari
- Heinz-Nixdorf-Chair of Biomedical Electronics, TranslaTUM, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Ali Bashiri Dezfouli
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Radiation Immuno Oncology Group, Klinikum Rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Radiation Immuno Oncology Group, Klinikum Rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technischen Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-4140-4514; Fax: +49-89-4140-4299
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Salvermoser L, Flisikowski K, Dressel-Böhm S, Nytko KJ, Rohrer Bley C, Schnieke A, Samt AK, Thölke D, Lennartz P, Schwab M, Wang F, Bashiri Dezfouli A, Multhoff G. Elevated circulating Hsp70 levels are correlative for malignancies in different mammalian species. Cell Stress Chaperones 2023; 28:105-118. [PMID: 36399258 PMCID: PMC9877270 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-022-01311-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating Hsp70 levels were determined in feline and porcine cohorts using two different ELISA systems. These comparative animal models of larger organisms often reflect diseases, and especially malignant tumors, better than conventional rodent models. It is therefore essential to investigate the biology and utility of tumor biomarkers in animals such as cats and pigs. In this study, levels of free Hsp70 in the blood of cats with spontaneously occurring tumors were detected using a commercial Hsp70 ELISA (R&D Systems). Sub-analysis of different tumor groups revealed that animals with tumors of epithelial origin presented with significantly elevated circulating Hsp70 concentrations. In addition to free Hsp70 levels measured with the R&D Systems Hsp70 ELISA, levels of exosomal Hsp70 were determined using the compHsp70 ELISA in pigs. Both ELISA systems detected significantly elevated Hsp70 levels (R&D Systems: median 24.9 ng/mL; compHsp70: median 44.2 ng/mL) in the blood of a cohort of APC1311/+ pigs diagnosed with high-grade adenoma polyps, and the R&D Systems Hsp70 ELISA detected also elevated Hsp70 levels in animals with low-grade polyps. In contrast, in flTP53R167H pigs, suffering from malignant osteosarcoma, the compHsp70 ELISA (median 674.32 ng/mL), but not the R&D Systems Hsp70 ELISA (median 4.78 ng/mL), determined significantly elevated Hsp70 concentrations, indicating that in tumor-bearing animals, the dominant form of Hsp70 is of exosomal origin. Our data suggest that both ELISA systems are suitable for detecting free circulating Hsp70 levels in pigs with high-grade adenoma, but only the compHsp70 ELISA can measure elevated, tumor-derived exosomal Hsp70 levels in tumor-bearing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Salvermoser
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research Technische, Universität München (TranslaTUM), Technische Universität München (TUM), Klinikum Rechts Der IsarEinsteinstr 25, 81675, Munich, Germany.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM), Ismaningerstr 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Krzysztof Flisikowski
- Livestock Biotechnology, School of Live Sciences, Technische Universität München (TUM), Liesel-Beckmannstr 1, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Susann Dressel-Böhm
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Division of Radiation Oncology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr 258C, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katarzyna J Nytko
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Division of Radiation Oncology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr 258C, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carla Rohrer Bley
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Division of Radiation Oncology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr 258C, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angelika Schnieke
- Livestock Biotechnology, School of Live Sciences, Technische Universität München (TUM), Liesel-Beckmannstr 1, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Samt
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research Technische, Universität München (TranslaTUM), Technische Universität München (TUM), Klinikum Rechts Der IsarEinsteinstr 25, 81675, Munich, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM), Ismaningerstr 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Dennis Thölke
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research Technische, Universität München (TranslaTUM), Technische Universität München (TUM), Klinikum Rechts Der IsarEinsteinstr 25, 81675, Munich, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM), Ismaningerstr 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Lennartz
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research Technische, Universität München (TranslaTUM), Technische Universität München (TUM), Klinikum Rechts Der IsarEinsteinstr 25, 81675, Munich, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM), Ismaningerstr 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Melissa Schwab
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research Technische, Universität München (TranslaTUM), Technische Universität München (TUM), Klinikum Rechts Der IsarEinsteinstr 25, 81675, Munich, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM), Ismaningerstr 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Fei Wang
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research Technische, Universität München (TranslaTUM), Technische Universität München (TUM), Klinikum Rechts Der IsarEinsteinstr 25, 81675, Munich, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM), Ismaningerstr 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Ali Bashiri Dezfouli
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research Technische, Universität München (TranslaTUM), Technische Universität München (TUM), Klinikum Rechts Der IsarEinsteinstr 25, 81675, Munich, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM), Ismaningerstr 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research Technische, Universität München (TranslaTUM), Technische Universität München (TUM), Klinikum Rechts Der IsarEinsteinstr 25, 81675, Munich, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM), Ismaningerstr 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
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6
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Dezfouli AB, Stangl S, Foulds GA, Lennartz P, Pilkington GJ, Pockley AG, Multhoff G. Immunohistochemical, Flow Cytometric, and ELISA-Based Analyses of Intracellular, Membrane-Expressed, and Extracellular Hsp70 as Cancer Biomarkers. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2693:307-324. [PMID: 37540444 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3342-7_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The major stress-inducible 70 kDa heat shock (stress) protein 70 (Hsp70) is frequently overexpressed in highly aggressive tumor cells and thus might serve as a tumor-specific biomarker of aggressive disease and/or therapeutic resistance. We have previously shown that, in contrast to normal cells, tumor cells present Hsp70 on their plasma membrane. In order to elucidate the role of intracellular, membrane-bound and extracellular Hsp70 as a potential tumor biomarker in cancer, herein we describe protocols for the staining of cytosolic Hsp70 in tumor formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sections from patients with glioblastoma multiforme using immunohistochemistry, for detecting the expression of plasma membrane-bound Hsp70 by a range of cancer-derived cells using multi-parametric flow cytometry using the cmHsp70.1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) and for the measurement of free and vesicular-associated Hsp70 in the circulation of patients with cancer using a unique enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bashiri Dezfouli
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Stangl
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Gemma A Foulds
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Philipp Lennartz
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Geoffrey J Pilkington
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - A Graham Pockley
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany.
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7
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Li WB, Stangl S, Klapproth A, Shevtsov M, Hernandez A, Kimm MA, Schuemann J, Qiu R, Michalke B, Bernal MA, Li J, Hürkamp K, Zhang Y, Multhoff G. Application of High-Z Gold Nanoparticles in Targeted Cancer Radiotherapy-Pharmacokinetic Modeling, Monte Carlo Simulation and Radiobiological Effect Modeling. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5370. [PMID: 34771534 PMCID: PMC8582555 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
High-Z gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) conjugated to a targeting antibody can help to improve tumor control in radiotherapy while simultaneously minimizing radiotoxicity to adjacent healthy tissue. This paper summarizes the main findings of a joint research program which applied AuNP-conjugates in preclinical modeling of radiotherapy at the Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München. A pharmacokinetic model of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles was developed in preparation for a model simulating the uptake and distribution of AuNPs in mice. Multi-scale Monte Carlo simulations were performed on a single AuNP and multiple AuNPs in tumor cells at cellular and molecular levels to determine enhancements in the radiation dose and generation of chemical radicals in close proximity to AuNPs. A biologically based mathematical model was developed to predict the biological response of AuNPs in radiation enhancement. Although simulations of a single AuNP demonstrated a clear dose enhancement, simulations relating to the generation of chemical radicals and the induction of DNA strand breaks induced by multiple AuNPs showed only a minor dose enhancement. The differences in the simulated enhancements at molecular and cellular levels indicate that further investigations are necessary to better understand the impact of the physical, chemical, and biological parameters in preclinical experimental settings prior to a translation of these AuNPs models into targeted cancer radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Bo Li
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (A.K.); (K.H.)
| | - Stefan Stangl
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Einsteinstr. 25, 81675 Munich, Germany; (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.H.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technishe Universität München (TUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Klapproth
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (A.K.); (K.H.)
