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Ju O, Ko SY, Jang YJ. Regulation of TGF-β1-induced fibroblast differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells through the mutually antagonistic action of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 and 2. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1426762. [PMID: 39291269 PMCID: PMC11405333 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1426762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) differentiate into periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and cementoblasts. To identify inducers of PDL fibroblastic differentiation, monoclonal antibody series were developed a series of against membrane/extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules through decoy immunization. The anti-PDL13 antibody targets ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1), renowned for regulating skeletal and soft tissue mineralization. ENPP1 accumulates in the periodontal ligament region of tooth roots, and specifically localizes to the cell boundaries and elongated processes of the fibroblastic cells. As ENPP1 expression increases during fibroblastic differentiation, mineralization induced by tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), a pyrophosphate-degrading enzyme, is completely inhibited. This is consistent with ENPP1 and TNAP acting in opposition, and TGF-β1-induced ENPP1 expression creates an essential environment for PDL fibroblast differentiation. Representative fibroblastic differentiation markers decrease with endogenous ENPP1 inhibition by siRNA and antibody blocking. ENPP2 generates lipid signaling molecules. In contrast to ENPP1, ENPP2 disappears in TGF-β1-induced PDL fibroblasts. Ectopic expression of ENPP2 hinders TGF-β1-induced PDL fibroblastic differentiation. Suppression of ENPP1 and ENPP2 leads to severe defects in undifferentiated and differentiated cells, demonstrating that these two factors play opposing roles in soft and hard tissue differentiation but can complement each other for cell survival. In conclusion, increased ENPP1 is crucial for TGF-β1-induced PDL differentiation, while ENPP2 and TNAP can inhibit ENPP1. ENPP1 and ENPP2 exhibit complementary functions in the cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onyou Ju
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 FOUR NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Yle Ko
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joo Jang
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 FOUR NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
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Arima T, Sugimoto K, Taniwaki T, Maeda K, Shibata Y, Tateyama M, Karasugi T, Tokunaga T, Sueyoshi T, Hisanaga S, Masuda T, Uehara Y, Yugami M, Matsushita K, Yonemitsu R, Kawakami J, Yoshimura N, Tanimura S, Kato H, Ito N, Inoue K, Bando K, Nakamura T, Miyamoto T. Cartilage tissues regulate systemic aging via ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 in mice. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105512. [PMID: 38042486 PMCID: PMC10777000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging presents fundamental health concerns worldwide; however, mechanisms underlying how aging is regulated are not fully understood. Here, we show that cartilage regulates aging by controlling phosphate metabolism via ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (Enpp1). We newly established an Enpp1 reporter mouse, in which an EGFP-luciferase sequence was knocked-in at the Enpp1 gene start codon (Enpp1/EGFP-luciferase), enabling detection of Enpp1 expression in cartilage tissues of resultant mice. We then established a cartilage-specific Enpp1 conditional knockout mouse (Enpp1 cKO) by generating Enpp1 flox mice and crossing them with cartilage-specific type 2 collagen Cre mice. Relative to WT controls, Enpp1 cKO mice exhibited phenotypes resembling human aging, such as short life span, ectopic calcifications, and osteoporosis, as well as significantly lower serum pyrophosphate levels. We also observed significant weight loss and worsening of osteoporosis in Enpp1 cKO mice under phosphate overload conditions, similar to global Enpp1-deficient mice. Aging phenotypes seen in Enpp1 cKO mice under phosphate overload conditions were rescued by a low vitamin D diet, even under high phosphate conditions. These findings suggest overall that cartilage tissue plays an important role in regulating systemic aging via Enpp1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Arima
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sugimoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takuya Taniwaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuya Maeda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuto Shibata
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Makoto Tateyama
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Karasugi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takuya Tokunaga
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takanao Sueyoshi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hisanaga
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Masuda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Uehara
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masaki Yugami
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kozo Matsushita
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryuji Yonemitsu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Junki Kawakami
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naoto Yoshimura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Tanimura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hajime Kato
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Ito
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Inoue
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kana Bando
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Miyamoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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Feldmann A, Nitschke Y, Linß F, Mulac D, Stücker S, Bertrand J, Buers I, Langer K, Rutsch F. Improved Reversion of Calcifications in Porcine Aortic Heart Valves Using Elastin-Targeted Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16471. [PMID: 38003660 PMCID: PMC10671589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcified aortic valve disease in its final stage leads to aortic valve stenosis, limiting cardiac function. To date, surgical intervention is the only option for treating calcific aortic valve stenosis. This study combined controlled drug delivery by nanoparticles (NPs) and active targeting by antibody conjugation. The chelating agent diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) was covalently bound to human serum albumin (HSA)-based NP, and the NP surface was modified using conjugating antibodies (anti-elastin or isotype IgG control). Calcification was induced ex vivo in porcine aortic valves by preincubation in an osteogenic medium containing 2.5 mM sodium phosphate for five days. Valve calcifications mainly consisted of basic calcium phosphate crystals. Calcifications were effectively resolved by adding 1-5 mg DTPA/mL medium. Incubation with pure DTPA, however, was associated with a loss of cellular viability. Reversal of calcifications was also achieved with DTPA-coupled anti-elastin-targeted NPs containing 1 mg DTPA equivalent. The addition of these NPs to the conditioned media resulted in significant regression of the valve calcifications compared to that in the IgG-NP control without affecting cellular viability. These results represent a step further toward the development of targeted nanoparticular formulations to dissolve aortic valve calcifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Feldmann
- Department of General Pediatrics, Muenster University Children’s Hospital, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (A.F.); (Y.N.); (I.B.)
- International Network of Ectopic Calcification (INTEC), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (F.L.); (S.S.); (J.B.)
| | - Yvonne Nitschke
- Department of General Pediatrics, Muenster University Children’s Hospital, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (A.F.); (Y.N.); (I.B.)
- International Network of Ectopic Calcification (INTEC), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (F.L.); (S.S.); (J.B.)
| | - Franziska Linß
- International Network of Ectopic Calcification (INTEC), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (F.L.); (S.S.); (J.B.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (D.M.); (K.L.)
| | - Dennis Mulac
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (D.M.); (K.L.)
| | - Sina Stücker
- International Network of Ectopic Calcification (INTEC), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (F.L.); (S.S.); (J.B.)
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Bertrand
- International Network of Ectopic Calcification (INTEC), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (F.L.); (S.S.); (J.B.)
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Insa Buers
- Department of General Pediatrics, Muenster University Children’s Hospital, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (A.F.); (Y.N.); (I.B.)
- International Network of Ectopic Calcification (INTEC), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (F.L.); (S.S.); (J.B.)
| | - Klaus Langer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (D.M.); (K.L.)
| | - Frank Rutsch
- Department of General Pediatrics, Muenster University Children’s Hospital, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (A.F.); (Y.N.); (I.B.)
