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Liu T, Liu M, Nie M, Zhao Z, Liu X, Qian Y, Yu Y, Sha Z, Wu C, Yuan J, Jiang W, Lv C, Mi L, Tian Y, Zhang J, Jiang R. Effect of l-oxiracetam and oxiracetam on memory and cognitive impairment in mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury patients: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Aging Med (Milton) 2024; 7:341-349. [PMID: 38975302 PMCID: PMC11222749 DOI: 10.1002/agm2.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) often suffer memory and cognitive impairments, and oxiracetam-like drugs are considered to have a positive impact on these symptoms potentially. However, the efficacy and safety of l-oxiracetam and oxiracetam in TBI patients have not been sufficiently investigated. Methods The study adopts a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, phase 3 clinical trial design in 74 centers across 51 hospitals in China. A total of 590 TBI patients meeting criteria will be randomly allocated into three groups in a 2:2:1 ratio: l-oxiracetam group, oxiracetam group, and placebo group. The treatment period is 14 days, with a follow-up period of 90 days. The primary outcome measure is the change in the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment score at 90 days after treatment. Secondary outcomes include changes in other cognitive assessments, neurological function, activities of daily living, and safety assessments. Discussion There is no robust evidence to suggest that l-oxiracetam and oxiracetam can enhance memory and cognitive function in patients with mild to moderate TBI. This study has the potential to answer this crucial clinical question. Trial registration chinadrugtrials.org.cn, identifier CTR20192539; ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT04205565.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Department of NeurosurgeryTianjin Neurological Institute, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Key Laboratory of Post‐Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Tianjin & Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Mingqi Liu
- Department of NeurosurgeryTianjin Neurological Institute, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Key Laboratory of Post‐Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Tianjin & Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
- Department of Rehabilitation MedicineZhejiang Provincial People's HospitalHangzhouChina
| | - Meng Nie
- Department of NeurosurgeryTianjin Neurological Institute, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Key Laboratory of Post‐Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Tianjin & Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Zhihao Zhao
- Department of NeurosurgeryTianjin Neurological Institute, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Key Laboratory of Post‐Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Tianjin & Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Xuanhui Liu
- Department of NeurosurgeryTianjin Neurological Institute, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Key Laboratory of Post‐Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Tianjin & Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Yu Qian
- Department of NeurosurgeryTianjin Neurological Institute, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Key Laboratory of Post‐Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Tianjin & Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Yunhu Yu
- Department of NeurosurgeryTianjin Neurological Institute, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Key Laboratory of Post‐Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Tianjin & Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
- Department of Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseaseThe People's Hospital of HongHuaGang District of ZunYiZunyiChina
| | - Zhuang Sha
- Department of NeurosurgeryTianjin Neurological Institute, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Key Laboratory of Post‐Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Tianjin & Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Chenrui Wu
- Department of NeurosurgeryTianjin Neurological Institute, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Key Laboratory of Post‐Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Tianjin & Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Jiangyuan Yuan
- Department of NeurosurgeryTianjin Neurological Institute, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Key Laboratory of Post‐Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Tianjin & Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Weiwei Jiang
- Department of NeurosurgeryTianjin Neurological Institute, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Key Laboratory of Post‐Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Tianjin & Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Chuanxiang Lv
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Liang Mi
- Department of NeurosurgeryTianjin Neurological Institute, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Key Laboratory of Post‐Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Tianjin & Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of NeurosurgeryTianjin Neurological Institute, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Key Laboratory of Post‐Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Tianjin & Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of NeurosurgeryTianjin Neurological Institute, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Key Laboratory of Post‐Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Tianjin & Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Rongcai Jiang