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Einsteinstr. 25, 81675 Munich, Germany; (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.H.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technishe Universität München (TUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Maxim Shevtsov
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Einsteinstr. 25, 81675 Munich, Germany; (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.H.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technishe Universität München (TUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 2 Akkuratova Str., 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Laboratory of Biomedical Nanotechnologies, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Tikhoretsky Ave., 4, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alicia Hernandez
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Einsteinstr. 25, 81675 Munich, Germany; (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.H.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technishe Universität München (TUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie A. Kimm
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technische Universität München (TUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81337 Munich, Germany;
| | - Jan Schuemann
- Physics Division, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - Rui Qiu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
| | - Mario A. Bernal
- Gleb Wataghin Institute of Physics, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-859, SP, Brazil;
| | - Junli Li
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81337 Munich, Germany;
| | - Kerstin Hürkamp
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (A.K.); (K.H.)
| | - Yibao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China;
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Einsteinstr. 25, 81675 Munich, Germany; (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.H.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technishe Universität München (TUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
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8
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Linder M, Pogge von Strandmann E. The Role of Extracellular HSP70 in the Function of Tumor-Associated Immune Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184721. [PMID: 34572948 PMCID: PMC8466959 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The intracellular heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) is essential for cells to respond to stress, for instance, by refolding damaged proteins or inhibiting apoptosis. However, in cancer, HSP70 is overexpressed and can translocate to the extracellular milieu, where it emerged as an important modulator of tumor-associated immune cells. By targeting the tumor microenvironment (TME) through different mechanisms, extracellular HSP70 can trigger pro- or anti-tumorigenic responses. Therefore, understanding the pathways and their consequences is crucial for therapeutically targeting cancer and its surrounding microenvironment. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the translocation of extracellular HSP70. We further elucidate its functions within the TME and provide an overview of potential therapeutic options. Abstract Extracellular vesicles released by tumor cells (T-EVs) are known to contain danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which are released in response to cellular stress to alert the immune system to the dangerous cell. Part of this defense mechanism is the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and HSP70-positive T-EVs are known to trigger anti-tumor immune responses. Moreover, extracellular HSP70 acts as an immunogen that contributes to the cross-presentation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. However, the release of DAMPs, including HSP70, may also induce chronic inflammation or suppress immune cell activity, promoting tumor growth. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on soluble, membrane-bound, and EV-associated HSP70 regarding their functions in regulating tumor-associated immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. The molecular mechanisms involved in the translocation of HSP70 to the plasma membrane of tumor cells and its release via exosomes or soluble proteins are summarized. Furthermore, perspectives for immunotherapies aimed to target HSP70 and its receptors for cancer treatment are discussed and presented.
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Kimm MA, Shevtsov M, Werner C, Sievert W, Zhiyuan W, Schoppe O, Menze BH, Rummeny EJ, Proksa R, Bystrova O, Martynova M, Multhoff G, Stangl S. Gold Nanoparticle Mediated Multi-Modal CT Imaging of Hsp70 Membrane-Positive Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051331. [PMID: 32456049 PMCID: PMC7281090 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging techniques such as computed tomographies (CT) play a major role in clinical imaging and diagnosis of malignant lesions. In recent years, metal nanoparticle platforms enabled effective payload delivery for several imaging techniques. Due to the possibility of surface modification, metal nanoparticles are predestined to facilitate molecular tumor targeting. In this work, we demonstrate the feasibility of anti-plasma membrane Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) antibody functionalized gold nanoparticles (cmHsp70.1-AuNPs) for tumor-specific multimodal imaging. Membrane-associated Hsp70 is exclusively presented on the plasma membrane of malignant cells of multiple tumor entities but not on corresponding normal cells, predestining this target for a tumor-selective in vivo imaging. In vitro microscopic analysis revealed the presence of cmHsp70.1-AuNPs in the cytosol of tumor cell lines after internalization via the endo-lysosomal pathway. In preclinical models, the biodistribution as well as the intratumoral enrichment of AuNPs were examined 24 h after i.v. injection in tumor-bearing mice. In parallel to spectral CT analysis, histological analysis confirmed the presence of AuNPs within tumor cells. In contrast to control AuNPs, a significant enrichment of cmHsp70.1-AuNPs has been detected selectively inside tumor cells in different tumor mouse models. Furthermore, a machine-learning approach was developed to analyze AuNP accumulations in tumor tissues and organs. In summary, utilizing mHsp70 on tumor cells as a target for the guidance of cmHsp70.1-AuNPs facilitates an enrichment and uniform distribution of nanoparticles in mHsp70-expressing tumor cells that enables various microscopic imaging techniques and spectral-CT-based tumor delineation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A. Kimm
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; (M.A.K.); (E.J.R.)
| | - Maxim Shevtsov
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; (M.S.); (C.W.); (W.S.); (W.Z.); (O.S.); (B.H.M.); (G.M.)
- Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (O.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Caroline Werner
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; (M.S.); (C.W.); (W.S.); (W.Z.); (O.S.); (B.H.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Wolfgang Sievert
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; (M.S.); (C.W.); (W.S.); (W.Z.); (O.S.); (B.H.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Wu Zhiyuan
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; (M.S.); (C.W.); (W.S.); (W.Z.); (O.S.); (B.H.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Oliver Schoppe
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; (M.S.); (C.W.); (W.S.); (W.Z.); (O.S.); (B.H.M.); (G.M.)
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Bjoern H. Menze
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; (M.S.); (C.W.); (W.S.); (W.Z.); (O.S.); (B.H.M.); (G.M.)
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Ernst J. Rummeny
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; (M.A.K.); (E.J.R.)
| | - Roland Proksa
- Philips GmbH Innovative Technologies, Research Laboratories, 22335 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Olga Bystrova
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (O.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Marina Martynova
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (O.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; (M.S.); (C.W.); (W.S.); (W.Z.); (O.S.); (B.H.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Stefan Stangl
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; (M.S.); (C.W.); (W.S.); (W.Z.); (O.S.); (B.H.M.); (G.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-4140-6013; Fax: +49-89-4140-4299
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Membrane-Associated Heat Shock Proteins in Oncology: From Basic Research to New Theranostic Targets. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051263. [PMID: 32443761 PMCID: PMC7290778 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) constitute a large family of conserved proteins acting as molecular chaperones that play a key role in intracellular protein homeostasis, regulation of apoptosis, and protection from various stress factors (including hypoxia, thermal stress, oxidative stress). Apart from their intracellular localization, members of different HSP families such as small HSPs, HSP40, HSP60, HSP70 and HSP90 have been found to be localized on the plasma membrane of malignantly transformed cells. In the current article, the role of membrane-associated molecular chaperones in normal and tumor cells is comprehensively reviewed with implications of these proteins as plausible targets for cancer therapy and diagnostics.
