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Sidoryk-Węgrzynowicz M, Dąbrowska-Bouta B, Sulkowski G, Strużyńska L. Nanosystems and exosomes as future approaches in treating multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:7377-7404. [PMID: 34561918 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the central nervous system which leads to neurological dysfunctions and severe disabilities. MS pathology is characterised by damage of the blood-brain barrier and infiltration of autoreactive T cells that overactivate glial cells, thereby initiating neuroinflammation accompanied by the formation of demyelinating plaques and neurodegeneration. Clinical deficits in this multifactorial disease depend on the progression of myelin loss, the stage of inflammation, the status of axons and the activity of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Despite significant progress in the treatment of MS, current therapies remain limited and new approaches are highly desirable. Nanosystems based on liposomes and nanoparticles are among some of the more noteworthy therapeutic strategies being investigated. Applications of nanosystems alone or as drug carriers in animal models of MS have been found to successfully alleviate the symptoms of the disease and exert anti-inflammatory potential. Exosomes are a specific type of nanosystem based on nanometre-sized extracellular vesicles released by different cells which exhibit important healing features. Exosomes contain an array of anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective agents which may contribute to modulation of the immune system as well as promoting remyelination and tissue repair. In this review, opportunities to use nanosystems against progression of MS will be discussed in context of cell-specific pathologies associated with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sidoryk-Węgrzynowicz
- Laboratory of Pathoneurochemistry, Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Dąbrowska-Bouta
- Laboratory of Pathoneurochemistry, Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Sulkowski
- Laboratory of Pathoneurochemistry, Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lidia Strużyńska
- Laboratory of Pathoneurochemistry, Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Stampanoni Bassi M, Nuzzo T, Gilio L, Miroballo M, Casamassa A, Buttari F, Bellantonio P, Fantozzi R, Galifi G, Furlan R, Finardi A, De Rosa A, Di Maio A, Errico F, Centonze D, Usiello A. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of L-glutamate signal central inflammatory neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis. J Neurochem 2021; 159:857-866. [PMID: 34547109 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Excessive extracellular concentrations of L-glutamate (L-Glu) can be neurotoxic and contribute to neurodegenerative processes in multiple sclerosis (MS). The association between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) L-Glu levels, clinical features, and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with MS remains unclear. In 179 MS patients (relapsing remitting, RR, N = 157; secondary progressive/primary progressive, SP/PP, N = 22), CSF levels of L-Glu at diagnosis were determined and compared with those obtained in a group of 40 patients with non-inflammatory/non-degenerative disorders. Disability at the time of diagnosis, and after 1 year follow-up, was assessed using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). CSF concentrations of lactate and of a large set of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory molecules were explored. CSF levels of L-Glu were slightly reduced in MS patients compared to controls. In RR-MS patients, L-Glu levels correlated with EDSS after 1 year follow-up. Moreover, in MS patients, significant correlations were found between L-Glu and both CSF levels of lactate and the inflammatory molecules interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, and IL-1 receptor antagonist. Altered expression of L-Glu is associated with disability progression, oxidative stress, and inflammation. These findings identify CSF L-Glu as a candidate neurochemical marker of inflammatory neurodegeneration in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tommaso Nuzzo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.,CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Luana Gilio
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Mattia Miroballo
- IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Buttari
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | | | | | | | - Roberto Furlan
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Annamaria Finardi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna De Rosa
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.,CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Di Maio
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Errico
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.,Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Portici, Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Usiello
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.,CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
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3
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Sahib S, Sharma A, Muresanu DF, Zhang Z, Li C, Tian ZR, Buzoianu AD, Lafuente JV, Castellani RJ, Nozari A, Patnaik R, Menon PK, Wiklund L, Sharma HS. Nanodelivery of traditional Chinese Gingko Biloba extract EGb-761 and bilobalide BN-52021 induces superior neuroprotective effects on pathophysiology of heat stroke. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 265:249-315. [PMID: 34560923 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Military personnel often exposed to high summer heat are vulnerable to heat stroke (HS) resulting in abnormal brain function and mental anomalies. There are reasons to believe that leakage of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) due to hyperthermia and development of brain edema could result in brain pathology. Thus, exploration of suitable therapeutic strategies is needed to induce neuroprotection in HS. Extracts of Gingko Biloba (EGb-761) is traditionally used in a variety of mental disorders in Chinese traditional medicine since ages. In this chapter, effects of TiO2 nanowired EGb-761 and BN-52021 delivery to treat brain pathologies in HS is discussed based on our own investigations. We observed that TiO2 nanowired delivery of EGb-761 or TiO2 BN-52021 is able to attenuate more that 80% reduction in the brain pathology in HS as compared to conventional drug delivery. The functional outcome after HS is also significantly improved by nanowired delivery of EGb-761 and BN-52021. These observations are the first to suggest that nanowired delivery of EGb-761 and BN-52021 has superior therapeutic effects in HS not reported earlier. The clinical significance in relation to the military medicine is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seaab Sahib