- Department of NeurosurgeryTianjin Neurological Institute, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Key Laboratory of Post‐Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Tianjin & Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
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Wang Y, Liu Y, Sha Y, Li J, Han L, Chen H, Su S, Li N, Chen X, Zhao D. Development and validation of a chiral UPLC-MS/MS method for quantifying S-Oxiracetam and R-Oxiracetam in human plasma, urine and feces: Application to a phase-I clinical pharmacokinetic study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 239:115881. [PMID: 38101242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
A chiral UPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated to determine oxiracetam enantiomers in human plasma, urine, and feces. The R-Oxiracetam and S-Oxiracetam were quantified using a CHIRALPAK ®AD3 column at 25 ℃, and the resolution was greater than 3.2. The S-Oxiracetam is the eutomer that isresponsible for the treatment of various brain damage. Isocratic elution was conducted at a flow rate of 0.9 mL/min for 6 min using the mixture of methanol and acetonitrile (methanol:acetonitrile, 15:85) containing 0.3‰ formic acid. The methods showed linearity at the range of 0.5-100 µg/mL for each oxiracetam enantiomer. A comprehensive validation process was carried out, covering aspects including linearity, selectivity, carryover, accuracy, precision, interferences, matrix effect, recovery, dilution integrity and stability in matrix and solution. The validated methods were successfully applied to quantifying R-Oxiracetam and S-Oxiracetam in human plasma, urine, and feces of 12 healthy subjects treated with either a single dose of 2 g S-Oxiracetam injection or 4 g Oxiracetam injection in a phase-I clinical trial. There was no significant difference for plasma pharmacokinetic parameters of S-Oxiracetam between the two regimens (P>0.05). The S-Oxiracetam and Oxiracetam were primarily eliminated through urine in their original form, with cumulative excretion rates of 92.16% and 85.92%, respectively, within 24 h after administration. Enantiomers interconversion was not observed in the plasma, urine, or feces. The results of this study suggest that replacing 4 g Oxiracetam injection with 2 g S-Oxiracetam injection could offer clinical benefits by lowering the dosage and mitigating potential risks, based on the pharmacokinetic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yuhan Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yutong Sha
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jia Li
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Luyao Han
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Huili Chen
- College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando 32827, United States
| | - Shengdi Su
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Ning Li
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xijing Chen
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Di Zhao
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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Zhang T, Tao Y, Pu J, Zhu M, Wan L, Tang C. Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of oral (S)-oxiracetam in Chinese healthy volunteers: A randomized, double-blind, controlled phase I study. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 192:106621. [PMID: 37898393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE (S)-oxiracetam is the major active enantiomer of oxiracetam, which is being developed for dementia. This trial was designed to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of oral (S)-oxiracetam in healthy Chinese volunteers. METHODS A randomized, controlled, double-blind and dose-escalation design was used in this Phase I trial, which consisted of a single-ascending-dose (SAD) study (400-2000 mg) and a multiple-ascending-dose (MAD) study (400-1600 mg). Blood, urine and feces samples were collected for pharmacokinetic analysis. Safety was evaluated by monitoring adverse events (AEs). RESULTS AEs in both studies were mild or moderate in severity and dose-independent. In the SAD study, no chiral transformation was observed. 55.03% and 36.16% of (S)-oxiracetam was excreted unchanged in urine and feces, respectively. Exposures exhibited dose-proportional increases over the range of 400 to 1600 mg but almost unchanged from 1600 to 2000 mg. (S)-oxiracetam was absorbed rapidly, reaching a peak at 0.75-1.00 h, and t1/2 was 6.12-6.60 h. Food had no effect on AUC, but prolonged Tmax to 3.00 h. In the MAD study, steady-state was observed on day 5. Mild accumulations were observed after 7 days of repeated dosing. CONCLUSION (S)-oxiracetam was safe and tolerated with favorable pharmacokinetic profiles at all study doses, providing dosing evidence for further efficacy evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, Bishan Hospital of Chongqing, Bishan hospital of Chongqing medical university, Chongqing, 402760, China
| | - Yi Tao
- Department of Phase I Clinical Trial Ward, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Junliang Pu
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, Bishan Hospital of Chongqing, Bishan hospital of Chongqing medical university, Chongqing, 402760, China
| | - Mingxue Zhu
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, Bishan Hospital of Chongqing, Bishan hospital of Chongqing medical university, Chongqing, 402760, China
| | - Lei Wan
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, Bishan Hospital of Chongqing, Bishan hospital of Chongqing medical university, Chongqing, 402760, China
| | - Chengyong Tang
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, Bishan Hospital of Chongqing, Bishan hospital of Chongqing medical university, Chongqing, 402760, China.