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11
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Vostakolaei MA, Molavi O, Hejazi MS, Kordi S, Rahmati S, Barzegari A, Abdolalizadeh J. Isolation and characterization of a novel scFv antibody fragments specific for Hsp70 as a tumor biomarker. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:14711-14724. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Asghari Vostakolaei
- Immunology Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Ommoleila Molavi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Mohammad Saeid Hejazi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Shirafkan Kordi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Saman Rahmati
- Medical Biotechnology Department Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran Tehran Iran
| | - Abolfazl Barzegari
- Research Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Jalal Abdolalizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Paramedical Faculty Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
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12
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Shevtsov M, Stangl S, Nikolaev B, Yakovleva L, Marchenko Y, Tagaeva R, Sievert W, Pitkin E, Mazur A, Tolstoy P, Galibin O, Ryzhov V, Steiger K, Smirnov O, Khachatryan W, Chester K, Multhoff G. Granzyme B Functionalized Nanoparticles Targeting Membrane Hsp70-Positive Tumors for Multimodal Cancer Theranostics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1900205. [PMID: 30828968 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have emerged as potential clinical tools for cancer theranostics. Membrane-bound 70 kDa heat shock protein (mHsp70) is ubiquitously expressed on the cell membrane of various tumor types but not normal cells and therefore provides a tumor-specific target. The serine protease granzyme B (GrB) that is produced as an effector molecule by activated T and NK cells has been shown to specifically target mHsp70 on tumor cells. Following binding to Hsp70, GrB is rapidly internalized into tumor cells. Herein, it is demonstrated that GrB functionalized SPIONs act as a contrast enhancement agent for magnetic resonance imaging and induce specific tumor cell apoptosis. Combinatorial regimens employing stereotactic radiotherapy and/or magnetic targeting are found to further enhance the therapeutic efficacy of GrB-SPIONs in different tumor mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Shevtsov
- Center for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Radiation Immuno-Oncology group, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Einsteinstr. 25, 81675, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Tikhoretsky ave., 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
- First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, L'va Tolstogo str. 6/8, St. Petersburg, 197022, Russia
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Russian Polenov Neurosurgical Institute, Mayakovskogo str. 12, St. Petersburg, 191104, Russia
| | - Stefan Stangl
- Center for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Radiation Immuno-Oncology group, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Einsteinstr. 25, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Boris Nikolaev
- Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Pudozhskaya str. 12, St. Petersburg, 191014, Russia
| | - Ludmila Yakovleva
- Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Pudozhskaya str. 12, St. Petersburg, 191014, Russia
| | - Yaroslav Marchenko
- Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Pudozhskaya str. 12, St. Petersburg, 191014, Russia
| | - Ruslana Tagaeva
- Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Pudozhskaya str. 12, St. Petersburg, 191014, Russia
| | - Wolfgang Sievert
- Center for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Radiation Immuno-Oncology group, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Einsteinstr. 25, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Emil Pitkin
- Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Walnut Street 3730, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Anton Mazur
- Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7-9, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Peter Tolstoy
- Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7-9, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Oleg Galibin
- First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, L'va Tolstogo str. 6/8, St. Petersburg, 197022, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav Ryzhov
- NRC "Kurchatov Institute", Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, 188300, Russia
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Trogerstr. 18, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Oleg Smirnov
- NRC "Kurchatov Institute", Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, 188300, Russia
| | - William Khachatryan
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Russian Polenov Neurosurgical Institute, Mayakovskogo str. 12, St. Petersburg, 191104, Russia
| | - Kerry Chester
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, WC1E 6DD, London, UK
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Center for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Radiation Immuno-Oncology group, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Einsteinstr. 25, 81675, Munich, Germany
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13
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Reindl J, Shevtsov M, Dollinger G, Stangl S, Multhoff G. Membrane Hsp70-supported cell-to-cell connections via tunneling nanotubes revealed by live-cell STED nanoscopy. Cell Stress Chaperones 2019; 24:213-221. [PMID: 30632067 PMCID: PMC6363613 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-018-00958-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein Hsp70 (Hsp70) is found on the cell surface of a large variety of human and mouse tumor cell types including U87, GL261 glioblastoma, and 4T1 mammary carcinoma cells. We studied the role of membrane-bound Hsp70 (mHsp70) in the formation of cell-to-cell connections via tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) using live-cell STED nanoscopy. This technique allows the visualization of microstructures in the 100-nm range in the living cells. We could show that the presence of tumor-derived mHsp70 in TNTs with a diameter ranging from 120 to 140 nm predominantly originates from cholesterol-rich-microdomains containing the lipid compound globoyltriaosylceramide (Gb3). Under non-stress conditions, Hsp70 and Gb3 are structurally clustered in the membrane of TNTs of tumor cells that showed tumor type specific variations in the amount of cell-to-cell connection networks. Furthermore depletion of cholesterol and ionizing radiation as a stress factor results in a complete loss of Hsp70-containing TNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Reindl
- Universität der Bundeswehr München, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Maxim Shevtsov
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technischen Universität München (TUM), Ismaningerstrasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Tikhoretsky ave. 4, St. Petersburg, 194064 Russia
- Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, L’va Tolstogo str. 6/8, St. Petersburg, 197022 Russia
- Polenov Russian Scientific Research Institute of Neurosurgery, Mayakovskogo str. 12, St. Petersburg, 191104 Russia
| | - Günther Dollinger
- Universität der Bundeswehr München, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Stangl
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technischen Universität München (TUM), Ismaningerstrasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technischen Universität München (TUM), Ismaningerstrasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
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14
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15
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Sadeghipour N, Davis SC, Tichauer KM. Quantifying cancer cell receptors with paired-agent fluorescent imaging: a novel method to account for tissue optical property effects. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2018; 10497. [PMID: 30220772 DOI: 10.1117/12.2290631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic fluorescence imaging approaches can be used to estimate the concentration of cell surface receptors in vivo. Kinetic models are used to generate the final estimation by taking the targeted imaging agent concentration as a function of time. However, tissue absorption and scattering properties cause the final readout signal to be on a different scale than the real fluorescent agent concentration. In paired-agent imaging approaches, simultaneous injection of a suitable control imaging agent with a targeted one can account for non-specific uptake and retention of the targeted agent. Additionally, the signal from the control agent can be a normalizing factor to correct for tissue optical property differences. In this study, the kinetic model used for paired-agent imaging analysis (i.e., simplified reference tissue model) is modified and tested in simulation and experimental data in a way that accounts for the scaling correction within the kinetic model fit to the data to ultimately extract an estimate of the targeted biomarker concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Sadeghipour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3255 S Dearborn St., Chicago, IL USA 60616
| | - Scott C Davis
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Dr., Hanover, NH USA 03755-8001
| | - Kenneth M Tichauer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3255 S Dearborn St., Chicago, IL USA 60616
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16
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Stangl S, Tei L, De Rose F, Reder S, Martinelli J, Sievert W, Shevtsov M, Öllinger R, Rad R, Schwaiger M, D'Alessandria C, Multhoff G. Preclinical Evaluation of the Hsp70 Peptide Tracer TPP-PEG 24-DFO[ 89Zr] for Tumor-Specific PET/CT Imaging. Cancer Res 2018; 78:6268-6281. [PMID: 30228173 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High precision in vivo PET/CT imaging of solid tumors improves diagnostic credibility and clinical outcome of patients. An epitope of the oligomerization domain of Hsp70 is exclusively exposed on the membrane of a large variety of tumor types, but not on normal cells, and thus provides a universal tumor-specific target. Here we developed a novel PET tracer TPP-PEG24-DFO[89Zr] based on the tumor cell-penetrating peptide probe TPP, which specifically recognizes membrane Hsp70 (mHsp70) on tumor cells. The implemented PEG24 moiety supported tracer stability and improved biodistribution characteristics in vivo The K d of the tracer ranged in the low nanomolar range (18.9 ± 11.3 nmol/L). Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled derivatives TPP-[FITC] and TPP-PEG24-[FITC] revealed comparable and specific binding to mHsp70-positive 4T1, 4T1+, a derivative of the 4T1 cell line sorted for high Hsp70 expression, and CT26 tumor cells, but not to mHsp70-negative normal fibroblasts. The rapid internalization kinetics of mHsp70 into the cytosol and the favorable biodistribution of the peptide-based tracer TPP-PEG24-DFO[89Zr] in vivo enabled a tumor-specific accumulation with a high tumor-to-background contrast and renal body clearance. The tumor-specific enrichment of the tracer in 4T1+ (6.2 ± 1.1%ID/g), 4T1 (4.3 ± 0.7%ID/g), and CT26 (2.6 ± 0.6%ID/g) mouse tumors with very high, high, and intermediate mHsp70 densities, respectively, reflected mHsp70 expression profiles of the different tumor types, whereas benign mHsp70-negative fibroblastic hyperplasia showed no tracer accumulation (0.2 ± 0.03%ID/g). The ability of our chemically optimized peptide-based tracer TPP-PEG24-DFO[89Zr] to detect mHsp70 in vivo suggests its broad applicability in targeting and imaging with high specificity for any tumor type that exhibits surface expression of Hsp70.Significance: A novel peptide-based PET tracer against the oligomerization domain of Hsp70 has potential for universal tumor-specific imaging in vivo across many tumor type. Cancer Res; 78(21); 6268-81. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Stangl
- Radiation Immuno Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Campus Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Tei
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Alessandria, Italy
| | - Francesco De Rose
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Sybille Reder
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Jonathan Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Alessandria, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Sievert
- Radiation Immuno Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Campus Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Maxim Shevtsov
- Radiation Immuno Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Campus Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany.,Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), St. Petersburg, Russia.,Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Rupert Öllinger
- Medical Department II, Translational Gastroenterological Oncology, Centre for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- Medical Department II, Translational Gastroenterological Oncology, Centre for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaiger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Calogero D'Alessandria
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Radiation Immuno Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Campus Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany.