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Guangdong Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Yuexiu, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Guangdong Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Yuexiu, Guangzhou, China
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Rudy J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ranjana Patnaik
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Preeti K Menon
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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4
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Bystrická Z, Laubertová L, Ďurfinová M, Paduchová Z. Methionine metabolism and multiple sclerosis. Biomarkers 2017; 22:747-754. [DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2017.1334153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Bystrická
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Laubertová
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Monika Ďurfinová
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Paduchová
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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5
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Deáková Z, Ďuračková Z, Armstrong DW, Lehotay J. Two-dimensional high performance liquid chromatography for determination of homocysteine, methionine and cysteine enantiomers in human serum. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1408:118-24. [PMID: 26169904 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A two-dimensional HPLC system with electrochemical detection was used for determination of homocysteine, methionine and cysteine enantiomers in biological samples. The amino acid separations were not possible only by using a chiral column. The compounds were separated from each other on an achiral column (Purospher RP-18 endcapped 250-4mm, 5μm) and their enantiomers were separated on Chirobiotic TAG (250-4.6mm, 5μm) column in an on-line system. The mobile phase composition and a choice of electrode potentials for detection were investigated. The l-enantiomers always eluted before the d-enantiomers. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of human serum of healthy volunteers and patients with multiple sclerosis. The limit of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) were defined as the concentration that produced a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 3 and 10. The method LOD values were found to be between 0.05 and 0.50μgmL(-1). The range of LOQ values were between 0.17 and 1.67μgmL(-1), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Deáková
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 2, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zdeňka Ďuračková
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 2, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Jozef Lehotay
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Lin RJ, He JW, Chung LY, Lee JD, Wang JJ, Yen CM. Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematode: Metastrongiloidea): in vitro cultivation of infective third-stage larvae to fourth-stage larvae. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72084. [PMID: 23977214 PMCID: PMC3748073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study to attempt to cultivate Angiostrongylus cantonensis from third-stage larvae (AcL3) to fourth-stage larvae (AcL4) in vitro in defined complete culture medium that contained with Minimum Essential Medium Eagle (MEM), supplemented amino acid (AA), amine (AM), fatty acid (FA), carbohydrate (CA) and 20% fetal calf serum (FCS) was successful. When AcL3 were cultured in the defined complete culture medium at 37°C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere, the larvae began to develop to AcL4 after 30 days of cultivation, and were enclosed within the sheaths of the third molts of the life cycle. Under these conditions, the larvae developed uniformly and reached to the fourth-stage 36 days. The morphology of AcL3 develop to AcL4 were recording and analyzing. Then comparison of A. cantonensis larval morphology and development between in vitro cultivation in defined complete culture medium and in vivo cultivation in infective BALB/c mice. The larvae that had been cultivated in vitro were smaller than AcL4 of infective BALB/c mice. However the AcL3 that were cultured using defined incomplete culture medium (MEM plus 20% FCS with AA+AM, FA, CA, AA+AM+FA, FA+CA, CA+AA+AM or not) did not adequately survive and develop. Accordingly, the inference is made that only the defined complete medium enable AcL3 develop to AcL4 in vitro. Some nematodes have been successfully cultured into mature worms but only a few researches have been made to cultivate A. cantonensis in vitro. The present study is the first to have succeeded in developing AcL3 to AcL4 by in vitro cultivation. Finally, the results of in vitro cultivation studies herein contribute to improving media for the effective development and growth of A. cantonensis. The gap in the A. cantonensis life cycle when the larvae are cultivated in vitro from third-stage larvae to fourth-stage larvae can thus be solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Jyh Lin
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jie-Wen He
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Chung
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - June-Der Lee
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Jye Wang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Min Yen
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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7
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of the
human central nervous system (CNS). The condition predominantly
affects young adults and is characterised by immunological and
inflammatory changes in the periphery and CNS that contribute to
neurovascular disruption, haemopoietic cell invasion of target
tissues, and demyelination of nerve fibres which culminate in
neurological deficits that relapse and remit or are progressive.
