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Abstract
BACKGROUND Antidepressants may be useful in the treatment of abnormal crying associated with stroke. This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2004 and last updated in 2019. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the benefits and harms of pharmaceutical treatment in people with emotionalism after stroke. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Stroke Group Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, four other databases, and three trials registers (May 2022). SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs comparing psychotropic medication to placebo in people with stroke and emotionalism (also known as emotional lability, pathological crying or laughing, emotional incontinence, involuntary emotional expression disorder, and pseudobulbar affect). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected trials, assessed risk of bias, extracted data from all included trials, and used GRADE to assess the certainty of the body of evidence. We calculated the mean difference (MD) or standardised mean difference (SMD) for continuous data and the risk ratio (RR) for dichotomous data, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We assessed heterogeneity using the I2 statistic. The primary emotionalism measures were the proportion of participants achieving at least a 50% reduction in abnormal emotional behaviour at the end of treatment, improved score on the Center for Neurologic Study - Lability Scale (CNS-LS) or Clinician Interview-Based Impression of Change (CIBIC), or diminished tearfulness. MAIN RESULTS We did not identify any new trials for this update. We included seven trials with a total of 239 participants. Two trials had a cross-over design, but outcome data were not available from the first phase (precross-over) in an appropriate format for inclusion as a parallel randomised controlled trial (RCT). Thus, the results of the review are based on five trials with a total of 213 participants. It is uncertain whether fluoxetine increases the number of people who have a 50% reduction in emotionalism when compared to placebo (risk ratio (RR) 0.26, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.77; P = 0.02; 1 trial, 19 participants) because the certainty of evidence is very low. Sertraline may lead to little to no difference in Center for Neurologic Study - Lability Scale (CNS-LS) scores and Clinician Interview-Based Impression of Change (CIBIC) scores when compared to placebo (RR 0.20, 95% CI 0.03 to 1.50; P = 0.12; 1 trial, 28 participants; low-certainty evidence). Antidepressants probably increase the number of people who experience a reduction in tearfulness (RR 0.32, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.86; P = 0.02; 3 trials, 164 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). No trials were found that evaluated the impact of other pharmaceutical interventions. Only two trial authors systematically recorded and reported adverse events, resulting in limited data on the potential harms of treatment. Six trials reported death as an adverse event and found no difference between the groups (antidepressants versus placebo) in the number of deaths reported (RR 0.59, 95% CI 0.08 to 4.50; P = 0.61; 172 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). This review provides very low- to moderate-certainty evidence that antidepressants may reduce the frequency and severity of emotionalism. The included trials were small and had some degree of bias. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Antidepressants may reduce the frequency and severity of crying or laughing episodes when compared to placebo, based on very low-certainty evidence. Our conclusions must be qualified by several methodological deficiencies in the trials and interpreted with caution despite the effect being very large. The effect does not seem specific to one drug or class of drugs. More reliable data are required before appropriate conclusions can be made about the treatment of post-stroke emotionalism. Future trialists investigating the effect of antidepressants in people with emotionalism after stroke should consider developing and using a standardised method to diagnose emotionalism, determine severity, and assess change over time; provide treatment for a sufficient duration and follow-up to better assess rates of relapse or maintenance; and include careful assessment and complete reporting of adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Allida
- Mental Health Program, The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Allan House
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Maree L Hackett