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17
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Olotu F, Adeniji E, Agoni C, Bjij I, Khan S, Elrashedy A, Soliman M. An update on the discovery and development of selective heat shock protein inhibitors as anti-cancer therapy. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 13:903-918. [PMID: 30207185 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1516035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the years, not a single HSP inhibitor has progressed into the post-market phase of drug development despite the success recorded in various pre-clinical and clinical studies. The inability of existing drugs to specifically target oncogenic HSPs has majorly accounted for these setbacks. Recent combinatorial strategies that incorporated computer-aided drug design (CADD) techniques are geared towards the development of highly specific HSP inhibitors with increased activities and minimal toxicities. Areas covered: In this review, strategic therapeutic approaches that have recently aided the development of selective HSP inhibitors were highlighted. Also, the significant contributions of CADD techniques over the years were discussed in detail. This article further describes promising computational paradigms and their applications towards the discovery of highly specific inhibitors of oncogenic HSPs. Expert opinion: The recent shift towards highly selective and specific HSP inhibition has shown great promise as evidenced by the development of paralog/isoform-selective HSP drugs. It could be further augmented with computer-aided drug design strategies, which incorporate reliable methods that would greatly enhance the design and optimization of novel inhibitors with improved activities and minimal toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fisayo Olotu
- a Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences , University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa
| | - Emmanuel Adeniji
- a Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences , University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa
| | - Clement Agoni
- a Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences , University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa
| | - Imane Bjij
- a Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences , University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa
| | - Shama Khan
- a Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences , University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa
| | | | - Mahmoud Soliman
- a Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences , University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa
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18
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Stangl S, Foulds GA, Fellinger H, Pilkington GJ, Pockley AG, Multhoff G. Immunohistochemical and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Intracellular and Membrane-Bound Hsp70, as a Putative Biomarker of Glioblastoma Multiforme, Using the cmHsp70.1 Monoclonal Antibody. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1709:307-320. [PMID: 29177668 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7477-1_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
The major stress-inducible 70 kDa heat shock (stress) protein 70 (Hsp70) is frequently overexpressed in highly aggressive tumor cells and thus might serve as a tumor-specific biomarker of aggressive disease. We have previously shown that, in contrast to normal cells, tumor cells present Hsp70 on their plasma membrane. In order to elucidate the role of intracellular and membrane-bound Hsp70 as a potential tumor biomarker in glioblastoma multiforme, herein, we describe protocols for the staining of cytosolic Hsp70 in tumor formalin fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sections using immunohistochemistry, and for plasma membrane-bound Hsp70 by multi-parametric flow cytometry using the cmHsp70.1 monoclonal antibody (mAb).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Stangl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich, 81675, Germany
| | - Gemma A Foulds
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Helena Fellinger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich, 81675, Germany
| | - Geoffrey J Pilkington
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, UK
| | - A Graham Pockley
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich, 81675, Germany.,John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich, 81675, Germany. .,CCG-Innate Immunity in Tumor Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany.
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19
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Friedrich L, Kornberger P, Mendler CT, Multhoff G, Schwaiger M, Skerra A. Selection of an Anticalin® against the membrane form of Hsp70 via bacterial surface display and its theranostic application in tumour models. Biol Chem 2017; 399:235-252. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We describe the selection of Anticalins against a common tumour surface antigen, human Hsp70, using functional display on live Escherichia coli cells as fusion with a truncated EspP autotransporter. While found intracellularly in normal cells, Hsp70 is frequently exposed in a membrane-bound state on the surface of tumour cells and, even more pronounced, in metastases or after radiochemotherapy. Employing a recombinant Hsp70 fragment comprising residues 383-548 as the target, Anticalins were selected from a naïve bacterial library. The Anticalin with the highest affinity (K
D=13 nm), as determined towards recombinant full-length Hsp70 by real-time surface plasmon resonance analysis, was improved to K
D=510 pm by doped random mutagenesis and another cycle of E. coli surface display, followed by rational combination of mutations. This Anticalin, which recognises a linear peptide epitope located in the interdomain linker of Hsp70, was demonstrated to specifically bind Hsp70 in its membrane-associated form in immunofluorescence microscopy and via flow cytometry using the FaDu cell line, which is positive for surface Hsp70. The radiolabelled and PASylated Anticalin revealed specific tumour accumulation in xenograft mice using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Furthermore, after enzymatic coupling to the protein toxin gelonin, the Anticalin showed potent cytotoxicity on FaDu cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Friedrich
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, CIPS-M, and Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie , Technische Universität München , D-85354 Freising (Weihenstephan) , Germany
| | - Petra Kornberger
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, CIPS-M, and Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie , Technische Universität München , D-85354 Freising (Weihenstephan) , Germany
| | - Claudia T. Mendler
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, CIPS-M, and Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie , Technische Universität München , D-85354 Freising (Weihenstephan) , Germany
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology , Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München , D-81675 München , Germany
| | - Markus Schwaiger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar , Technische Universität München , D-81675 München , Germany
| | - Arne Skerra
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, CIPS-M, and Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie , Technische Universität München , D-85354 Freising (Weihenstephan) , Germany
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Yamamoto Y, Koma H, Nishii S, Yagami T. Anti-heat Shock 70 kDa Protein Antibody Induced Neuronal Cell Death. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:402-412. [PMID: 28381795 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is not only a molecular chaperone in cytosol, but also presents in synaptic plasma membranes. To detect plasmalemmal Hsp70 (pl-Hsp70), neurons were immunostained with anti-Hsp70 antibody without permeabilization and fixation. Dotted immunofluorescent signals at neuronal cell bodies and neurites indicated the localization of Hsp70 on the neuronal cell surface. To target only pl-Hsp70, but not cytosolic Hsp70, the anti-Hsp70 antibody was applied without permeabilization in the primary culture of rat cortical neurons. The antibody induced neuronal cell death in a concentration-dependent manner. The anti-Hsp70 antibody activated ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, but inactivated caspase-3. A lag time was required for the neurotoxicity of anti-Hsp70 antibody. Hydrogen peroxide was increased in the anti-Hsp70 antibody-treated neurons during the lag time. Catalase suppressed the anti-Hsp70 antibody-reduced cell viability via the plausible inhibition of hydrogen peroxide generation. One of down-streams of hydrogen peroxide exposure is activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade. The neurotoxicity of anti-Hsp70 antibody was partially ascribed to c-Jun N-terminal kinase among MAPKs. In conclusion, the anti-Hsp70 antibody targeted pl-Hsp70 on the neuronal cell surface and induced neuronal cell death without complement. Furthermore, hydrogen peroxide appeared to mediate the neuronal cell death, which was accompanied with the enhancement of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and the suppression of caspase in a different fashion from the known cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Yamamoto