The main features of MS can be reproduced in the inducible animal
counterpart, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The
search for new MS treatments invariably employs EAE to determine
drug activity and provide a rationale for exploring clinical
efficacy. The preclinical development of compounds for MS has
generally followed a conventional, immunotherapeutic route.
However, over the past decade, a group of compounds that suppress
EAE but have no apparent immunomodulatory activity have emerged.
These drugs interact with the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and
α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)/kainate
family of glutamate receptors reported to control neurovascular
permeability, inflammatory mediator synthesis, and resident glial
cell functions including CNS myelination. The review considers the
importance of the glutamate receptors in EAE and MS pathogenesis.
The use of receptor antagonists to control EAE is also discussed
together with the possibility of therapeutic application in
demyelinating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Bolton
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology and Experimental Pathology, John Vane Science
Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical School, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- *Christopher Bolton:
| | - Carolyn Paul
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus,
Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
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8
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Klivenyi P, Kekesi KA, Hartai Z, Juhasz G, Vecsei L. Effects of Mitochondrial Toxins on the Brain Amino Acid Concentrations. Neurochem Res 2005; 30:1421-7. [PMID: 16341939 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-005-8512-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease excitotoxicity may play an important role. The common toxin model for Parkinson's disease is MPTP, while for Huntington's disease it is 3-NP. These toxins inhibit the mitochondrial respiratory chain, resulting in an energy deficit. In the central nervous system, the amino acids act as neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. The energy deficit caused by these neurotoxins may alter the concentrations of amino acids. Thus, it can be claimed that the aminoacidergic neurotransmission can be changed by neurotoxins. To test this hypothesis we studied the amino acid concentrations in different brain regions following MPTP or 3-NP administration. The two toxins were found to produce similar changes. We detected marked decreases in most of the amino acid concentrations in the striatum and in the cortex, while the levels in the cerebellum increased significantly. The decreased amino acid levels can be explained by the reduced levels of ATP produced by these neurotoxins. In the cerebellum, where there is no detectable ATP loss, the elevated amino acid levels may reflect a compensation of the altered neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Klivenyi
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, P.O.B. 427, Szeged, H-6701, Hungary
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9
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Hartai Z, Klivenyi P, Janaky T, Penke B, Dux L, Vecsei L. Kynurenine metabolism in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 2005; 112:93-6. [PMID: 16008534 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2005.00442.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective--Excitatory amino acid receptors are involved in the normal physiology of the brain, and may play a role in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders such as Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, etc. It has been demonstrated that the blockade of one of these receptors ameliorates the symptoms of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). In a recent study, a decreased level of kynurenic acid was found in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with MS. The only known endogenous excitotoxin receptor antagonist is the tryptophan metabolite kynurenic acid. Another metabolite is quinolinic acid, which exerts different action: it is an excitotoxin receptor agonist. The ratio of these two metabolites is determined by the activities of kynurenine aminotransferase I and II (KAT I and KAT II). In this study, we measured the activities of these enzymes and the concentration of kynurenic acid in the red blood cells (RBC) and in the plasma of patients with MS. KAT activities were detected both in the RBC and in the plasma. As compared with the control subjects, the KAT I and KAT II activities were significantly higher in the RBC of the patients. The concentration of kynurenic acid is elevated in the plasma of MS patients, and there is a tendency to an elevation in the RBC. These changes may indicate a compensatory protective mechanism against excitatory neurotoxic effects. Our data demonstrate the involvement of the kynurenine system in the pathogenesis of MS, which may predict a novel therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Hartai
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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10