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Liang D, Shen J, Jia Y, Dai M, Li X, Zhou L, Wang W, Yang B, Shao J, Jiang Y, Xie H, Sun H. Pharmacokinetic Properties of S-oxiracetam After Single and Multiple Intravenous Infusions in Healthy Volunteers. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2021; 46:793-805. [PMID: 34549388 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-021-00718-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES As a chiral drug, oxiracetam (ORT) can exist in two different isomeric forms: S-oxiracetam (S-ORT) and R-oxiracetam (R-ORT). S-ORT has emerged as a promising nootropic drug with the potential to treat brain injury and the resulting loss of neural function, memory and mental impairment as assessed by studies in various animal models. However, limited data are available on the pharmacokinetics of S-ORT in humans, so the present study was designed to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetic profile of S-ORT in healthy volunteers. METHODS In part 1, subjects were intravenously administered single ascending dose (2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 g) S-ORT. In part 2, subjects were treated at a single intravenous infusion dose of 3.0 g S-ORT or 6.0 g racemic ORT using a two-sequence, two-period crossover design. In part 3, subjects were intravenously injected with 4.0 g S-ORT once a day for 7 days. Blood and urine samples were collected to evaluate the pharmacokinetic parameters and urine excretion rate. The safety profile of the drug was also evaluated throughout the study. RESULTS Fifty-two subjects (30 in part 1, 12 in part 2, 10 in part 3) completed the study; only one subject displayed a mild adverse event, which possibly was treatment related, and no serious adverse event occurred. In part 1 for a single dose of 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 g, the maximum concentration (Cmax) values were 111.28 ± 18.99, 230.76 ± 29.16 and 352.67 ± 42.94 μg/ml, respectively; the values of area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) from time zero to the time of last quantifiable concentration (AUC0-t) were 267.09 ± 59.66, 524.50 ± 72.87 and 822.68 ± 95.21 μg·h/ml, respectively; the AUC from 0 h to infinity (AUC0-∞) values were 274.72 ± 61.65, 536.06 ± 78.13 and 832.07 ± 96.91 μg·h/ml, respectively. The urine excretion rate of the unchanged drug was approximately 60%. After consecutive administration of S-ORT for 7 days, the accumulation index was 1.05 ± 0.08. The plasma drug concentration-time curves for both S-ORT and R-oxiracetam (R-ORT) were almost identical. CONCLUSIONS S-ORT was well tolerated, and no serious adverse events occurred in 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 g in single- and 4.0 g in multiple-dose studies. S-ORT showed dose linearity with increasing doses and no drug accumulation after 7 days of continuous administration was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahu Liang
- Anhui Provincial Center for Drug Clinical Evaluation, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Anhui Provincial Center for Drug Clinical Evaluation, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yuanwei Jia
- Anhui Provincial Center for Drug Clinical Evaluation, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001, Anhui Province, China
| | - Min Dai
- Anhui Provincial Center for Drug Clinical Evaluation, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xianghong Li
- Anhui Provincial Center for Drug Clinical Evaluation, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001, Anhui Province, China
| | - Lixiang Zhou
- Anhui Provincial Center for Drug Clinical Evaluation, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001, Anhui Province, China
| | - Weijia Wang
- Anhui Provincial Center for Drug Clinical Evaluation, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001, Anhui Province, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Anhui Provincial Center for Drug Clinical Evaluation, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jing Shao
- Nanjing Youke Biomedical Co. Ltd, Nanjing, 210046, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Nanjing Youke Biomedical Co. Ltd, Nanjing, 210046, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haitang Xie
- Anhui Provincial Center for Drug Clinical Evaluation, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Hua Sun
- Anhui Provincial Center for Drug Clinical Evaluation, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001, Anhui Province, China.