- Division of Physiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Health Care, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Himeji Dokkyo University
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21
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Barreca MM, Spinello W, Cavalieri V, Turturici G, Sconzo G, Kaur P, Tinnirello R, Asea AAA, Geraci F. Extracellular Hsp70 Enhances Mesoangioblast Migration via an Autocrine Signaling Pathway. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:1845-1861. [PMID: 27925208 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mouse mesoangioblasts are vessel-associated progenitor stem cells endowed with the ability of multipotent mesoderm differentiation. Therefore, they represent a promising tool in the regeneration of injured tissues. Several studies have demonstrated that homing of mesoangioblasts into blood and injured tissues are mainly controlled by cytokines/chemokines and other inflammatory factors. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms regulating their ability to traverse the extracellular matrix (ECM). Here, we demonstrate that membrane vesicles released by mesoangioblasts contain Hsp70, and that the released Hsp70 is able to interact by an autocrine mechanism with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and CD91 to stimulate migration. We further demonstrate that Hsp70 has a positive role in regulating matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and MMP9 expression and that MMP2 has a more pronounced effect on cell migration, as compared to MMP9. In addition, the analysis of the intracellular pathways implicated in Hsp70 regulated signal transduction showed the involvement of both PI3K/AKT and NF-κB. Taken together, our findings present a paradigm shift in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate mesoangioblast stem cells ability to traverse the extracellular matrix (ECM). J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 1845-1861, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Barreca
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Walter Spinello
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cavalieri
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Turturici
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gabriella Sconzo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Punit Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rosaria Tinnirello
- Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology Institute, National Center of Research, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alexzander A A Asea
- Department of Neurology and the Deanship for Scientific Research, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fabiana Geraci
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo, Italy
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22
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Shevtsov MA, Nikolaev BP, Ryzhov VA, Yakovleva LY, Marchenko YY, Parr MA, Rolich VI, Mikhrina AL, Dobrodumov AV, Pitkin E, Multhoff G. Ionizing radiation improves glioma-specific targeting of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles conjugated with cmHsp70.1 monoclonal antibodies (SPION-cmHsp70.1). NANOSCALE 2015; 7:20652-20664. [PMID: 26599206 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr06521f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The stress-inducible 72 kDa heat shock protein Hsp70 is known to be expressed on the membrane of highly aggressive tumor cells including high-grade gliomas, but not on the corresponding normal cells. Membrane Hsp70 (mHsp70) is rapidly internalized into tumor cells and thus targeting of mHsp70 might provide a promising strategy for theranostics. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are contrast negative agents that are used for the detection of tumors with MRI. Herein, we conjugated the Hsp70-specific antibody (cmHsp70.1) which is known to recognize mHsp70 to superparamagnetic iron nanoparticles to assess tumor-specific targeting before and after ionizing irradiation. In vitro experiments demonstrated the selectivity of SPION-cmHsp70.1 conjugates to free and mHsp70 in different tumor cell types (C6 glioblastoma, K562 leukemia, HeLa cervix carcinoma) in a dose-dependent manner. High-resolution MRI (11 T) on T(2)-weighted images showed the retention of the conjugates in the C6 glioma model. Accumulation of SPION-cmHsp70.1 nanoparticles in the glioma resulted in a nearly 2-fold drop of T*(2) values in comparison to non-conjugated SPIONs. Biodistribution analysis using NLR-M(2) measurements showed a 7-fold increase in the tumor-to-background (normal brain) uptake ratio of SPION-cmHsp70.1 conjugates in glioma-bearing rats in comparison to SPIONs. This accumulation within Hsp70-positive glioma was further enhanced after a single dose (10 Gy) of ionizing radiation. Elevated accumulation of the magnetic conjugates in the tumor due to radiosensitization proves the combination of radiotherapy and application of Hsp70-targeted agents in brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim A Shevtsov
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Tikhoretsky ave., 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia.
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23
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Wang Y, Wang X, Ferrone CR, Schwab JH, Ferrone S. Intracellular antigens as targets for antibody based immunotherapy of malignant diseases. Mol Oncol 2015; 9:1982-93. [PMID: 26597109 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the potential use of intracellular tumor antigens as targets of antibody-based immunotherapy for the treatment of solid tumors. In addition, it describes the characteristics of the intracellular tumor antigens targeted with antibodies which have been described in the literature and have been identified in the authors' laboratory. Finally, the mechanism underlying the trafficking of the intracellular tumor antigens to the plasma membrane of tumor cells are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Wang
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Xinhui Wang
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Cristina R Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Joseph H Schwab
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Soldano Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
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Gehrmann MK, Kimm MA, Stangl S, Schmid TE, Noël PB, Rummeny EJ, Multhoff G. Imaging of Hsp70-positive tumors with cmHsp70.1 antibody-conjugated gold nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:5687-700. [PMID: 26392771 PMCID: PMC4572731 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s87174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time imaging of small tumors is still one of the challenges in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of clinical outcome. Targeting novel biomarkers that are selectively expressed on a large variety of different tumors but not normal cells has the potential to improve the imaging capacity of existing methods such as computed tomography. Herein, we present a novel technique using cmHsp70.1 monoclonal antibody-conjugated spherical gold nanoparticles for quantification of the targeted uptake of gold nanoparticles into membrane Hsp70-positive tumor cells. Upon binding, cmHsp70.1-conjugated gold nanoparticles but not nanoparticles coupled to an isotype-matched IgG1 antibody or empty nanoparticles are rapidly taken up by highly malignant Hsp70 membrane-positive mouse tumor cells. After 24 hours, the cmHsp70.1-conjugated gold nanoparticles are found to be enriched in the perinuclear region. Specificity for membrane Hsp70 was shown by using an Hsp70 knockout tumor cell system. Toxic side effects of the cmHsp70.1-conjugated nanoparticles are not observed at a concentration of 1–10 µg/mL. Experiments are ongoing to evaluate whether cmHsp70.1 antibody-conjugated gold nanoparticles are suitable for the detection of membrane-Hsp70-positive tumors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias K Gehrmann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie A Kimm
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Stangl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas E Schmid
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter B Noël
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ernst J Rummeny
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Cell surface localised Hsp70 is a cancer specific regulator of clathrin-independent endocytosis. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:2747-53. [PMID: 26257049 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The stress inducible heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is present specifically on the tumour cell surface yet without a pro-tumour function revealed. We show here that cell surface localised Hsp70 (sHsp70) supports clathrin-independent endocytosis (CIE) in melanoma models. Remarkably, ability of Hsp70 to cluster on lipid rafts in vitro correlated with larger nano-domain sizes of sHsp70 in high sHsp70 expressing cell membranes. Interfering with Hsp70 oligomerisation impaired sHsp70-mediated facilitation of endocytosis. Altogether our findings suggest that a sub-fraction of sHsp70 co-localising with lipid rafts enhances CIE through oligomerisation and clustering. Targeting or utilising this tumour specific mechanism may represent an additional benefit for anti-cancer therapy.