- International Network of Ectopic Calcification (INTEC), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (F.L.); (S.S.); (J.B.)
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Structure and function of the Ecto-Nucleotide Pyrophosphatase-Phosphodiesterase (ENPP) family: tidying up diversity. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101526. [PMID: 34958798 PMCID: PMC8808174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (ENPP) family members (ENPP1–7) have been implicated in key biological and pathophysiological processes, including nucleotide and phospholipid signaling, bone mineralization, fibrotic diseases, and tumor-associated immune cell infiltration. ENPPs are single-pass transmembrane ecto-enzymes, with notable exceptions of ENPP2 (Autotaxin) and ENNP6, which are secreted and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored, respectively. ENNP1 and ENNP2 are the best characterized and functionally the most interesting members. Here, we review the structural features of ENPP1–7 to understand how they evolved to accommodate specific substrates and mediate different biological activities. ENPPs are defined by a conserved phosphodiesterase (PDE) domain. In ENPP1–3, the PDE domain is flanked by two N-terminal somatomedin B-like domains and a C-terminal inactive nuclease domain that confers structural stability, whereas ENPP4–7 only possess the PDE domain. Structural differences in the substrate-binding site endow each protein with unique characteristics. Thus, ENPP1, ENPP3, ENPP4, and ENPP5 hydrolyze nucleotides, whereas ENPP2, ENPP6, and ENNP7 evolved as phospholipases through adaptions in the catalytic domain. These adaptations explain the different biological and pathophysiological functions of individual members. Understanding the ENPP members as a whole advances our insights into common mechanisms, highlights their functional diversity, and helps to explore new biological roles.
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Novel and successful treatment of generalized arterial calcification of infancy in a patient with previously undescribed mutation in ENPP1. PROGRESS IN PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2021.101466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wu X, Di F, Shen S, Wang S, Li Q, Dong Z, Guan J, He J, Wang Y. Levels of serum ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) predicts severity of abdominal aortic calcification in end-stage renal disease patients receiving regular dialysis. Hemodial Int 2021; 26:23-29. [PMID: 34235847 DOI: 10.1111/hdi.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the correlation between serum ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-1 (ENPP1) level and severity of abdominal vascular calcification in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients receiving dialysis. METHODS A total of 124 patients were consecutively enrolled into the study in our local institution. Based on the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines and recommendations, abdomen lateral X-ray was used to determine abdominal aortic calcification score (AACS) for each patient at enrollment. Patients were divided into three groups based on AACS: no or mild calcification group, moderate calcification group, and severe calcification group. The relationships between ENPP1 levels and AACS were assessed by Spearman analysis and the value of ENPP1 in predicting severity of abdominal aortic calcification was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC). RESULTS The level of ENPP1 in dialysis patients was (7.68 ± 1.67) ng/ml. There was no significant difference in serum ENPP1 level between peritoneal dialysis patients and hemodialysis patients (p > 0.05). The AACS of dialysis patients was negatively correlated with ENPP1 value (r = -0.70). Compared to no/mild calcification patients, the levels of serum ENPP1 in patients with moderate/severe calcification were decreased significantly (p < 0.01). The severity of vascular calcification was correlated with serum ENPP1 value, the severer the vascular calcification, the lower the serum ENPP1 level, and the difference was statistically significant (all p < 0.05). The area under ROC curve of ENPP1 was 0.90, the corresponding sensitivity was 0.86, and the specificity was 0.87. CONCLUSION Levels of serum ENPP1 in non-diabetic ESRD patients are negatively related to the severity of abdominal aortic vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Feng Di
- Department of Respiratory, Shaoxing People's Hospital, (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Shuijuan Shen
- Department of Nephrology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Shimin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Qinghua Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Zhichao Dong
- Department of Nephrology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Jichao Guan
- Department of Nephrology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Jianling He
- Department of Nephrology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
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Shimada BK, Pomozi V, Zoll J, Kuo S, Martin L, Le Saux O. ABCC6, Pyrophosphate and Ectopic Calcification: Therapeutic Solutions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094555. [PMID: 33925341 PMCID: PMC8123679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological (ectopic) mineralization of soft tissues occurs during aging, in several common conditions such as diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and renal failure and in certain genetic disorders. Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), a multi-organ disease affecting dermal, ocular, and cardiovascular tissues, is a model for ectopic mineralization disorders. ABCC6 dysfunction is the primary cause of PXE, but also some cases of generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI). ABCC6 deficiency in mice underlies an inducible dystrophic cardiac calcification phenotype (DCC). These calcification diseases are part of a spectrum of mineralization disorders that also includes Calcification of Joints and Arteries (CALJA). Since the identification of ABCC6 as the “PXE gene” and the development of several animal models (mice, rat, and zebrafish), there has been significant progress in our understanding of the molecular genetics, the clinical phenotypes, and pathogenesis of these diseases, which share similarities with more common conditions with abnormal calcification. ABCC6 facilitates the cellular efflux of ATP, which is rapidly converted into inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) and adenosine by the ectonucleotidases NPP1 and CD73 (NT5E). PPi is a potent endogenous inhibitor of calcification, whereas adenosine indirectly contributes to calcification inhibition by suppressing the synthesis of tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP). At present, therapies only exist to alleviate symptoms for both PXE and GACI; however, extensive studies have resulted in several novel approaches to treating PXE and GACI. This review seeks to summarize the role of ABCC6 in ectopic calcification in PXE and other calcification disorders, and discuss therapeutic strategies targeting various proteins in the pathway (ABCC6, NPP1, and TNAP) and direct inhibition of calcification via supplementation by various compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana K Shimada
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96817, USA
| | - Viola Pomozi
- Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Janna Zoll
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96817, USA
| | - Sheree Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Kapi'olani Medical Center for Women and Children, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96826, USA
| | - Ludovic Martin
- PXE Consultation Center, MAGEC Reference Center for Rare Skin Diseases, Angers University Hospital, 49100 Angers, France
- BNMI, CNRS 6214/INSERM 1083, University Bretagne-Loire, 49100 Angers, France
| | - Olivier Le Saux
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96817, USA
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Brampton C, Pomozi V, Chen LH, Apana A, McCurdy S, Zoll J, Boisvert WA, Lambert G, Henrion D, Blanchard S, Kuo S, Leftheriotis G, Martin L, Le Saux O. ABCC6 deficiency promotes dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3881. [PMID: 33594095 PMCID: PMC7887252 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82966-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
ABCC6 deficiency promotes ectopic calcification; however, circumstantial evidence suggested that ABCC6 may also influence atherosclerosis. The present study addressed the role of ABCC6 in atherosclerosis using Ldlr-/- mice and pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) patients. Mice lacking the Abcc6 and Ldlr genes were fed an atherogenic diet for 16 weeks before intimal calcification, aortic plaque formation and lipoprotein profile were evaluated. Cholesterol efflux and the expression of several inflammation, atherosclerosis and cholesterol homeostasis-related genes were also determined in murine liver and bone marrow-derived macrophages. Furthermore, we examined plasma lipoproteins, vascular calcification, carotid intima-media thickness and atherosclerosis in a cohort of PXE patients with ABCC6 mutations and compared results to dysmetabolic subjects with increased cardiovascular risk. We found that ABCC6 deficiency causes changes in lipoproteins, with decreased HDL cholesterol in both mice and humans, and induces atherosclerosis. However, we found that the absence of ABCC6 does not influence overall vascular mineralization induced with atherosclerosis. Decreased cholesterol efflux from macrophage cells and other molecular changes such as increased pro-inflammation seen in both humans and mice are likely contributors for the phenotype. However, it is likely that other cellular and/or molecular mechanisms are involved. Our study showed a novel physiological role for ABCC6, influencing plasma lipoproteins and atherosclerosis in a haploinsufficient manner, with significant penetrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Brampton