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Zhang H, Jia L, Jia J. Oxiracetam Offers Neuroprotection by Reducing Amyloid β-Induced Microglial Activation and Inflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurol 2020; 11:623. [PMID: 32765394 PMCID: PMC7380077 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation in the brain, which triggers the activation of microglia; in turn, microglia release neuroinflammatory factors capable of damaging neurons. Thus, a therapeutic approach targeting this sustained microglia-induced inflammatory response deserves investigation. Here, we examined whether oxiracetam (ORC), a nootropic of the racetam family, can indirectly prevent Aβ-induced neurotoxicity by attenuating microglial activation. Methods: Aβ42 oligomers were used to stimulate BV2 microglial cells, and the morphological changes and phagocytic capacity of BV2 cells were evaluated using fluorescence microscopy. We used quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to assess the inhibitory effects of ORC on Aβ-induced mRNA levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α); enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to examine the productions of these cytokines. We also assessed the mRNA level of inducible nitric oxide synthase and the production of nitric oxide (NO). The conditioned medium from BV2 cells was used to culture hippocampal HT22 cells to assess indirect toxicity using the MTT assay. Results: ORC prevented the Aβ-induced activation of BV2 cells, as reflected by reduced morphological changes and phagocytic ability. In addition, ORC downregulated the expression of Aβ-induced cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and the production of NO in BV2 cells. Furthermore, ORC protected HT22 cells from indirect damage evoked by Aβ-treated BV2 cell-conditioned medium, but not from direct Aβ-induced toxicity. Conclusions: ORC suppressed the activation of BV2 cells, decreased the production of Aβ-induced inflammatory molecules and NO in BV2 cells, and protected HT22 cells against indirect toxicity mediated by Aβ-treated BV2 cell-conditioned medium. Thus, ORC may exert a protective role in AD through attenuating the damage caused by inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Longfei Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
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Wang C, Dong H, Liu H, Sun Z, Yuan A, Wu J, Hu Y. Using HPLC to analyze (S)-oxiracetam and four related substances in the bulk drug of (S)-oxiracetam. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 180:113072. [PMID: 31891873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.113072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
(S)-oxiracetam is undergoing clinical trials as an active ingredient in the racemic oxiracetam. Here, we report a specific analytical method for analyzing (S)-oxiracetam and four related impurities in the bulk drug of (S)-oxiracetam by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system. The chromatographic system included a Capcell pak NH2 analytical column, a mobile phase containing acetonitrile-water (95:5, v/v; pH adjusted to 2.0 with trifluoroacetic acid) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, column temperature at 35 ℃ and the UV detection wavelength is set at 210 nm. This analytical method has shown effective and specific analysis for (S)-oxiracetam and four related substances. Moreover, the molecular weight and chemical structure preliminarily speculated of related substances were characterized by mass spectrometry. The methodology was verified by HPLC and results collected of the method validation included the system suitability, specificity sensitivity, linearity and accuracy, good linear correlation coefficient R2 was more than 0.9991. The analytical method developed and verified in the study, as far as we know, is the most exhaustive HPLC determination report which could be applied for the quality control and stability monitor purposes of the bulk drug of (S)-oxiracetam in the routine pharmaceutical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School of Nanjing University & School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China; Institute of Drug R&D, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Hong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School of Nanjing University & School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China; Institute of Drug R&D, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nano Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, PR China
| | - Honghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School of Nanjing University & School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China; Institute of Drug R&D, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Zhaoyi Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Ahu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School of Nanjing University & School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China; Institute of Drug R&D, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nano Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, PR China
| | - Jinhui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School of Nanjing University & School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China; Institute of Drug R&D, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nano Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, PR China
| | - Yiqiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School of Nanjing University & School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China; Institute of Drug R&D, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nano Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, PR China.