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Liu H, Wu DC. Advances in research of fluorescence imaging for detection of gastrointestinal tumors. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:2193-2199. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i14.2193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence imaging, which has a high sensitivity, produces images by capturing fluorescence signal from the inside of organisms. Over the past few years, notable development of fluorescence imaging technique has been made in the field of gastrointestinal cancer. Imaging instruments and fluorescent probes for fluorescence imaging are being improved and innovated, making it a promising technique for broad clinical applications in the near future. Future clinical applications of fluorescence imaging include aiding diagnosis and surgical treatment of gastrointestinal tumors, which are important development directions of this technique. However, increasing the safety and the accuracy for tumor detection is a challenge for fluorescence imaging. Besides, in order to acquire better diagnostic effects, the combination of fluorescence imaging and other imaging modalities which require novel imaging probes for tumor is also an important trend for fluorescence imaging development.
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27
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Stapf M, Pömpner N, Kettering M, Hilger I. Magnetic thermoablation stimuli alter BCL2 and FGF-R1 but not HSP70 expression profiles in BT474 breast tumors. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:1931-9. [PMID: 25792827 PMCID: PMC4364160 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s77372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetically induced heating of magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) in an alternating magnetic field (AMF) is a promising minimal invasive tool for localized tumor treatment that eradicates tumor cells by applying thermal stress. While temperatures between 42°C and 45°C induce apoptosis and sensitize the cells for chemo- and radiation therapies when applied for at least 30 minutes, temperatures above 50°C, so-called thermoablative temperatures, rapidly induce irreversible cell damage resulting in necrosis. Since only little is known concerning the protein expression of anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2), fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGF-R1), and heat shock protein (HSP70) after short-time magnetic thermoablative tumor treatment, these relevant tumor proteins were investigated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in a human BT474 breast cancer mouse xenograft model. In the investigated sample groups, the application of thermoablative temperatures (<2 minutes) led to a downregulation of BCL2 and FGF-R1 on the protein level while the level of HSP70 remained unchanged. Coincidently, the tumor tissue was damaged by heat, resulting in large apoptotic and necrotic areas in regions with high MNP concentration. Taken together, thermoablative heating induced via magnetic methods can reduce the expression of tumor-related proteins and locally inactivate tumor tissue, leading to a prospectively reduced tumorigenicity of cancerous tissues. The presented data allow a deeper insight into the molecular mechanisms in relation to magnetic thermoablative tumor treatments with the aim of further improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Stapf
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Nadine Pömpner
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Melanie Kettering
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Ingrid Hilger
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Stangl S, Varga J, Freysoldt B, Trajkovic-Arsic M, Siveke JT, Greten FR, Ntziachristos V, Multhoff G. Selective in vivo imaging of syngeneic, spontaneous, and xenograft tumors using a novel tumor cell-specific hsp70 peptide-based probe. Cancer Res 2014; 74:6903-12. [PMID: 25300920 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although in vivo targeting of tumors using fluorescently labeled probes has greatly gained in importance over the last few years, most of the clinically applied reagents lack tumor cell specificity. Our novel tumor cell-penetrating peptide-based probe (TPP) recognizes an epitope of Hsp70 that is exclusively present on the cell surface of a broad variety of human and mouse tumors and metastases, but not on normal tissues. Because of the rapid turnover rate of membrane Hsp70, fluorescently labeled TPP is continuously internalized into syngeneic, spontaneous, chemically/genetically induced and xenograft tumors following intravenous administration, thereby enabling site-specific labeling of primary tumors and metastases. In contrast with the commercially available nonpeptide small molecule αvβ3-integrin antagonist IntegriSense, TPP exhibits a significantly higher tumor-to-background contrast and stronger tumor-specific signal intensity in all tested tumor models. Moreover, in contrast with IntegriSense, TPP reliably differentiates between tumor cells and cells of the tumor microenvironment, such as tumor-associated macrophages and fibroblasts, which were found to be membrane-Hsp70 negative. Therefore, TPP provides a useful tool for multimodal imaging of tumors and metastases that might help to improve our understanding of tumorigenesis and allow the establishment of improved diagnostic procedures and more accurate therapeutic monitoring. TPP might also be a promising platform for tumor-specific drug delivery and other Hsp70-based targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Stangl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU München and CCG - "Innate Immunity in Tumor Biology", Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU), Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Varga
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Bianca Freysoldt
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU München and CCG - "Innate Immunity in Tumor Biology", Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Jens T Siveke
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian R Greten
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU), Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU München and CCG - "Innate Immunity in Tumor Biology", Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU), Munich, Germany.
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Gehrmann M, Stangl S, Foulds GA, Oellinger R, Breuninger S, Rad R, Pockley AG, Multhoff G. Tumor imaging and targeting potential of an Hsp70-derived 14-mer peptide. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105344. [PMID: 25165986 PMCID: PMC4148261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously used a unique mouse monoclonal antibody cmHsp70.1 to demonstrate the selective presence of a membrane-bound form of Hsp70 (memHsp70) on a variety of leukemia cells and on single cell suspensions derived from solid tumors of different entities, but not on non-transformed cells or cells from corresponding 'healthy' tissue. This antibody can be used to image tumors in vivo and target them for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Tumor-specific expression of memHsp70 therefore has the potential to be exploited for theranostic purposes. Given the advantages of peptides as imaging and targeting agents, this study assessed whether a 14-mer tumor penetrating peptide (TPP; TKDNNLLGRFELSG), the sequence of which is derived from the oligomerization domain of Hsp70 which is expressed on the cell surface of tumor cells, can also be used for targeting membrane Hsp70 positive (memHsp70+) tumor cells, in vitro. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The specificity of carboxy-fluorescein (CF-) labeled TPP (TPP) to Hsp70 was proven in an Hsp70 knockout mammary tumor cell system. TPP specifically binds to different memHsp70+ mouse and human tumor cell lines and is rapidly taken up via endosomes. Two to four-fold higher levels of CF-labeled TPP were detected in MCF7 (82% memHsp70+) and MDA-MB-231 (75% memHsp70+) cells compared to T47D cells (29% memHsp70+) that exhibit a lower Hsp70 membrane positivity. After 90 min incubation, TPP co-localized with mitochondrial membranes in memHsp70+ tumors. Although there was no evidence that any given vesicle population was specifically localized, fluorophore-labeled cmHsp70.1 antibody and TPP preferentially accumulated in the proximity of the adherent surface of cultured cells. These findings suggest a potential association between membrane Hsp70 expression and cytoskeletal elements that are involved in adherence, the establishment of intercellular synapses and/or membrane reorganization. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study demonstrates the specific binding and rapid internalization of TPP by tumor cells with a memHsp70+ phenotype. TPP might therefore have potential for targeting and imaging the large proportion of tumors (∼50%) that express memHsp70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Gehrmann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Stangl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gemma A. Foulds
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rupert Oellinger
- Medical Department II, Translational Gastroenterological Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephanie Breuninger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- Medical Department II, Translational Gastroenterological Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Alan G. Pockley
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group (CCG) ‘‘Innate Immunity in Tumor Biology’’, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Munich, Germany
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30