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo St. BSB222E, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA
| | - Viola Pomozi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo St. BSB222E, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Li-Hsieh Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo St. BSB222E, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Ailea Apana
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo St. BSB222E, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Sara McCurdy
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Janna Zoll
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo St. BSB222E, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - William A Boisvert
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Gilles Lambert
- University of La Réunion Medical School (France) INSERM UMR1188 DéTROI, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Daniel Henrion
- MITOVASC Institute - UMR CNRS 6015 INSERM U1083, University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Simon Blanchard
- Département d'Immunologie et d'Allergologie, University Hospital of Angers, 49000, Angers, France
- Inserm U1232, CRCINA, University of Angers, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Sheree Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics Kapi'olani Medical Center for Women and Children, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Georges Leftheriotis
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 06107, Nice, France
- Laboratory of Physiology and Molecular Medicine (LP2M) UMR CNRS 7073, 06107, Nice, France
| | - Ludovic Martin
- PXE Consultation Center, MAGEC Reference Center for Rare Skin Diseases, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
- BNMI, CNRS 6214/INSERM 1083, University Bretagne-Loire, Angers, France
| | - Olivier Le Saux
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo St. BSB222E, Honolulu, HI, USA.
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X-ray Micro-Computed Tomography: An Emerging Technology to Analyze Vascular Calcification in Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124538. [PMID: 32630604 PMCID: PMC7352990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification describes the formation of mineralized tissue within the blood vessel wall, and it is highly associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. In this article, we briefly review different rodent models used to study vascular calcification in vivo, and critically assess the strengths and weaknesses of the current techniques used to analyze and quantify calcification in these models, namely 2-D histology and the o-cresolphthalein assay. In light of this, we examine X-ray micro-computed tomography (µCT) as an emerging complementary tool for the analysis of vascular calcification in animal models. We demonstrate that this non-destructive technique allows us to simultaneously quantify and localize calcification in an intact vessel in 3-D, and we consider recent advances in µCT sample preparation techniques. This review also discusses the potential to combine 3-D µCT analyses with subsequent 2-D histological, immunohistochemical, and proteomic approaches in correlative microscopy workflows to obtain rich, multifaceted information on calcification volume, calcification load, and signaling mechanisms from within the same arterial segment. In conclusion we briefly discuss the potential use of µCT to visualize and measure vascular calcification in vivo in real-time.
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ENPP1 in the Regulation of Mineralization and Beyond. Trends Biochem Sci 2019; 44:616-628. [PMID: 30799235 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
ENPP1 is well known for its role in regulating skeletal and soft tissue mineralization. It primarily exerts its function through the generation of pyrophosphate, a key inhibitor of hydroxyapatite formation. Several previous studies have suggested that ENPP1 also contributes to a range of human diseases including diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and osteoarthritis. In this review, we summarize the pathological roles of ENPP1 in mineralization and these soft tissue disorders. We also discuss the underlying mechanisms through which ENPP1 exerts its pathological effects. A fuller understanding of the pathways through which ENPP1 acts may help to develop novel therapeutic strategies for these commonly diagnosed morbidities.
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11
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Mohammadpour AH, Nazemi S, Mashhadi F, Rezapour A, Afshar M, Afzalnia S, Mohammadi A, Mashreghi Moghadam HR, Moradian M, Moallem SMH, Falahaty S, Zayerzadeh A, Elyasi S. Evaluation of NPP1 as a Novel Biomarker of Coronary Artery Disease: A Pilot Study in Human Beings. Adv Pharm Bull 2018; 8:489-493. [PMID: 30276146 PMCID: PMC6156488 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2018.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is utilized as an important tool for global risk assessment of cardiovascular events in individuals with intermediate risk. Ecto phosphodiesterase/nucleotide phosphohydrolase-1(ENPP1) converts extracellular nucleotides into inorganic pyrophosphate and it is a key regulator of tissue calcification that adjusts calcification in tissues like vascular smooth muscle cells. The main purpose of this clinical study was to find out the correlation between ENPP1 serum concentration and CAC in human for the first time. Methods: In this study 83 patients (16 diabetic patients and 67 non-diabetic patients) with coronary artery disease who fulfilled inclusion and exclusion criteria, entered the study. For all patients a questionnaire consisting demographic data and traditional cardiovascular risk factors were completed. Computed tomography (CT)-Angiography was carried out to determine coronary artery calcium score and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used for measuring ENPP1 serum concentrations. Results: There was a reverse significant correlation between ENPP1 serum concentration and total CAC score and also CAC of right coronary artery (RCA) (P<0.05) in non-diabetic patients. Conclusion: On the basis of our results, ENPP1 serum concentration may be a suitable biomarker for coronary artery disease at least in non-diabetic patients. However, more studies with higher sample size are necessary for its confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hooshang Mohammadpour
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeed Nazemi
- Research and Education Department, Razavi Hospital, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mashhadi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Atefeh Rezapour
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Afshar
- Department of Anatomy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.,Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sepideh Afzalnia
- Research and Education Department, Razavi Hospital, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Hamid Reza Mashreghi Moghadam
- Birjand Cardiovascular Disease Research Center; Department of Cardiology, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Maryam Moradian
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Saeed Falahaty
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Azadeh Zayerzadeh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sepideh Elyasi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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12
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Pérez-Hernández N, Aptilon-Duque G, Blachman-Braun R, Vargas-Alarcón G, Rodríguez-Cortés AA, Azrad-Daniel S, Posadas-Sánchez R, Rodríguez-Pérez JM. Vascular Calcification: Current Genetics Underlying This Complex Phenomenon. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 130:1113-1121. [PMID: 28469108 PMCID: PMC5421183 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.204931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular calcification is the consequence of the complex interaction between genetic, environmental, and vascular factors, which ultimately lead to the deposition of calcium in the tunica intima (atherosclerotic calcification) or tunica media (Mönckenberg's sclerosis). Vascular calcification is also closely related to other pathologies, such as diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and chronic kidney disease. It has been concluded that the degree of vascular calcification may vary from person to person, even if the associated pathologies and environmental factors are the same. Therefore, this suggests an important genetic contribution to the development of vascular calcification. This review aimed to find the most recent evidence about vascular calcification pathophysiology regarding the genetic aspects and molecular pathways. DATA SOURCES We conducted an exhaustive search in Scopus, EBSCO, and PubMed with the keywords "genetics and vascular calcification", "molecular pathways, genetic and vascular calcification" and included the main articles from January 1995 up to August 2016. We focused on the most recent evidence about vascular calcification pathophysiology regarding the genetic aspects and molecular pathways. STUDY SELECTION The most valuable published original and review articles related to our objective were selected. RESULTS Vascular calcification is a multifactorial disease; thus, its pathophysiology cannot be explained by a single specific factor, rather than by the result of the association of several genetic variants, molecular pathway interactions, and environmental factors that promote its development. CONCLUSION Although several molecular aspects of this mechanism have been elucidated, there is still a need for a better understanding of the factors that predispose to this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nonanzit Pérez-Hernández