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Xu J, Qi Q, Lv P, Dong Y, Jiang X, Liu Z. Oxiracetam ameliorates cognitive deficits in vascular dementia rats by regulating the expression of neuronal apoptosis/autophagy-related genes associated with the activation of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 52:e8371. [PMID: 31721903 PMCID: PMC6853072 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20198371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxiracetam (ORC) is a commonly used nootropic drug for improving cognition and memory impairments. The therapeutic effect and underlying mechanism of ORC in vascular dementia (VaD) treatment remain unknown. In this study, 3-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats with permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion-induced VaD were treated orally with low (100 mg/kg) or high (200 mg/kg) dose ORC once a day for 4 weeks. The results of the Morris water maze test and Nissl staining showed that ORC treatment significantly alleviated learning and memory deficits and neuronal damage in rats with VaD. Mechanistically, the protein levels of a panel of genes associated with neuronal apoptosis (Bcl-2, Bax) and autophagy (microtubule-associated protein 1 chain 3, Beclin1, p62) were significantly altered by ORC treatment compared with VaD, suggesting a protective role of ORC against VaD-induced neuronal apoptosis and autophagy. Moreover, the Akt/mTOR pathway, which is known to be the upstream signaling governing apoptosis and autophagy, was found to be activated in ORC-treated rats, suggesting an involvement of Akt/mTOR activation in ORC-rendered protection in VaD rats. Taken together, this study demonstrated that ORC may alleviate learning and memory impairments and neuronal damage in VaD rats by altering the expression of apoptosis/autophagy-related genes and activation of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, China
| | - Qianqian Qi
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, China
| | - Peiyuan Lv
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yanhong Dong
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zhijuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, China
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Liu TT, Guo XM, Rong ZY, Ye XF, Wei JF, Wang AP, Jin HT. Comparative toxicity and toxicokinetic studies of oxiracetam and (S)-oxiracetam in dogs. Xenobiotica 2019; 49:1054-1062. [PMID: 30351213 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1528027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxiracetam (ORT) is known as a derivative of piracetam in the family of nootropics for treating memory impairment and cognition disorders. Given the chiral toxicological concerns surrounding ORT and the absence studies of (S)-ORT, the toxicity and toxicokinetics of (S)-ORT, and comparative toxicology of oxiracetam were systematically investigated in dogs following acute and 13-week repeated oral dosing. The animal toxicity mainly manifested as loose stools in both the acute and the 13-week studies. The no-observed-adverse-effect level is proposed to be 100 mg/kg. The 13-week toxicokinetics study indicated that, in the (S)-ORT group, the time to peak concentration was delayed, elimination half-life extended, and apparent volume of distribution increased compared with the ORT group. The clearance rate increased at low- and mid-doses, but decreased in the high-dose group and was accompanied by drug accumulation. Compared with the same dose of ORT, (S)-ORT had a lower clearance rate and longer elimination half-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Liu
- a New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
| | - Xin-Miao Guo
- b Beijing Union-Genius Pharmaceutical Technology Co., LTD , Beijing , China
| | - Zu-Yuan Rong
- c Sichuan Institute for Food and Drug Control , Sichuan , China
| | - Xiang-Feng Ye
- b Beijing Union-Genius Pharmaceutical Technology Co., LTD , Beijing , China
| | - Jin-Feng Wei
- a New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China.,b Beijing Union-Genius Pharmaceutical Technology Co., LTD , Beijing , China
| | - Ai-Ping Wang
- a New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China.,b Beijing Union-Genius Pharmaceutical Technology Co., LTD , Beijing , China
| | - Hong-Tao Jin
- a New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China.,b Beijing Union-Genius Pharmaceutical Technology Co., LTD , Beijing , China
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Li W, Liu H, Jiang H, Wang C, Guo Y, Sun Y, Zhao X, Xiong X, Zhang X, Zhang K, Nie Z, Pu X. (S)-Oxiracetam is the Active Ingredient in Oxiracetam that Alleviates the Cognitive Impairment Induced by Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion in Rats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10052. [PMID: 28855592 PMCID: PMC5577264 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10283-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion is a pathological state that is associated with the cognitive impairments in vascular dementia. Oxiracetam is a nootropic drug that is commonly used to treat cognitive deficits of cerebrovascular origins. However, oxiracetam is currently used as a racemic mixture whose effective ingredient has not been identified to date. In this study, we first identified that (S)-oxiracetam, but not (R)-oxiracetam, was the effective ingredient that alleviated the impairments of spatial learning and memory by ameliorating neuron damage and white matter lesions, increasing the cerebral blood flow, and inhibiting astrocyte activation in chronic cerebral hypoperfused rats. Furthermore, using MALDI-MSI and LC-MS/MS, we demonstrated that (S)-oxiracetam regulated ATP metabolism, glutamine-glutamate and anti-oxidants in the cortex region of hypoperfused rats. Altogether, our results strongly suggest that (S)-oxiracetam alone could be a nootropic drug for the treatment of cognitive impairments caused by cerebral hypoperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Li