- Mental Health Program, The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Antidepressants may be useful in the treatment of abnormal crying associated with stroke. This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2004 and last updated in 2010. OBJECTIVES To determine whether pharmaceutical treatment reduces the frequency of emotional displays in people with emotionalism after stroke. SEARCH METHODS We searched the trial register of Cochrane Stroke (last searched May 2018). In addition, we searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; to May 2018), MEDLINE (1966 to 14 May 2018), Embase (1980 to 14 May 2018), CINAHL (1982 to 14 May 2018), PsycINFO (1967 to 14 May 2018), BIOSIS Previews (2002 to 14 May 2018), Web of Science (2002 to 14 May 2018), WHO ICTRP (to 14 May 2018), ClinicalTrials.gov (to 14 May 2018), and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Database (to 14 May 2018). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs comparing psychotropic medication to placebo in people with stroke and emotionalism (also known as emotional lability, pathological crying or laughing, emotional incontinence, involuntary emotional expression disorder, and pseudobulbar affect). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected studies, assessed risk of bias, extracted data from all included studies, and used GRADE to assess the quality of the body of evidence. We calculated mean difference (MD) or standardised mean difference (SMD) for continuous data and risk ratio (RR) for dichotomous data with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We assessed heterogeneity using the I2 statistic. The primary emotionalism measures were the proportion of participants achieving at least a 50% reduction in abnormal emotional behaviour at the end of treatment, improved score on Center for Neurologic Study - Lability Scale (CNS-LS), Clinician Interview-Based Impression of Change (CIBIC) or diminished tearfulness. MAIN RESULTS We included seven trials with a total of 239 participants. Two trials were of cross-over design, and outcome data were not available from the first phase (precross-over) in an appropriate format for inclusion as a parallel randomised controlled trial (RCT). Thus, the results of the review are based on five trials with 213 participants. Treatment effects were observed on the following primary endpoints of emotionalism: There is very low quality of evidence from one small RCT that antidepressants increased the number of people who had 50% reduction in emotionalism (RR 16.50, 95% CI 1.07 to 253.40; 19 participants) and low quality evidence from one RCT of improved scores on Center for Neurologic Study - Lability Scale (CNS-LS) and Clinician Interview-Based Impression of Change (CIBIC) with antidepressants (RR 1.44, 95% CI 0.95 to 2.19; 28 participants). There was moderate quality evidence from three RCTS that they increased the number of people who had a reduction in tearfulness (RR 2.18, 95% CI 1.29 to 3.71; 164 participants); and low quality evidence from one RCT of improved scores on the Pathological Laughter and Crying Scale (PLCS) (MD 8.40, 95% CI 11.56 to 5.24; 28 participants).Six trials reported adverse events (death) and found no difference between the groups in death (RR 0.59, 95% CI 0.08 to 4.50; 6 RCTs, 172 participants, moderate-quality evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Antidepressants may reduce the frequency and severity of crying or laughing episodes based on very low quality evidence. Our conclusions must be qualified by several methodological deficiencies in the studies and interpreted with caution despite the effect being very large. The effect does not seem specific to one drug or class of drugs. More reliable data are required before appropriate conclusions can be made about the treatment of post-stroke emotionalism. Future trialists investigating the effect of antidepressants in people with emotionalism after stroke should consider developing and using a standardised method to diagnose emotionalism, determine severity and assess change over time; provide treatment for a sufficient duration and follow-up to better assess rates of relapse or maintenance and include careful assessment and complete reporting of adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Allida
- University of Technology SydneyFaculty of Health235 Jones StreetSydneySydneyAustralia2007
| | - Kulsum Patel
- University of Central LancashireClinical Practice Research Unit, School of HealthPrestonLancashireUKPR1 2HE
| | - Allan House
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of LeedsDivision of Psychological and Social MedicineRoom 1090c, Worsley BuildingClarendon WayLeedsUKLS2 9LJ
| | - Maree L Hackett
- The University of SydneySchool of Public HealthSydneyNSWAustralia2050
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Villa RF, Ferrari F, Moretti A. Post-stroke depression: Mechanisms and pharmacological treatment. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 184:131-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Ko M, Choi‐Kwon S, Jun S, Kim JH, Cho K, Nah H, Song H, Kim JS. Poststroke emotional disturbances and a tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene polymorphism. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e00892. [PMID: 29484259 PMCID: PMC5822583 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Emotional dysfunction is a common finding in stroke patients. Despite reports on serotonergic involvement in the etiology of poststroke emotional dysfunction (PSED), the role of serotonin synthesizing tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) genes in the development of PSED remains unclear. Methods Genotyping of TPH2 rs4641528 and rs10879355 was performed from genomic DNA of 383 stroke patients collected previously and stored at -70°C. Potential associations between TPH2 genes and poststroke depression (PSD), poststroke emotional incontinence (PSEI), and poststroke anger proneness (PSAP) were investigated 3 months poststroke. Results Among the 383 patients, 69 (18%) had PSD, 41 (11%) had PSEI, and 93 (24%) had PSAP. The TPH2 rs4641528 genotype frequencies differed significantly between patients with and without either PSD or PSEI, although no significant differences were found between the patients with and without PSAP. In multiple logistic regression analysis, PSD was related to the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score at admission (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.047-1.230, p < .01), modified Rankin scale score at 3 months (95% CI: 0.135-0.848, p < .05), and TPH2 rs4641528 C allele (95% CI: 1.039-5.631, p < .05), whereas PSEI was associated only with the NIHSS score at admission (95% CI: 1.053-1.259, p < .01) and the TPH2 rs4641528 C allele (95% CI: 1.029-11.678, p < .05). Conclusions Our findings suggest that the TPH2 rs4641528 C allele may play a role in the pathogenesis of PSD and PSEI but not PSAP in Korean stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihye Ko
- College of NursingThe Research Institute of Nursing ScienceSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Smi Choi‐Kwon
- College of NursingThe Research Institute of Nursing ScienceSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Sang‐Eun Jun
- College of NursingKeimyung UniversityDaeguSouth Korea
| | - Ju Han Kim
- College of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Kyung‐Hee Cho
- Department of NeurologyKorea UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | | | - Hasup Song
- University of UlsanAsan Medical CenterSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Jong S. Kim
- University of UlsanAsan Medical CenterSeoulSouth Korea
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Wang G, Teng F, Chen Y, Liu Y, Li Y, Cai L, Zhang X, Nie Z, Jin L. Clinical Features and Related Factors of Poststroke Pathological Laughing and Crying: A Case–Control Study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2016; 25:556-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Post-stroke emotional incontinence and bipolar disorder are two disorders that involve the dysfunction of brain structures responsible for emotional regulation. The objective of this work is to study the links between these disorders through a clinical case. CASE REPORT We present the case of a 43-year-old man without previous psychiatric history who experienced emotional incontinence after cerebrovascular events. He reacted promptly to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment. However, he experienced his first episode of hypomania after 6 months of antidepressant therapy. Adjunctive therapy with valproic acid and low-dose paroxetine was eventually added, resulting in complete improvement of both emotional incontinence and hypomania after 4 additional months of treatment. CONCLUSION The clinician should carefully explore any history of premorbid bipolar disorder, personality disorder characterized by mood instability, and family history of bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Mnif
- Department of Psychiatry "D", Razi University hospital, Tunis
| | - Rim Sellami
- Department of Psychiatry "A", Hédi Chaker University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Jawaher Masmoudi
- Department of Psychiatry "A", Hédi Chaker University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
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Kraglund KL, Mortensen JK, Grove EL, Johnsen SP, Andersen G. TALOS: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to test the effects of citalopram in patients with acute stroke. Int J Stroke 2015; 10:985-7. [PMID: 25854537 DOI: 10.1111/ijs.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) are effective in the treatment of post-stroke depression and may have potential neuroprotective and vascular effects. Data from registry studies have further indicated a protective effect against recurrent ischemic events, but also an increased risk of bleeding in patients with ischemic stroke. Therefore, prospective studies are needed to determine the effects of SSRI treatment after acute ischemic stroke. AIMS AND DESIGN TALOS is an investigator-initiated, national multicenter randomized- and placebo-controlled, double-blind trial testing citalopram in acute ischemic stroke. We hypothesize that citalopram treatment initiated in the acute phase after ischemic stroke will improve outcome assessed by the modified Rankin Score (mRS) and reduce the risk of death from vascular causes, transient ischemic attack (TIA)/stroke and myocardial infarction. STUDY OUTCOMES There are two co-primary effect variables: (i) Functional status at six-months, measured by the modified Rankin Scale, and (ii) Vascular death, TIA/stroke and myocardial infarction. Secondary effect variables include: (i) Single primary outcomes; (ii) The Barthel Index; (iii) Mini Mental State Examination at six-months; (iv) Final infarct size (Magnetic Resonance Imaging). DISCUSSION SSRI treatment is well tolerated and overall beneficial in the wake of stroke; it may also be neuroprotective and prevent new vascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Søren Paaske Johnsen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Grethe Andersen
- Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Decreased platelet serotonin concentration in Alzheimer's disease with involuntary emotional expression disorder. Neurosci Lett 2014; 578:71-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Shimoda K, Kimura M. Two cases of emotional disorder after middle cerebral artery infarction showing distinct responses to antidepressant treatment. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2014; 10:965-70. [PMID: 24926198 PMCID: PMC4049429 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s63290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many emotional disturbances such as post-stroke depression (PSD) and emotional incontinence (EI) commonly occur following cerebrovascular events. The efficacy of antidepressants for these conditions has been established but their comorbid treatment has not been well characterized. In the current study, the authors describe two cases of post-stroke emotional dysregulation; one case with EI; and the other with EI complicated by PSD. The authors describe their differential responses to treatment. Case 1 developed EI after an infarct due to occlusion of the penetrating branches of the left middle cerebral artery (MCA). Case 2 developed both PSD and EI after right MCA stem occlusion. Both patients were initially treated with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) paroxetine. Case 1 reacted promptly to SSRI treatment. However, Case 2 had only a partial response to paroxetine, even after many months of treatment. Adjunctive therapy with low-dose aripiprazole was eventually added, resulting in complete improvement of both EI and PSD after 2 additional months of treatment. Thus, Case 2 required a different treatment strategy than Case 1. These findings suggest that aripiprazole adjunctive therapy could be effective for some complex post-stroke emotional disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Shimoda
- Nippon Medical School Department of Psychiatry, Nippon Medical School, Chiba Hokusou Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mahito Kimura
- Nippon Medical School Department of Psychiatry, Nippon Medical School, Chiba Hokusou Hospital, Chiba, Japan
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Holguín-Lew JC, Bell V. "When I Want to Cry I Can't": Inability to Cry Following SSRI Treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 42:304-10. [PMID: 26573114 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-7450(13)70026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We describe seven cases of patients with an inability to cry after treatment with selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI) medication, even during sad or distressing situations that would have normally initiated a crying episode, in the light of the role of the serotonergic system in emotional expression. METHOD Case series drawn from patients attended in a secondary care psychiatry service. RESULTS While excessive crying without emotional distress has been previously reported in the literature, and is associated with reduced serotonin function, these reports suggest cases of the reverse dissociation, where emotional distress and an urge to cry was present, but crying was impaired. DISCUSSION Although the case series presented here is new, these cases are consistent with the neuroscience of crying and their relationship with serotonergic function, and provide preliminary evidence for a double dissociation between subjective emotional experience and the behavioural expression of crying. This helps to further illuminate the neuroscience of emotional expression and suggests the possibility that the phenomenon is an under-recognised adverse effect of SSRI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vaughan Bell
- Visiting Senior Research Fellow, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, United Kingdom
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Lauterbach EC, Cummings JL, Kuppuswamy PS. Toward a more precise, clinically—informed pathophysiology of pathological laughing and crying. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1893-916. [PMID: 23518269 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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King RR, Reiss JP. The epidemiology and pathophysiology of pseudobulbar affect and its association with neurodegeneration. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2013; 3:23-31. [PMID: 30890891 PMCID: PMC6065587 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s34160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudobulbar affect is a disorder resulting from neurologic damage manifesting as sudden, stereotyped affective outbursts that are not reflective of internal emotion. A literature review was completed to examine the current understanding of the epidemiology, characterization, diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment of pseudobulbar affect. This review revealed that it is common in neurodegenerative disorders but is poorly recognized, placing significant impacts on patients and their families. The disorder appears to result from a disruption of the cortico-limbic-subcortical-thalamic-pontocerebellar network involved in emotional expression and regulation with resulting disruptions of neurotransmitter systems. Effective treatment is available with agents such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and dextromethorphan combined with quinidine, but further well-designed comparative studies are needed. Advances in technology such as neuroimaging may enhance knowledge about the pathophysiology of this disorder, and help guide future interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R King
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London Health Sciences Centre, Victoria Hospital, London, Ontario, Canada,
| | - Jeffrey P Reiss
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London Health Sciences Centre, Victoria Hospital, London, Ontario, Canada,
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Mortensen JK, Larsson H, Johnsen SP, Andersen G. Post stroke use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and clinical outcome among patients with ischemic stroke: a nationwide propensity score-matched follow-up study. Stroke 2013; 44:420-6. [PMID: 23306326 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.112.674242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are widely prescribed after stroke. We aimed to investigate whether potential antiplatelet or vasospastic effects have important clinical implications. METHODS Using data from Danish medical registries, we did a nationwide follow-up study among ischemic stroke patients between 2003 and 2009. We identified 5833 SSRI users, and propensity score matched these patients with nonusers in a 1:1 ratio, followed by Cox regression analysis to compute hazard ratios (HRs) of acute myocardial infarction, recurrent stroke, major bleeding, and death. RESULTS Median follow-up time (from 30 days after discharge to death/end of follow-up) was 1159 days. In total, 2.9% had myocardial infarction, 8.1% recurrent ischemic stroke, 20.2% major bleeding, 1.4% intracranial bleeding, and 34.4% died during follow-up. SSRI users had a lower risk of the combined outcome of myocardial infarction or recurrent ischemic stroke (adjusted HR, 0.77; confidence interval [CI], 0.62-0.96). However, the SSRI users also experienced a higher risk of overall major bleeding (adjusted HR, 1.33; CI, 1.14-1.55) and a nonsignificantly higher risk of intracranial bleedings (adjusted HR, 1.14; CI, 0.62-2.12). Mortality increased in SSRI users (adjusted HR, 1.13; CI, 1.00-1.28) and death caused by bleeding increased (adjusted HR, 1.89; CI, 0.97-3.66) as compared with death by other causes (adjusted HR, 1.11; CI; 0.98-1.26). CONCLUSIONS SSRI use after ischemic stroke was associated with a lower risk of new cardiovascular events and also with an increased bleeding risk. There was an increased mortality among SSRI users, which may be related to the increased bleeding risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Kaergaard Mortensen
- Acute Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Kim JM, Stewart R, Kang HJ, Bae KY, Kim SW, Shin IS, Kim JT, Park MS, Cho KH, Yoon JS. Associations of serotonergic genes with poststroke emotional incontinence. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2012; 27:799-806. [PMID: 21915913 DOI: 10.1002/gps.2787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Poststroke emotional incontinence (PSEI) has been associated with serotonergic dysfunction. Polymorphisms of serotonin transporter (5-HTT) and serotonin 2a receptor (5-HTR2a) genes may regulate serotonergic signaling at brain synapses, and this study was to investigate associations with PSEI in an East Asian population. METHODS In 276 stroke cases, PSEI was diagnosed by Kim's criteria. Covariates included age, gender, education, history of depression or stroke, current depression, and stroke severity and location. Genotypes were ascertained for 5-HTT gene-linked promoter region (5-HTTLPR), serotonin transporter intron 2 variable number tandem repeat, 5-HTR2a 1438A/G, and 5-HTR2a 102 T/C. Associations with PSEI were estimated by using logistic regression models, and gene-gene interactions were investigated by using the generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction method. RESULTS PSEI was present in 37 (13.4%) patients. The 5-HTT gene-linked promoter region s/s genotype was independently associated with PSEI. No associations with STin2 VNTR and 5-HTR2a genes were found, and no significant gene-gene interactions were identified. CONCLUSIONS Stroke patients with 5-HTTLPR s allele had higher susceptibility to PSEI, which underlines the potential role of serotonergic pathways in its etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Min Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.