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chávez", México, Mexico City 14080, México
| | - Gad Aptilon-Duque
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chávez", México, Mexico City 14080, México
| | - Ruben Blachman-Braun
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chávez", México, Mexico City 14080, México
| | - Gilberto Vargas-Alarcón
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chávez", México, Mexico City 14080, México
| | - Adrián Asael Rodríguez-Cortés
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chávez", México, Mexico City 14080, México
| | - Shely Azrad-Daniel
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chávez", México, Mexico City 14080, México
| | - Rosalinda Posadas-Sánchez
- Department of Endocrinology, National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chávez", México, México City 14080, México
| | - José Manuel Rodríguez-Pérez
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chávez", México, Mexico City 14080, México
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13
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ATP-degrading ENPP1 is required for survival (or persistence) of long-lived plasma cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17867. [PMID: 29259245 PMCID: PMC5736562 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Survival of antibody-secreting plasma cells (PCs) is vital for sustained antibody production. However, it remains poorly understood how long-lived PCs (LLPCs) are generated and maintained. Here we report that ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) is preferentially upregulated in bone marrow LLPCs compared with their splenic short-lived counterparts (SLPCs). We studied ENPP1-deficient mice (Enpp1−/−) to determine how the enzyme affects PC biology. Although Enpp1−/− mice generated normal levels of germinal center B cells and plasmablasts in periphery, they produced significantly reduced numbers of LLPCs following immunization with T-dependent antigens or infection with plasmodium C. chabaudi. Bone marrow chimeric mice showed B cell intrinsic effect of ENPP1 selectively on generation of bone marrow as well as splenic LLPCs. Moreover, Enpp1−/− PCs took up less glucose and had lower levels of glycolysis than those of wild-type controls. Thus, ENPP1 deficiency confers an energetic disadvantage to PCs for long-term survival and antibody production.
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14
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Faust I, Donhauser E, Fischer B, Ibold B, Kuhn J, Knabbe C, Hendig D. Characterization of dermal myofibroblast differentiation in pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Exp Cell Res 2017; 360:153-162. [PMID: 28882457 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a rare hereditary disorder which is caused by ABCC6 (ATP-binding cassette subfamily C member 6) gene mutations. Characteristic hallmarks of PXE are progressive calcification and degradation of the elastic fibers in skin, cardiovascular system and ocular fundus. Since the underlying pathomechanisms of PXE remain unidentified, the aim of this study was to get new insights into PXE pathophysiology by characterizing dermal myofibroblast differentiation. Fibroblasts are the key cells of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and, therefore, participate not only in physiological processes, such as calcification or wound healing, but also in pathologic events, such as fibrotization. We revealed that human dermal PXE fibroblasts possess exaggerated migration capability in wound healing and attenuated myofibroblast contractility in comparison to controls. Subsequent analyses reinforced these observations and indicated a diminished induction of the myofibroblast differentiation markers α-smooth muscle actin and xylosyltransferase-I as well as poor transforming growth factor-β1 responsiveness in PXE fibroblasts. In summary, we describe pathological deviations of dermal myofibroblast differentiation in PXE which might be mediated by aberrant supramolecular ECM organization. These results not only improve our insights into cellular PXE pathophysiology, but might also qualify us to interfere with ECM remodeling in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Faust
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
| | - Elfi Donhauser
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Bastian Fischer
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Bettina Ibold
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Joachim Kuhn
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Cornelius Knabbe
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Doris Hendig
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
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15
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Lee SY, Müller CE. Nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (NPP1) and its inhibitors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:823-840. [PMID: 30108800 PMCID: PMC6072468 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00015d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (NPP1, EC 3.1.4.1) is a metalloenzyme that belongs to the NPP family, which comprises seven subtypes (NPP1-7). NPP1 hydrolyzes a wide range of phosphodiester bonds, e.g. in nucleoside triphosphates, (cyclic) dinucleotides, and nucleotide sugars yielding nucleoside 5'-monophosphates as products. Its main substrate is ATP which is cleaved to AMP and diphosphate. The enzyme is involved in various biological processes including bone mineralization, soft-tissue calcification, insulin receptor signalling, cancer cell proliferation and immune modulation. Therefore, NPP1 inhibitors have potential as novel drugs, e.g. for (immuno)oncology. In the last two decades several inhibitors of NPP1 derived from nucleotide- or non-nucleotide scaffolds have been developed. The most potent and selective NPP1-inhibitory substrate analog is adenosine 5'-α,β-methylene-γ-thiotriphosphate (Ki = 20 nM vs. p-Nph-5'-TMP, human membrane-bound NPP1). Non-nucleotide-derived NPP1 inhibitors comprise polysulfonates, polysaccharides, polyoxometalates and small heterocyclic compounds. The polyoxometalate [TiW11CoO40]8- (PSB-POM141) is the most potent and selective NPP1 inhibitor described to date (Ki = 1.46 nM vs. ATP, human soluble NPP1); it displays an allosteric mechanism of inhibition and represents a useful pharmacological tool for evaluating the potential of NPP1 as a novel drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yong Lee
- PharmaCenter Bonn , Pharmaceutical Institute , Pharmaceutical Chemistry I , University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , D-53121 Bonn , Germany . ; ; Tel: +49 228 73 2480
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn , Pharmaceutical Institute , Pharmaceutical Chemistry I , University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , D-53121 Bonn , Germany . ; ; Tel: +49 228 73 2480
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16
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Stella J, Buers I, van de Wetering K, Höhne W, Rutsch F, Nitschke Y. Effects of Different Variants in the ENPP1 Gene on the Functional Properties of Ectonucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterase Family Member 1. Hum Mutat 2016; 37:1190-1201. [PMID: 27467858 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 1 (E-NPP1), encoded by ENPP1, is a plasma membrane protein that generates inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi ), a physiologic inhibitor of hydroxyapatite formation. In humans, variants in ENPP1 are associated with generalized arterial calcification of infancy, an autosomal-recessive condition causing premature onset of arterial calcification and intimal proliferation resulting in stenoses. ENPP1 variants also cause pseudoxanthoma elasticum characterized by ectopic calcification of soft connective tissues. To determine the functional impact of ENPP1 missense variants, we analyzed 13 putative pathogenic variants in vitro regarding their functional properties, that is, activity, localization, and PPi generation. Transfection of eight of the 13 variants led to complete loss of NPP activity, whereas four mutants (c.1412A > G, p.Tyr471Cys; c.1510A > C, p.Ser504Arg; c.1976A > G, p.Tyr659Cys; c.2330A > G, p.His777Arg) showed residual activity compared with wild-type E-NPP1. One putative pathologic variant (c.2462 G > A, p.Arg821His) showed normal activity. The five mutants with normal or residual E-NPP1 enzyme activity were still able to generate PPi and localized in the plasma membrane. In this study, we identified a functional ENPP1 polymorphism, which was expected to be pathogenic till now. Furthermore, we identified four mutants (p.Tyr471Cys, p.Ser504Arg, p.Tyr659Cys, p.His777Arg) with residual E-NPP1 function, which would be potential therapeutical targets for conformational-stabilizing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Stella
- Department of General Pediatrics, Muenster University Children's Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Muenster, 48149, Germany
| | - Insa Buers
- Department of General Pediatrics, Muenster University Children's Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Muenster, 48149, Germany
| | - Koen van de Wetering
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Höhne
- Cologne Center of Genomics, Koeln University, Zuelpicher Strasse 47, Koeln, 50674, Germany
| | - Frank Rutsch
- Department of General Pediatrics, Muenster University Children's Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Muenster, 48149, Germany.