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Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis reproduces in rodents the features of multiple sclerosis, an immune-mediated, disabling disorder of the human nervous system. No adequate therapy is available for multiple sclerosis, despite anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and immunomodulatory measures. Increasingly glutamate is implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Here we (1) review changes in the glutamatergic system in multiple sclerosis and (2) reveal the effects of glutamate AMPA antagonists in acute and chronic rodent models of multiple sclerosis. Administration of structurally diverse competitive and non-competitive AMPA antagonists reduces neurologic disability in rodents subjected to acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. In addition, AMPA antagonists are active in both the adoptive transfer and in chronic models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rats and mice and affect both the acute and chronic relapsing phases. Moreover, short-term therapy with AMPA antagonists leads to sustained benefit well into the progressive phases. These results imply that therapeutic strategies for multiple sclerosis should be complemented by glutamate AMPA antagonists to reduce neurologic disability.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain Stem/immunology
- Brain Stem/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/etiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/immunology
- Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology
- Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Glutamic Acid/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis/etiology
- Multiple Sclerosis/physiopathology
- Nootropic Agents/pharmacology
- Nootropic Agents/therapeutic use
- Pyrrolidinones/pharmacology
- Pyrrolidinones/therapeutic use
- Quinoxalines/immunology
- Quinoxalines/pharmacology
- Quinoxalines/therapeutic use
- Rats
- Receptors, AMPA/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, AMPA/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Spinal Cord/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Groom
- Eisai London Research Laboratories, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, United Kingdom
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Rejdak K, Bartosik-Psujek H, Dobosz B, Kocki T, Grieb P, Giovannoni G, Turski WA, Stelmasiak Z. Decreased level of kynurenic acid in cerebrospinal fluid of relapsing-onset multiple sclerosis patients. Neurosci Lett 2002; 331:63-5. [PMID: 12359324 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(02)00710-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to measure cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of kynurenic acid (KYNA) in patients with relapsing-onset multiple sclerosis (MS) during remission or not progressing for at least 2 months. In these patients the levels of CSF KYNA were found to be significantly lower compared with subjects with non-inflammatory neurological diseases, as well as those with inflammatory disease (median (interquartile range): 0.41 (0.3-0.5) pmol/ml, n=26 vs. 0.67 (0.5-1.1), n=23, P<0.01 and 1.7 (1.5-2.6), n=16, P<0.001, respectively). These results provide further evidence of the alterations in the kynurenine pathway during remitting-onset MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Rejdak
- Department of Neurology, Medical University, 8 Jaczewskiego Street, 20-090, Lublin, Poland.
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12
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Abstract
This review summarises the role that reactive oxygen and nitrogen species play in demyelination, such as that occurring in the inflammatory demyelinating disorders multiple sclerosis and Guillain-Barré syndrome. The concentrations of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (e.g. superoxide, nitric oxide and peroxynitrite) can increase dramatically under conditions such as inflammation, and this can overwhelm the inherent antioxidant defences within lesions. Such oxidative and/or nitrative stress can damage the lipids, proteins and nucleic acids of cells and mitochondria, potentially causing cell death. Oligodendrocytes are more sensitive to oxidative and nitrative stress in vitro than are astrocytes and microglia, seemingly due to a diminished capacity for antioxidant defence, and the presence of raised risk factors, including a high iron content. Oxidative and nitrative stress might therefore result in vivo in selective oligodendrocyte death, and thereby demyelination. The reactive species may also damage the myelin sheath, promoting its attack by macrophages. Damage can occur directly by lipid peroxidation, and indirectly by the activation of proteases and phospholipase A2. Evidence for the existence of oxidative and nitrative stress within inflammatory demyelinating lesions includes the presence of both lipid and protein peroxides, and nitrotyrosine (a marker for peroxynitrite formation). The neurological deficit resulting from experimental autoimmune demyelinating disease has generally been reduced by trial therapies intended to diminish the concentration of reactive oxygen species. However, therapies aimed at diminishing reactive nitrogen species have had a more variable outcome, sometimes exacerbating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Smith
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Guy's, King's and St. Thomas' School of Medicine, London.
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