- National Key Research Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Huihui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Hanjie Jiang
- National Key Research Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Chen Wang
- National Key Research Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yongfei Guo
- National Key Research Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yi Sun
- National Key Research Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhao
- National Key Research Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Xin Xiong
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Xianhua Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Ke Zhang
- National Key Research Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Zongxiu Nie
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoping Pu
- National Key Research Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China.
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Enantioselective HPLC determination of oxiracetam enantiomers and application to a pharmacokinetic study in beagle dogs. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 993-994:9-13. [PMID: 25978861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for the determination of oxiracetam enantiomers, a cognition and memory enhancer, in beagle dog plasma. The plasma samples were prepared by methanol extraction from 200μL plasma, and then the baseline resolution was achieved on a Chiralpak ID column (250mm×4.6mm, 5μm) with mobile phase of hexane-ethanol-trifluoroacetic acid (78:22:0.1, v/v/v) at flow rate of 1.0mL/min. The column elute was monitored using ultraviolet detection at 214nm. The method was linear over concentration range 0.50-100μg/mL for both enantiomers. The relative standard deviation values for intra- and inter-day precision were 0.78-13.61 and 0.74-8.92% for (R)- and (S)-oxiracetam, respectively. The relative error values of accuracy ranged from -4.74 to 10.48% for (R)-oxiracetam and from -0.19 to 11.48% for (S)-oxiracetam. The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of individual enantiomer and racemic oxiracetam in beagle dogs after oral administration. The disposition of the two enantiomers was not stereoselective and chiral inversion was not observed in beagle dogs. The pharmacokinetic profiles of (S)-oxiracetam were similar with racemic oxiracetam in beagle dogs.
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Zhang Q, Yang W, Yang Y, Xing H, Zhang Q, Li J, Lu Y, He J, Yang S, Zhao D, Chen X. Comparative pharmacokinetic studies of racemic oxiracetam and its pure enantiomers after oral administration in rats by a stereoselective HPLC method. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 111:153-8. [PMID: 25886392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxiracetam (ORC), a nootropic drug used for improving the cognition and memory, has an asymmetric carbon in its structure and exists as (S)- and (R)-ORC. The pharmacokinetic profiles of racemic oxiracetam and its pure enantiomers in rats were evaluated and compared by enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography, which was performed on a Chiralpak ID column with a mobile phase of hexane-ethanol-trifluoroacetic acid (78:22:0.1, v/v/v). The method was validated with respect to selectivity, linearity, accuracy and precision, stability and the limit of quantification. The validation acceptance criteria were met in all cases. A saturating phenomenon of (S)-ORC was observed when the dosage ranged from 200 mg/kg to 800 mg/kg. The two enantiomers showed similar profiles in the absorb phase, and reached the maximum concentration at 2h after oral administration. However, compared with the racemate group, the AUC/dose and Cmax/dose ratios of (S)-ORC were higher and Cl/f was lower in enanpure (S)-ORC group. The Cmax of (S)-ORC decreased from 21.3 ± 5.0 μg/ml to 13.2 ± 4.2 when (R)-ORC was co-administrated at the dose of 200mg/kg. AUC0-t values of (S)-ORC were different after oral administration of 200 mg/kg (S)-ORC and 400 mg/kg racemic ORC (96.7 ± 15.5 and 50.1 ± 16.3 μg h/ml). The higher absorption and slower elimination suggest that enantiopure (S)-ORC could be a promising drug that efficiently reduces clinical dosage, improves therapeutic indices, decreases toxicology risks, and results in increased therapeutic ration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyang Zhang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Han Xing
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junxiu Li
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiake He
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuoye Yang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xijing Chen
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu, China.