| | - Yvonne Nitschke
- Department of General Pediatrics, Muenster University Children's Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Muenster, 48149, Germany
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17
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Li Q, Price TP, Sundberg JP, Uitto J. Juxta-articular joint-capsule mineralization in CD73 deficient mice: similarities to patients with NT5E mutations. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:2609-15. [PMID: 25486201 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.943567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial calcification due to CD73 deficiency (ACDC), an autosomal recessive disorder, manifests with extensive mineralization of the lower-extremity arteries as well as of hand and foot joint-capsules. This disease is caused by mutations in the NT5E gene which encodes CD73, a membrane-bound ecto-5'-nucleotidase hydrolyzing 5'-AMP into adenosine and Pi. To gain insight into the pathophysiologic details of ACDC, we have characterized a Nt5e(-/-) knock out mouse (Nt5e(tm1Jgsc)) deficient in CD73. These mice, when maintained on appropriate strain background, demonstrated stiffening of the joints and micro CT revealed distinct changes in the thoracic skeletal structure with evidence of mineralization at the costochondral junctions. Mineralization was also noted in the juxta-articular spaces of the lower extremities as well as of ligaments and capsules adjacent to the bony structures. No evidence of vascular mineralization was noted either by CT or by microdissection of arteries in the thoracic area or in lower extremities. The Nt5e(-/-) mutant mice demonstrated significantly increased Pi levels in the serum and significantly reduced PPi concentration in the heparinized plasma, resulting in markedly increased Pi/PPi ratio, thus creating a pro-mineralization environment. In conclusion, the Nt5e(-/-) targeted mutant mice recapitulate some, but not all, features of ACDC and serve as a model system to study pharmacologic interventions for ectopic mineralization. Collectively, this mouse model deficient in CD73, with other targeted mutant mice with vascular mineralization, attests to the presence of a complex pro-mineralization/anti-mineralization network that under physiologic homeostatic conditions prevents ectopic tissue mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Li
- a Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology ; Sidney Kimmel Medical College; Thomas Jefferson University ; Philadelphia , PA USA
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18
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Shayhidin EE, Forcellini E, Boulanger MC, Mahmut A, Dautrey S, Barbeau X, Lagüe P, Sévigny J, Paquin JF, Mathieu P. Quinazoline-4-piperidine sulfamides are specific inhibitors of human NPP1 and prevent pathological mineralization of valve interstitial cells. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:4189-99. [PMID: 26031197 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/PDE1 (NPP1) is an ectoenzyme, which plays a role in several disorders including calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). So far, compounds that have been developed as inhibitors of NPP1 lack potency and specificity. Quinazoline-4-piperidine sulfamides (QPS) have been described as potent inhibitors of NPP1. However, their mode of inhibition as well as their selectivity and capacity to modify biological processes have not been investigated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In the present series of experiments, we have evaluated the efficacy of two derivatives, QPS1-2, in inhibiting human NPP1, and we have evaluated the effect of the most potent derivative (QPS1) on other ectonucleotidases as well as on the ability of this compound to prevent phosphate-induced mineralization of human primary aortic valve interstitial cells (VICs). KEY RESULTS The QPS1 derivative is a potent (Ki 59.3 ± 5.4 nM) and selective non-competitive inhibitor of human NPP1. Moreover, QPS1 also significantly inhibited the K121Q NPP1 gene variant (Ki 59.2 ± 14.5 nM), which is prevalent in the general population. QPS1 did not significantly alter the activity of other nucleotide metabolizing ectoenzymes expressed at the cell surface, namely NPP3, NTPDases (1-3), ecto-5'-nucleotidase and ALP. Importantly, QPS1 in the low micromolar range (≤10 μM) prevented phosphate-induced mineralization of VICs and lowered the rise of osteogenic genes as expected for NPP1 inhibition. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We have provided evidence that QPS1 is a potent and selective non-competitive inhibitor of NPP1 and that it prevented pathological mineralization in a cellular model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnur Elyar Shayhidin
- Laboratoire d'Études Moléculaires des Valvulopathies (LEMV), Groupe de Recherche en Valvulopathies (GRV), Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Elsa Forcellini
- Canada Research Chair in Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, PROTEO, Department of Chemistry, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Chloé Boulanger
- Laboratoire d'Études Moléculaires des Valvulopathies (LEMV), Groupe de Recherche en Valvulopathies (GRV), Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Ablajan Mahmut
- Laboratoire d'Études Moléculaires des Valvulopathies (LEMV), Groupe de Recherche en Valvulopathies (GRV), Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Dautrey
- Canada Research Chair in Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, PROTEO, Department of Chemistry, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Xavier Barbeau
- Department of Biochemistry, PROTEO, Laval University, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick Lagüe
- Department of Biochemistry, PROTEO, Laval University, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-François Paquin
- Canada Research Chair in Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, PROTEO, Department of Chemistry, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick Mathieu
- Laboratoire d'Études Moléculaires des Valvulopathies (LEMV), Groupe de Recherche en Valvulopathies (GRV), Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Université Laval, QC, Canada
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Mahmut A, Boulanger MC, Bouchareb R, Hadji F, Mathieu P. Adenosine derived from ecto-nucleotidases in calcific aortic valve disease promotes mineralization through A2a adenosine receptor. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 106:109-20. [PMID: 25644539 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS In this study, we sought to determine the role of ecto-nucleotidases and adenosine receptors in calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). The expression of ecto-nucleotidases, which modify the levels of extracellular nucleotides/nucleosides, may control the mineralization of valve interstitial cells (VICs). We hypothesized that expression of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (NPP1), which generates AMP, and 5'-nucleotidase (CD73), an enzyme using AMP as a substrate to produce adenosine, may co-regulate the mineralization of the aortic valve. METHODS AND RESULTS We have investigated the expression of NPP1 and 5'-nucleotidase in CAVD tissues and determined the role of these ecto-nucleotidases on the mineralization of isolated VICs. In CAVD tissues (stenotic and sclerotic), we documented that NPP1 and 5'-nucleotidase were overexpressed by VICs. In isolated VICs, we found that mineralization induced by adenosine triphosphate was decreased by silencing NPP1 and 5'-nucleotidase, suggesting a role for adenosine. Adenosine and specific A2a adenosine receptor (A2aR) agonist increased the mineralization of VICs. Silencing of A2aR in human VICs and the use of A2aR(-/-) mouse VICs confirmed that A2aR promotes the mineralization of cells. Also, A2aR-mediated mineralization was negated by the transfection of a mutant dominant-negative Gαs vector. Through several lines of evidence, we next documented that adenosine stimulated the mineralization of VICs through a cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA)/cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) pathway, and found that CREB positively regulated the expression of NPP1 in a positive feedback loop by physically interacting with the promoter. CONCLUSION Expression of NPP1 and 5'-nucleotidase by VICs promotes the mineralization of the aortic valve through A2aR and a cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ablajan Mahmut