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Gehrmann M, Cervello M, Montalto G, Cappello F, Gulino A, Knape C, Specht HM, Multhoff G. Heat shock protein 70 serum levels differ significantly in patients with chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Immunol 2014; 5:307. [PMID: 25071768 PMCID: PMC4076752 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) family play an important role in assisting protein folding, preventing protein aggregation and transport of proteins across membranes under physiological conditions. Following environmental (i.e., irradiation, chemotherapy), physiological (i.e., cell growth, differentiation), and pathophysiological (i.e., inflammation, tumorigenesis) stress, the synthesis of heat shock proteins (HSPs) is highly up-regulated, whereas protein synthesis in general is reduced. In contrast to normal cells, many tumor entities including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) overexpress HSP70, the major-stress-inducible member of the HSP70 family, present it on their cell surface and secrete it into the extracellular milieu. Herein, the prognostic relevance of serum HSP70 levels in patients with chronic hepatitis (CH; n = 50), liver cirrhosis (LC; n = 46), and HCC (n = 47) was analyzed. Similar to other tumor entities, HSP70 is also present on the surface of primary HCC cells. The staining intensity of intracellular HSP70 in HCC tissue is stronger compared to control and cirrhotic liver sections. HSP70 serum levels in all HCC patients were significantly higher compared to a control group without liver disease (n = 40). No significant age- and gender-related differences in HSP70 serum levels were observed in male and female healthy human volunteers (n = 86). Patients with CH (n = 50) revealed significantly higher HSP70 serum levels compared to the control group, however, these values were significantly lower than those of HCC patients (n = 47). Furthermore, a subgroup of patients with LC who subsequently developed HCC (LC-HCC, n = 13) revealed higher HSP70 serum levels than patients with LC (n = 46, p = 0.05). These data indicate that serum HSP70 levels are consecutively increased in patients with CH, LC and liver carcinomas and thus might have a prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Gehrmann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Melchiorre Cervello
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "Alberto Monroy", National Research Council , Palermo , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Montalto
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "Alberto Monroy", National Research Council , Palermo , Italy ; Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy ; Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology , Palermo , Italy
| | - Alessandro Gulino
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Health Science, Human Pathology Section, School of Medicine, University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Clemens Knape
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Hanno M Specht
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München , Munich , Germany ; Clinical Cooperation Group (CCG) - Innate Immunity in Tumor Biology, Helmholtz Centre Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health , Munich , Germany
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Gaca S, Reichert S, Multhoff G, Wacker M, Hehlgans S, Botzler C, Gehrmann M, Rödel C, Kreuter J, Rödel F. Targeting by cmHsp70.1-antibody coated and survivin miRNA plasmid loaded nanoparticles to radiosensitize glioblastoma cells. J Control Release 2013; 172:201-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Foulds GA, Radons J, Kreuzer M, Multhoff G, Pockley AG. Influence of tumors on protective anti-tumor immunity and the effects of irradiation. Front Oncol 2013; 3:14. [PMID: 23378947 PMCID: PMC3561630 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate and adaptive immunity plays important roles in the development and progression of cancer and it is becoming apparent that tumors can influence the induction of potentially protective responses in a number of ways. The prevalence of immunoregulatory T cell populations in the circulation and tumors of patients with cancer is increased and the presence of these cells appears to present a major barrier to the induction of tumor immunity. One aspect of tumor-mediated immunoregulation which has received comparatively little attention is that which is directed toward natural killer (NK) cells, although evidence that the phenotype and function of NK cell populations are modified in patients with cancer is accumulating. Although the precise mechanisms underlying these localized and systemic immunoregulatory effects remain unclear, tumor-derived factors appear, in part at least, to be involved. The effects could be manifested by an altered function and/or via an influence on the migratory properties of individual cell subsets. A better insight into endogenous immunoregulatory mechanisms and the capacity of tumors to modify the phenotype and function of innate and adaptive immune cells might assist the development of new immunotherapeutic approaches and improve the management of patients with cancer. This article reviews current knowledge relating to the influence of tumors on protective anti-tumor immunity and considers the potential influence that radiation-induced effects might have on the prevalence, phenotype, and function of innate and adaptive immune cells in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma A Foulds
- Department of Oncology, The Medical School, The University of Sheffield Sheffield, UK ; Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München Munich, Germany
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Gongalsky MB, Kharin AY, Osminkina LA, Timoshenko VY, Jeong J, Lee H, Chung BH. Enhanced photoluminescence of porous silicon nanoparticles coated by bioresorbable polymers. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2012; 7:446. [PMID: 22873790 PMCID: PMC3464699 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-7-446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A significant enhancement of the photoluminescence (PL) efficiency is observed for aqueous suspensions of porous silicon nanoparticles (PSiNPs) coated by bioresorbable polymers, i.e., polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). PSiNPs with average size about 100 nm prepared by mechanical grinding of electrochemically etched porous silicon were dispersed in water to prepare the stable suspension. The inner hydrophobic PLGA layer prevents the PSiNPs from the dissolution in water, while the outer PVA layer makes the PSiNPs hydrophilic. The PL quantum yield of PLGA/PVA-coated PSiNPs was found to increase by three times for 2 weeks of the storage in water. The observed effect is explained by taking into account both suppression of the dissolution of PSiNPs in water and a process of the passivation of nonradiative defects in PSiNPs. The obtained results are interesting in view of the potential applications of PSiNPs in bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim B Gongalsky
- Physics Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander Yu Kharin
- Physics Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Liubov A Osminkina
- Physics Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Victor Yu Timoshenko
- Physics Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Jinyoung Jeong
- Major in Nanobioengineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea
- BioNanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahangno Yuseong, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea
| | - Han Lee
- Major in Nanobioengineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea
- BioNanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahangno Yuseong, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea
| | - Bong Hyun Chung
- Major in Nanobioengineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea
- BioNanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahangno Yuseong, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea
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Gehrmann M, Stangl S, Kirschner A, Foulds GA, Sievert W, Doß BT, Walch A, Pockley AG, Multhoff G. Immunotherapeutic targeting of membrane Hsp70-expressing tumors using recombinant human granzyme B. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41341. [PMID: 22829941 PMCID: PMC3400620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously reported that human recombinant granzyme B (grB) mediates apoptosis in membrane heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70)-positive tumor cells in a perforin-independent manner. Methodology/Principal Findings Optical imaging of uptake kinetics revealed co-localization of grB with recycling endosomes (Rab9/11) as early as 5 min after internalization, with late endosomes (Rab7) after 30 min, and the lysosomal compartment (LAMP1/2) after 60 to 120 min. Active caspase-3-mediated apoptosis was induced in mouse CT26 monolayer cells and 3D tumor spheroids, but not in normal mouse endothelial cells. Granzyme B selectively reduced the proportion of membrane Hsp70-positive cells in CT26 tumor spheroids. Consecutive i.v. injections of recombinant human grB into mice bearing membrane Hsp70-positive CT26 tumors resulted in significant tumor suppression, and a detailed inspection of normal mouse organs revealed that the administration of anti-tumoral concentrations of grB elicited no clinicopathological changes. Conclusions/Significance These findings support the future clinical evaluation of human grB as a potential adjuvant therapeutic agent, especially for treating immunosuppressed patients that bear membrane Hsp70-positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Gehrmann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, and Clinical Cooperation Group (CCG) “Innate Immunity in Tumor Biology”, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Stangl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, and Clinical Cooperation Group (CCG) “Innate Immunity in Tumor Biology”, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Kirschner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, and Clinical Cooperation Group (CCG) “Innate Immunity in Tumor Biology”, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Munich, Germany