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Abstract
VaD is the second most common cause of dementia in the elderly after AD. VaD is defined as the loss of cognitive function resulting from ischemic, ischemic-hypoxic, or hemorrhagic brain lesions as a result of CVD and cardiovascular pathologic changes. Diagnosis requires (1) cognitive loss (often predominantly subcortical), (2) vascular brain lesions demonstrated by imaging, and (3) exclusion of other causes of dementia, such as AD. VaD is excluded by brain imaging showing no evidence of vascular lesions. VaD may be caused by multiple strokes (MID or poststroke dementia) but also by single strategic strokes, multiple lacunes, and hypoperfusive lesions such as border zone infarcts and ischemic periventricular leukoencephalopathy (Binswanger's disease). Primary and secondary prevention of stroke and cardiovascular disease decreases the burden of VaD. Genetic advice is needed in patients with familial forms, such as CADASIL. Treatment involves control of risk factors (i.e., hypertension, diabetes, smoking, hyperfibrinogenemia, hyperhomocystinemia, orthostatic hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias). Anticholinergic medications used for AD are also useful in VaD, and atypical antipsychotic agents and antidepressants (e.g., selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) may be required in some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo C Román
- Department of Medicine/Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Audie L. Murphy Memorial Veterans Hospital, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78284-7883, USA.
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Chui H. Vascular dementia, a new beginning: shifting focus from clinical phenotype to ischemic brain injury. Neurol Clin 2000; 18:951-78. [PMID: 11072269 DOI: 10.1016/s0733-8619(05)70234-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dementia may result from complete or incomplete infarction of brain regions subserving memory and cognition. Several effective treatments reduce the risk of initial and recurrent stroke. Presumably, these interventions reduce the risk of vascular cognitive impairment. Incomplete infarction caused by recurrent, chronic, or subclinical ischemia appears to represent another important cause of ischemic brain injury, but has been relatively neglected. A shift in focus from the serendipitous clinical phenotype of vascular dementia to preventing and ameliorating the broad spectrum of ischemic brain injury is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chui
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of vascular dementia depends on accurate diagnosis and criteria for evaluation of therapeutic responses that are not well standardized. METHODS Diagnostic criteria for vascular dementia, tools for the assessment of its clinical course and current treatment options are sequentially reviewed. RESULTS Strict diagnostic criteria with high specificity should be selected in clinical trials. Tools for sequential assessment are not standardized. Clinical endpoints of real value for patients and caregivers are usually excluded from analysis. Prevention of recurrent cerebrovascular events is the only known treatment for stabilization and eventually recovery of cognitive and behaviour disturbances. Benefit may be obtained by adapting hospital or home environment and introducing daily routines minimizing stress and fatigue. The use of non-specific cerebral stimulants and so-called neuroprotective drugs is controversial. Careful neuropsychological evaluation guiding management of specific deficits and the use of psychiatric drugs in selected situations may also be useful. CONCLUSION Strict criteria for the diagnosis of vascular dementia and for the evaluation of treatment responses should be used in drug trials. Aside the secondary prevention of stroke, no drug therapy influencing cognition or neuronal damage has been proved to be useful in patients with vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C André
- Setor de Estudos em Doenças Cerebrovasculares, Hospital das Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (HUCFF/UFRJ), Brasil
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Abstract
Aging influences cerebrovascular disease expression by a variety of mechanisms. Age-related changes in cerebral autoregulation, cellular metabolism, the blood-brain barrier, and autonomic function may leave the cerebrovascular system vulnerable to injury. Certain cerebrovascular disease, such as atrial fibrillation, watershed infarctions, carotid artery atherosclerosis, cerebral hemorrhages, subdural hematomas, and transient global amnesia manifest in the elderly. Vascular dementia and white matter disease are better understood with newer neuroimaging studies, careful neuropsychological and histopathologic examinations. Atherosclerosis and cerebral amyloid angiopathy may have larger roles than previously understood in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Choi