- Laboratoire d'Études Moléculaires des Valvulopathies (LEMV), Groupe de Recherche en Valvulopathies (GRV), Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Laval University, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Quebec, Canada G1V-4G5
| | - Marie-Chloé Boulanger
- Laboratoire d'Études Moléculaires des Valvulopathies (LEMV), Groupe de Recherche en Valvulopathies (GRV), Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Laval University, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Quebec, Canada G1V-4G5
| | - Rihab Bouchareb
- Laboratoire d'Études Moléculaires des Valvulopathies (LEMV), Groupe de Recherche en Valvulopathies (GRV), Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Laval University, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Quebec, Canada G1V-4G5
| | - Fayez Hadji
- Laboratoire d'Études Moléculaires des Valvulopathies (LEMV), Groupe de Recherche en Valvulopathies (GRV), Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Laval University, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Quebec, Canada G1V-4G5
| | - Patrick Mathieu
- Laboratoire d'Études Moléculaires des Valvulopathies (LEMV), Groupe de Recherche en Valvulopathies (GRV), Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Laval University, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Quebec, Canada G1V-4G5
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20
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Rattazzi M, Bertacco E, Iop L, D'Andrea S, Puato M, Buso G, Causin V, Gerosa G, Faggin E, Pauletto P. Extracellular pyrophosphate is reduced in aortic interstitial valve cells acquiring a calcifying profile: implications for aortic valve calcification. Atherosclerosis 2014; 237:568-76. [PMID: 25463090 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pyrophosphate (PPi) is a potent inhibitor of ectopic mineralization but its role during aortic valve calcification is not known. METHODS Anti-calcific effect of PPi was investigated by using an in vitro model of serum-driven calcification of collagen sponges and decellularized porcine aortic valve leaflets. Bovine interstitial valve cells (VIC), seeded either within the collagen matrices or in transwell chambers, were used to test cellular ability to inhibit serum-induced calcification. PPi metabolism was investigated in clonal VIC harboring different calcifying potential. RESULTS In a cell-free system, high serum levels induced a dose-dependent calcification of type I collagen matrices which was prevented by PPi and ATP supplementation. Blockade of serum-driven calcification by PPi and ATP was also observed when using decellularized porcine aortic valve leaflets. A similar anti-calcific effect was also seen for bovine VIC, either statically seeded into the collagen matrices or co-cultured by using a transwell system. However, when we performed co-culture experiments by using clonal VIC harboring different calcifying potential, we observed that the subset of cells acquiring a pro-calcific profile lost the ability to protect the collagen from serum-driven calcification. Pro-calcific differentiation of the clonal VIC was accompanied by increase in ALP along with significant reduction in NPP activity and ATP/PPi extracellular accumulation. These changes were not observed in the clonal subtype with lower propensity towards calcification. CONCLUSIONS We showed that PPi and ATP are potent inhibitors of serum-driven calcification of collagen matrix and that their extracellular accumulation is reduced in calcifying VIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Rattazzi
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Italy; Medicina Interna Iˆ, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy.
| | | | - Laura Iop
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Giacomo Buso
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Valerio Causin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Gino Gerosa
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Pauletto
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Italy; Medicina Interna Iˆ, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy
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21
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Stubbendorff M, Hua X, Deuse T, Ali Z, Reichenspurner H, Maegdefessel L, Robbins RC, Schrepfer S. Inducing myointimal hyperplasia versus atherosclerosis in mice: an introduction of two valid models. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 24893977 DOI: 10.3791/51459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Various in vivo laboratory rodent models for the induction of artery stenosis have been established to mimic diseases that include arterial plaque formation and stenosis, as observed for example in ischemic heart disease. Two highly reproducible mouse models - both resulting in artery stenosis but each underlying a different pathway of development - are introduced here. The models represent the two most common causes of artery stenosis; namely one mouse model for each myointimal hyperplasia, and atherosclerosis are shown. To induce myointimal hyperplasia, a balloon catheter injury of the abdominal aorta is performed. For the development of atherosclerotic plaque, the ApoE -/- mouse model in combination with western fatty diet is used. Different model-adapted options for the measurement and evaluation of the results are named and described in this manuscript. The introduction and comparison of these two models provides information for scientists to choose the appropriate artery stenosis model in accordance to the scientific question asked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Stubbendorff
- Transplant and Stem Cell Immunobiology Lab, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Hospital Hamburg; Cardiovascular Research Center (CVRC) and DZHK University Hamburg
| | - Xiaoqin Hua
- Transplant and Stem Cell Immunobiology Lab, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Hospital Hamburg; Cardiovascular Research Center (CVRC) and DZHK University Hamburg
| | - Tobias Deuse
- Transplant and Stem Cell Immunobiology Lab, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Hospital Hamburg; Cardiovascular Research Center (CVRC) and DZHK University Hamburg; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart Center Hamburg
| | - Ziad Ali
- Center for Interventional Vascular Therapy, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University; Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York
| | - Hermann Reichenspurner
- Cardiovascular Research Center (CVRC) and DZHK University Hamburg; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart Center Hamburg
| | | | - Robert C Robbins
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Falk Cardiovascular Research Center
| | - Sonja Schrepfer
- Transplant and Stem Cell Immunobiology Lab, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Hospital Hamburg; Cardiovascular Research Center (CVRC) and DZHK University Hamburg; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart Center Hamburg; Center for Interventional Vascular Therapy, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University;
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22
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23
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Genetics in arterial calcification: lessons learned from rare diseases. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2013; 22:145-9. [PMID: 23122642 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Arterial calcification significantly contributes to morbidity and mortality. Insight into the pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to arterial calcification has come from genetic studies on four rare monogenic disorders. The disease-causing molecular defects in generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI), pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), calcification of joints and arteries (CALJA), and familial idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (IBGC) have been identified within recent years. Based on the similarities of GACI, PXE, CALJA, and IBGC, it can be speculated that the underlying disease genes-ENPP1, ABCC6, NT5E, and SLC20A2, respectively-drive a cohesive molecular pathophysiology system modulated by ATP metabolism, inorganic pyrophosphate, adenosine, and inorganic phosphate generation and functional activities.