| | - Gemma A. Foulds
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, and Clinical Cooperation Group (CCG) “Innate Immunity in Tumor Biology”, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Munich, Germany
- Department of Oncology, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Wolfgang Sievert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, and Clinical Cooperation Group (CCG) “Innate Immunity in Tumor Biology”, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Munich, Germany
| | - Brigitte T. Doß
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, and Clinical Cooperation Group (CCG) “Innate Immunity in Tumor Biology”, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Munich, Germany
| | - Axel Walch
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Munich, Germany
| | - Alan G. Pockley
- Department of Oncology, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, and Clinical Cooperation Group (CCG) “Innate Immunity in Tumor Biology”, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Nagaraja GM, Kaur P, Neumann W, Asea EE, Bausero MA, Multhoff G, Asea A. Silencing Hsp25/Hsp27 gene expression augments proteasome activity and increases CD8+ T-cell-mediated tumor killing and memory responses. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 5:122-37. [PMID: 22185976 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Relatively high expression of Hsp27 in breast and prostate cancer is a predictor of poor clinical outcome. This study elucidates a hitherto unknown mechanism by which Hsp27 regulates proteasome function and modulates tumor-specific T-cell responses. Here, we showed that short-term silencing of Hsp25 or Hsp27 using siRNA or permanent silencing of Hsp25 using lentivirus RNA interference technology enhanced PA28α mRNA expression, PA28α protein expression, and proteasome activity; abrogated metastatic potential; induced the regression of established breast tumors by tumor-specific CD8(+) T cells; and stimulated long-lasting memory responses. The adoptive transfer of reactive CD8(+) T cells from mice bearing Hsp25-silenced tumors efficiently induced the regression of established tumors in nontreated mice which normally succumb to tumor burden. The overexpression of Hsp25 and Hsp27 resulted in the repression of normal proteasome function, induced poor antigen presentation, and resulted in increased tumor burden. Taken together, this study establishes a paradigm shift in our understanding of the role of Hsp27 in the regulation of proteasome function and tumor-specific T-cell responses and paves the way for the development of molecular targets to enhance proteasome function and concomitantly inhibit Hsp27 expression in tumors for therapeutic gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganachari M Nagaraja
- Division of Investigative Pathology, Scott & White Healthcare and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA.
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Donfack P, Multhoff G, Materny A. Label-free nondestructive discrimination of colon carcinoma sublines and biomolecular insights into their differential Hsp70 expression: DNA/RNA nucleobase specific changes. Chembiochem 2011; 12:1922-36. [PMID: 21739554 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hsp70 is biologically relevant for its chaperon functions. The CX(-) and CX(+) sublines, which derive from the parental colon carcinoma CX2 cell line, are accordingly very similar. They have been reported to be specifically different only in Hsp70 membrane expression, which is associated with immunostimulatory effects. CX(-) /CX(+) have been phenotypically characterized by immunofluorescence studies and Raman spectroscopy combined with robust clustering and multivariate analysis. With the latter we address the potential of overall characterization for CX(-) /CX(+) discrimination and gain molecular insights into Hsp70 differential expression. Due to their strong resemblance, CX(-) and CX(+) show similar mean Raman spectra, which look indiscernible at first. Interestingly, their rather protein-dominated Raman spectra reveal, besides changes in protein and amino acids, very specific changes in DNA/RNA nucleotides involving pyrimidine ring Raman hypochromic effects. Therefore, discriminating CX(-) from CX(+) is ultimately achieved based on principal component scores. Because CX(-) /CX(+) are associated with the same lipid marker, changes in proteins support lipid interactions with regulatory proteins. More importantly, changes observed in nucleobases, which are indicative of DNA/RNA-protein binding interactions, suggest transcription deregulations as participating precursor onsets of different transport mechanisms that lead to Hsp70 differential expression and associated phenotypic variation. Besides immunofluorescence, we have used Raman spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis within an autologous tumor system for label-free nondestructive cell-subline discrimination, and demonstrate, to our knowledge, the first overall phenotypic monitoring with insights into Hsp70 differential expression. This might well prove to be useful for Raman label-free cell-sorting of the CX(-) /CX(+) sublines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Donfack
- Department of Physics, Molecular Life Science Center, Jacobs University, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremenm, Germany
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Stangl S, Themelis G, Friedrich L, Ntziachristos V, Sarantopoulos A, Molls M, Skerra A, Multhoff G. Detection of irradiation-induced, membrane heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) in mouse tumors using Hsp70 Fab fragment. Radiother Oncol 2011; 99:313-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2011.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Multhoff G, Hightower LE. Distinguishing integral and receptor-bound heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) on the cell surface by Hsp70-specific antibodies. Cell Stress Chaperones 2011; 16:251-5. [PMID: 21165727 PMCID: PMC3077224 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-010-0247-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell Stress & Chaperones journal has become a major outlet for papers and review articles about anti-heat shock protein (HSP) antibodies. In the last decade, it became evident that apart from their intracellular localization, members of the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90; HSPC) and Hsp70 (HSPA) family are also found on the cell surface. In this review, we will focus on Hsp70 (HSPA1A), the major stress-inducible member of the human Hsp70 family. Depending on the cell type, the membrane association of Hsp70 comes in two forms. In tumor cells, Hsp70 appears to be integrated within the plasma membrane, whereas in non-malignantly transformed (herein termed normal) cells, Hsp70 is associated with cell surface receptors. This observation raises the question whether or not these two surface forms of Hsp70 in tumor and normal cells can be distinguished using Hsp70 specific antibodies. Presently a number of Hsp70 specific antibodies are commercially available. These antibodies were generated by immunizing mice either with recombinant or HeLa-derived human Hsp70 protein, parts of the Hsp70 protein, or with synthetic peptides. This review aims to characterize the binding of different anti-human Hsp70 antibodies and their capacity to distinguish between integrated and receptor-bound Hsp70 in tumor and normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Multhoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstrasse 22, Munich, Germany.
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Targeting membrane heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70) on tumors by cmHsp70.1 antibody. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 108:733-8. [PMID: 21187371 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1016065108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunization of mice with a 14-mer peptide TKDNNLLGRFELSG, termed "TKD," comprising amino acids 450-461 (aa(450-461)) in the C terminus of inducible Hsp70, resulted in the generation of an IgG1 mouse mAb cmHsp70.1. The epitope recognized by cmHsp70.1 mAb, which has been confirmed to be located in the TKD sequence by SPOT analysis, is frequently detectable on the cell surface of human and mouse tumors, but not on isogenic cells and normal tissues, and membrane Hsp70 might thus serve as a tumor-specific target structure. As shown for human tumors, Hsp70 is associated with cholesterol-rich microdomains in the plasma membrane of mouse tumors. Herein, we show that the cmHsp70.1 mAb can selectively induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of membrane Hsp70(+) mouse tumor cells by unstimulated mouse spleen cells. Tumor killing could be further enhanced by activating the effector cells with TKD and IL-2. Three consecutive injections of the cmHsp70.1 mAb into mice bearing CT26 tumors significantly inhibited tumor growth and enhanced the overall survival. These effects were associated with infiltrations of NK cells, macrophages, and granulocytes. The Hsp70 specificity of the ADCC response was confirmed by preventing the antitumor response in tumor-bearing mice by coinjecting the cognate TKD peptide with the cmHsp70.1 mAb, and by blocking the binding of cmHsp70.1 mAb to CT26 tumor cells using either TKD peptide or the C-terminal substrate-binding domain of Hsp70.
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