- Department of Neurology, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110-1093, USA
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Gouliaev AH, Senning A. Piracetam and other structurally related nootropics. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 1994; 19:180-222. [PMID: 8061686 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0173(94)90011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Nearly three decades have now passed since the discovery of the piracetam-like nootropics, compounds which exhibit cognition-enhancing properties, but for which no commonly accepted mechanism of action has been established. This review covers clinical, pharmacokinetic, biochemical and behavioural results presented in the literature from 1965 through 1992 (407 references) of piracetam, oxiracetam, pramiracetam, etiracetam, nefiracetam, aniracetam and rolziracetam and their structural analogues. The piracetam-like nootropics are capable of achieving reversal of amnesia induced by, e.g., scopolamine, electroconvulsive shock and hypoxia. Protection against barbiturate intoxication is observed and some benefit in clinical studies with patients suffering from mild to moderate degrees of dementia has been demonstrated. No affinity for the alpha 1-, alpha 2-, beta-, muscarinic, 5-hydroxytryptamine-, dopamine, adenosine-A1-, mu-opiate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (except for nefiracetam (GABAA)), benzodiazepine and glutamate receptors has been found. The racetams possess a very low toxicity and lack serious side effects. Increased turnover of different neurotransmitters has been observed as well as other biochemical findings, e.g., inhibition of enzymes such as prolylendopeptidase. So far, no generally accepted mechanism of action has, however, emerged. We believe that the effect of the racetams is due to a potentiation of already present neurotransmission and that much evidence points in the direction of a modulated ion flux by, e.g., potentiated calcium influx through non-L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels, potentiated sodium influx through alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor gated channels or voltage-dependent channels or decreases in potassium efflux. Effects on carrier mediated ion transport are also possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Gouliaev
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Denmark
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Abstract
The authors reviewed the literature on the agents proposed for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Different classes of drugs have been tested for this indication including psychostimulants, anticoagulants, vasodilators, hyperbaric oxygen, hormones, nootropics, cholinomimetics, monoaminergics and neuropeptides without conclusive evidence of being beneficial for the treatment of this condition. Among the cholinomimetics recent research data seems to indicate that they might produce modest benefits in mild-to-moderate AD patients. Recently, other drugs have also been proposed including neurotrophic factors, phosphatidylserine, angiotension [corrected] converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, acetyl-L-carnitine, xanthine derivatives, anti-inflammatory agents, aluminum chelate agents, and D-cycloserine. Of these new strategies few hold promise of more substantial benefits for AD, with the possibility of altering the course of the disease, but these drugs await confirmatory trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Soares
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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Abstract
The aging of the society is accompanied by a strong pressure to develop drugs to treat age-related memory disorders. This paper examines the discrepancy between the results of preclinical tests, which have identified a large number of putative cognition enhancers, and the limited clinical efficacy of most of them. The predictivity of the preclinical tests is discussed, and the criteria for evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of the cognition enhancers are examined. An analysis is made of the novel treatments presently available or under investigation. In light of the results of the trials with tacrine a warning is given not to expect striking clinical improvements by only attempting to restore signal transmission, disrupted by aging and dementia, without modifying the underlying morphological alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pepeu
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Florence, Italy
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Effects of oxiracetam on organic brain syndrome following activation of the high-affinity choline uptake system: A neurochemical analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid of four patients. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0011-393x(05)80601-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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