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24
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Genetic mapping and exome sequencing identify 2 mutations associated with stroke protection in pediatric patients with sickle cell anemia. Blood 2013; 121:3237-45. [PMID: 23422753 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-10-464156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a devastating complication of sickle cell anemia (SCA), occurring in 11% of patients before age 20 years. Previous studies of sibling pairs have demonstrated a genetic component to the development of cerebrovascular disease in SCA, but few candidate genetic modifiers have been validated as having a substantial effect on stroke risk. We performed an unbiased whole-genome search for genetic modifiers of stroke risk in SCA. Genome-wide association studies were performed using genotype data from single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays, whereas a pooled DNA approach was used to perform whole-exome sequencing. In combination, 22 nonsynonymous variants were identified and represent key candidates for further in-depth study. To validate the association of these mutations with the risk for stroke, the 22 candidate variants were genotyped in an independent cohort of control patients (n = 231) and patients with stroke (n = 57) with SCA. One mutation in GOLGB1 (Y1212C) and another mutation in ENPP1 (K173Q) were confirmed as having significant associations with a decreased risk for stroke. These mutations were discovered and validated by an unbiased whole-genome approach, and future studies will focus on how these functional mutations may lead to protection from stroke in the context of SCA.
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25
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Mackenzie NCW, Huesa C, Rutsch F, MacRae VE. New insights into NPP1 function: lessons from clinical and animal studies. Bone 2012; 51:961-8. [PMID: 22842219 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The recent elucidation of rare human genetic disorders resulting from mutations in ectonucleotide pyrophosphotase/phosphodiesterase (ENPP1), also known as plasma cell membrane glycoprotein 1 (PC-1), has highlighted the vital importance of this molecule in human health and disease. Generalised arterial calcification in infants (GACI), a frequently lethal disease, has been reported in recessive inactivating mutations in ENPP1. Recent findings have also linked hypophosphataemia to a lack of NPP1 function. A number of human genetic studies have indicated that NPP1 is a vital regulator that influences a wide range of tissues through various signalling pathways and when disrupted can lead to significant pathology. The function of Enpp1 has been widely studied in rodent models, where both the mutant tiptoe walking (ttw/ttw) mouse and genetically engineered Enpp1(-/-) mice show significant alterations in skeletal and soft tissue mineralisation, calcium/phosphate balance and glucose homeostasis. These models therefore provide important tools with which to study the potential mechanisms underpinning the human diseases associated with altered NPP1. This review will focus on the recent advances in our current knowledge of the actions of NPP1 in relation to bone disease, cardiovascular pathologies and diabetes. A fuller understanding of the mechanisms through which NPP1 exerts its pathological effects may stimulate the development of novel therapeutic strategies for patients at risk from the devastating clinical outcomes associated with disrupted NPP1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C W Mackenzie
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
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Role of CD73 and extracellular adenosine in disease : Presented by Maria P. Abbracchio. Purinergic Signal 2012; 7:367-72. [PMID: 22052554 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-011-9265-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Mathieu P. Pharmacology of ectonucleotidases: relevance for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 696:1-4. [PMID: 23000390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
ATP and other extracellular nucleotides have diverse and potent effects in different organs. Evidence indicates that extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides deliver crucial signals by acting upon a wide variety of purinergic receptors, which include 19 members separated in three families. Purinergic receptors encompass adenosine-sensitive receptors (P1) as well as the ATP and ADP-responsive receptors (P2). On the other side, P2 receptors are divided into ionotropic P2X receptors and G protein-coupled receptors P2Y. This system of purinergic signaling is made further complex by the fact that ectonucleotidases, membrane bound enzymes, participate in the metabolism of extracellular nucleotides, which are released by cells. Hence, ectonucleotidases are important modulators of purinergic receptor function. It should be pointed out that the ectonucleotidases includes enzymes with different substrate preferences and by their action generate different nucleotides and nucleosides as well as phosphate and pyrophosphate. A growing body of evidence points toward the fact that the expression pattern of different ectonucleotidases and purinergic receptors is implicated in several cardiovascular disorders. In this perspective, a short account is given on the role of ectonucleotidases into the pathobiology of some cardiovascular disorders and the need to develop a novel pharmacology based on those recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mathieu
- Laboratoire d'Études Moléculaires des Valvulopathies (LEMV), Groupe de Recherche en Valvulopathies (GRV), Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Laval University, Quebec, Canada.
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Côté N, El Husseini D, Pépin A, Bouvet C, Gilbert LA, Audet A, Fournier D, Pibarot P, Moreau P, Mathieu P. Inhibition of ectonucleotidase with ARL67156 prevents the development of calcific aortic valve disease in warfarin-treated rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 689:139-46. [PMID: 22659116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease is the most common heart valve disorder. So far, there is no medical treatment for calcific aortic valve disease. The expression of ectonucleotidases, which metabolize nucleotides into phosphate products, may influence the calcification of the aortic valve. In this study, we investigated if the administration of an ectonucleotidase inhibitor, ARL67156 (6-N,N-Diethyl-D-β,γ-dibromomethyleneATP trisodium salt), may prevent the calcification of the aortic valve in the warfarin-induced mineralization rat model. Male Wistar rats were treated with warfarin or warfarin+ARL67156 for 28 days. All rats had comprehensive Doppler-echocardiographic studies at 28 day. A gene profiling of ectonucleotidases expressed in aortas of rats was documented by quantitative real-time PCR. The amount of calcium was determined by quantitative method and von Kossa staining. Ex vivo cultures of rat aortas were also used to further assess the effect of ARL67156 on the calcifying process and Akt signaling. Mineralization of the aorta/aortic valve was documented in warfarin-treated rats and was accompanied by the development of aortic stenosis. These changes were paralleled by an increased of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-1 (ENPP1). Administration of the ectonucleotidase inhibitor, ARL67156 prevented the development of aortic stenosis by lowering the level of apoptosis and mineralization of the aortic valve/aorta. In addition, ARL67156 normalized the level of pAkt, an important kinase involved in the survival pathway. Inhibition of ectonucleotidase activity prevented the development of calcific aortic valve disease in a rat model. On that account, ectonucleotidase may represent a novel target in the treatment of calcific aortic valve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Côté
- Laboratoire d'Études Moléculaires des Valvulopathies (LEMV), Groupe de Recherche en Valvulopathies (GRV), Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
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Abstract
Vascular calcification is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Arterial calcification of the aorta and coronary, carotid, and peripheral arteries becomes more prevalent with age. Genome-wide association studies have identified regions of the genome linked to vascular calcification, and these same regions are linked to myocardial infarction risk. The 9p21 region linked to vascular disease and inflammation also associates with vascular calcification. In addition to these common variants, rare genetic defects can serve as primary triggers of accelerated and premature calcification. Infancy-associated calcific disorders are caused by loss-of-function mutations in ENPP1, an enzyme that produces extracellular pyrophosphate. Adult-onset vascular calcification is linked to mutations in NTE5, another enzyme that regulates extracellular phosphate metabolism. Common conditions that secondarily enhance vascular calcification include atherosclerosis, metabolic dysfunction, diabetes, and impaired renal clearance. Oxidative stress and vascular inflammation, along with biophysical properties, converge with these predisposing factors to promote soft tissue mineralization. Vascular calcification is accompanied by an osteogenic profile, and this osteogenic conversion is seen within the vascular smooth muscle as well as the matrix. Here, we review the genetic causes of medial calcification in the smooth muscle layer, focusing on recent discoveries of gene mutations that regulate extracellular matrix phosphate production and the role of S100 proteins as promoters of vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion A Hofmann Bowman
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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30
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Côté N, El Husseini D, Pépin A, Guauque-Olarte S, Ducharme V, Bouchard-Cannon P, Audet A, Fournier D, Gaudreault N, Derbali H, McKee MD, Simard C, Després JP, Pibarot P, Bossé Y, Mathieu P. ATP acts as a survival signal and prevents the mineralization of aortic valve. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2012; 52:1191-202. [PMID: 22366713 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a disorder related to progressive mineralization of valvular tissue that is a leading cause of heart disease. Thus far, there is no medical treatment to prevent the mineralization of aortic valves. It is generally thought that pathologic mineralization is linked to apoptosis of vascular cells. However, the role of apoptosis during mineralization as well as the survival signals for valvular interstitial cells (VICs), the main cellular component of aortic valves, remains to be identified. Here, through several lines of evidence, we show that bioavailability of extracellular ATP is a signal which determines survival or apoptosis of VICs and, in doing so, plays a major role in the development of CAVD. Specifically, in CAVD and in VIC cultures undergoing mineralization, we found a high level of the ectonucleotidase ENPP1. In addition, a genetic polymorphism in the intron 9 of the ENPP1 gene was associated with CAVD in a case-control cohort as well as with mRNA expression levels of ENPP1 in aortic valves. A high level of ENPP1 in CAVD promoted apoptosis-mediated mineralization of VICs by depleting the extracellular pool of ATP. We then documented that release of ATP by VICs promoted cell survival via the P2Y(2) receptor and the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Hence, our results show that level of ENPP1 modulates extracellular concentration of ATP, which is an important survival signal for VICs. These findings may help to develop novel pharmacological treatment for CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Côté
- Laboratoire d'Études Moléculaires des Valvulopathies (LEMV), Groupe de Recherche en Valvulopathies (GRV), Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
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Salem S, Bruck H, Bahlmann FH, Peter M, Passlick-Deetjen J, Kretschmer A, Steppan S, Volsek M, Kribben A, Nierhaus M, Jankowski V, Zidek W, Jankowski J. Relationship between magnesium and clinical biomarkers on inhibition of vascular calcification. Am J Nephrol 2012; 35:31-9. [PMID: 22179063 DOI: 10.1159/000334742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arteriosclerosis and cardiovascular disease are strongly associated with vascular calcification. Hyperphosphatemia is an essential risk factor for increased vascular calcification. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients could serve as an in vivo model for accelerated calcification. This study focuses on the most likely protective effects of magnesium ion (Mg(2+)) on phosphate-induced vascular calcification ex vivo/in vitro. Furthermore, plasma Mg(2+) concentrations of ESRD and healthy controls were investigated for association with surrogate parameters of vascular calcification in vivo. METHODS Aortic segments of male Wistar-Kyoto rats were incubated and the phosphate concentration of the medium was elevated. The aortic segments were incubated in the absence and presence of MgCl(2); tissue calcification was quantified by different methods. Serum Mg(2+) concentrations of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD stage 5; ESRD) and patients without CKD (controls) were associated with carotid intima media thickness (IMT) and aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) as surrogate parameter for arteriosclerosis and arterial stiffening. RESULTS Incubation of aortic segments in the presence of β-glycerophosphate and NaH(2)PO(4) caused an increased tissue Ca(2+) deposition compared to control conditions. This increased amount of Ca(2+) in the aortic rings was significantly decreased in the presence of Mg(2+). In CKD patients, but not in controls, magnesium serum concentration was associated with the IMT of the carotid arteries. In addition, CKD patients with higher magnesium serum concentration had a significantly lower PWV. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Elevated phosphate concentrations in the culture media induce ex vivo/in vitro medial calcification in intact rat aortic rings in the presence of alkaline phosphatase. Mg(2+) ions reduced ex vivo/in vitro vascular calcification despite increased phosphate concentration. This hypothesis is additionally based on the fact that CKD patients with high Mg(2) serum levels had significantly lower IMT and PWV values, which may result in a lower risk for cardiovascular events and mortality in these patients. Therefore, Mg(2+) supplementation may be an option for treatment and prevention of vascular calcification resulting in a reduction of cardiovascular events in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Salem
- Charité, Medical Clinic IV, University of Berlin, Germany
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32
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Abstract
Artery calcification reflects an admixture of factors such as ectopic osteochondral differentiation with primary host pathological conditions. We review how genetic factors, as identified by human genome-wide association studies, and incomplete correlations with various mouse studies, including knockout and strain analyses, fit into "pieces of the puzzle" in intimal calcification in human atherosclerosis, and artery tunica media calcification in aging, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease. We also describe in sharp contrast how ENPP1, CD73, and ABCC6 serve as "cogs in a wheel" of arterial calcification. Specifically, each is a minor component in the function of a much larger network of factors that exert balanced effects to promote and suppress arterial calcification. For the network to normally suppress spontaneous arterial calcification, the "cogs" ENPP1, CD73, and ABCC6 must be present and in working order. Monogenic ENPP1, CD73, and ABCC6 deficiencies each drive a molecular pathophysiology of closely related but phenotypically different diseases (generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI), pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) and arterial calcification caused by CD73 deficiency (ACDC)), in which premature onset arterial calcification is a prominent but not the sole feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Rutsch
- Department of General Pediatrics, Münster University Children's Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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