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Choi-Kwon S, Han K, Choi S, Suh M, Kim YJ, Song H, Cho KH, Nah HW, Kwon SU, Kang DW, Kim JS. Poststroke depression and emotional incontinence: factors related to acute and subacute stages. Neurology 2012; 78:1130-7. [PMID: 22459674 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e31824f8090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the characteristics and prevalence of poststroke depression (PSD) and poststroke emotional incontinence (PSEI) and the factors related to these conditions at admission and 3 months after stroke. METHODS We evaluated 508 consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke for PSD and PSEI at admission and 3 months later. PSD was evaluated using the Beck Depression Inventory, and PSEI was evaluated using Kim's criteria. Blood samples were collected and genotyped for the promoter region of the serotonin transporter protein (5-HTTLPR) and the number of tandem repeats within intron 2 (STin2 VNTR). Perceived social support (the ENRICHD Social Support Inventory) was also measured. RESULTS PSD and PSEI were present in 13.7% and 9.4% of patients, respectively, at admission and in 17.7% and 11.7%, respectively, at 3 months after stroke. Multivariate analyses showed that PSD at admission was associated with the NIH Stroke Scale score at admission (p < 0.001), whereas PSD at 3 months was associated with the presence of microbleeds (p < 0.01) and perceived low social support (p < 0.001). In contrast, only lesion location (p = 0.022) was associated with PSEI at admission, whereas modified Rankin Scale score (p = 0.019), STin2 VNTR (p = 0.040), and low social support (p = 0.042) were related to PSEI 3 months after stroke. CONCLUSIONS Diverse factors such as neurologic dysfunction, lesion location, microbleeds, genetic traits, and social support are differently related to acute and subacute emotional disturbances. Strategies to prevent or manage these problems should consider these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Choi-Kwon
- College of Nursing, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Klit H, Finnerup NB, Overvad K, Andersen G, Jensen TS. Pain following stroke: a population-based follow-up study. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27607. [PMID: 22102914 PMCID: PMC3216963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Chronic pain is increasingly recognized as a consequence of stroke. This study aimed to describe the prevalence and pain types of new onset chronic pain ("novel pain") in patients with stroke compared with a randomly selected reference group from the general population and to identify factors associated with pain development in stroke patients. METHODS In a population-based follow-up design, development of chronic pain after stroke was assessed by a questionnaire sent to consecutive stroke patients, registered in a Danish national stroke database, two years after their stroke. A randomly selected sex- and age-matched reference group from the same catchment area received a similar questionnaire about development of new types of chronic pain in the same time period. A total of 608 stroke patients and 519 reference subjects were included in the study. RESULTS Development of novel pain was reported by 39.0% of stroke patients and 28.9% of reference subjects (OR 1.57, CI 1.21-2.04), and was associated with low age and depression in a multivariate model. Daily intake of pain medication for novel pain was reported by 15.3% and 9.4% of the stroke and reference population, respectively. Novel headache, shoulder pain, pain from increased muscle stiffness, and other types of novel pain were more common in stroke patients, whereas joint pain was equally common in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Development of chronic pain is more common in stroke patients compared with sex- and age-matched reference subjects. Evaluation of post-stroke pain should be part of stroke follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Klit
- Danish Pain Research Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Cao L, Xu CB, Zhang Y, Cao YX, Edvinsson L. Secondhand smoke exposure induces Raf/ERK/MAPK-mediated upregulation of cerebrovascular endothelin ETA receptors. BMC Neurosci 2011; 12:109. [PMID: 22044770 PMCID: PMC3219602 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-12-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking enhances the risk of stroke. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. The present study established an in vivo rat secondhand cigarette smoking (SHS) model and examined the hypothesis that SHS upregulates endothelin receptors with increased cerebrovascular contraction via the Raf/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway. RESULTS Rats were exposed to SHS for up to 8 weeks. The cerebral artery vasoconstriction was recorded by a sensitive myograph. The mRNA and protein expressions for endothelin receptors in cerebral arteries were studied by real-time PCR and Western blot. Compared to fresh air exposed rats, cerebral arteries from SHS rats exhibited stronger contractile responses (P < 0.05) mediated by endothelin type A (ETA) receptors. The expressions of mRNA and protein for ETA receptors in the cerebral arteries from SHS rats were higher (P < 0.05) than that in control. SHS did not affect endothelin type B (ETB) receptor-mediated contractions, mRNA or protein levels. The results suggest that SHS upregulates ETA, but not ETB receptors in vivo. After SHS exposure, the mRNA levels of Raf-1 and ERK1/2, the protein expression of phosphorylated (p)-Raf-1 and p-ERK1/2 were increased (P < 0.05). Raf-1 inhibitor, GW5074 suppressed the enhanced ETA receptor-mediated contraction, mRNA and protein levels induced by SHS. In addition, GW5074 inhibited the SHS-caused increased mRNA and phosphorylated protein levels of Raf-1 and ERK1/2, suggesting that SHS induces activation of the Raf/ERK/MAPK pathway. CONCLUSIONS SHS upregulates cerebrovascular ETA receptors via the Raf/ERK/MAPK pathway, which provides novel understanding of mechanisms involved in SHS-associated stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Institute of Clinical Science in Lund, Lund University, Sweden
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Hackett ML, Yang M, Anderson CS, Horrocks JA, House A. Pharmaceutical interventions for emotionalism after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010:CD003690. [PMID: 20166068 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd003690.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antidepressants may be useful in the treatment of abnormal crying associated with stroke. This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2004. OBJECTIVES To determine whether pharmaceutical treatment reduces the frequency of emotional displays in people with emotionalism after stroke. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the trials registers of the Cochrane Stroke Group and the Cochrane Depression Anxiety and Neurosis Group (last searched August 2009). In addition, we searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library Issue 3, 2009), MEDLINE (1966 to May 2008), EMBASE (1980 to May 2008), CINAHL (1982 to May 2008), PsycINFO (1967 to May 2008), Arts and Humanities Index (1991 to May 2008), BIOSIS Previews (2002 to May 2008), Science Citation Index (1992 to May 2008), Social Sciences Citation Index (1991 to May 2008), Sociological Abstract/Sociofile (1974 to May 2008), ISI Web of Science (2002 to May 2008), reference lists, clinical trials registers, conference proceedings and dissertation abstracts. We also contacted authors, researchers and pharmaceutical companies. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing psychotropic medication to placebo in people with stroke and emotionalism (also known as emotional lability or pathological crying and laughing). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We obtained data for people who no longer met the criteria for emotionalism, and on reduction in frequency of crying. Primary analyses were the proportion of patients who met the criteria for emotionalism at the end of treatment. Secondary outcomes included emotionalism and depression scores, cognitive function, death, activities of daily living and adverse effects. MAIN RESULTS We included seven trials involving 239 participants. Data were available for five trials with 213 participants. Five trials showed large effects of treatment: 50% reduction in emotionalism, diminished tearfulness, improvements (reduction) in lability, tearfulness and scores on the Pathological Laughter and Crying Scale. However, confidence intervals were wide indicating that treatment may have had only a small positive effect, or even a small negative effect (in one trial). Only two studies systematically reported adverse events; no discernible differences were seen between groups. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Antidepressants can reduce the frequency and severity of crying or laughing episodes. The effect does not seem specific to one drug or class of drugs. Our conclusions must be qualified by several methodological deficiencies in the studies. More reliable data are required before recommendations can be made about the treatment of post-stroke emotionalism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maree L Hackett
- Department of Neurological and Mental Health, The George Institute for International Health, PO Box M201, Missenden Road, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 2050
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Abstract
One third of all stroke survivors develop post-stroke depression (PSD). Depressive symptoms adversely affect rehabilitation and significantly increase risk of death in the post-stroke period. One of the theoretical views on the determinants of PSD focuses on psychosocial factors like disability and social support. Others emphasize biologic mechanisms such as disruption of biogenic amine neurotransmission and release of proinflammatory cytokines. The "lesion location" perspective attempts to establish a relationship between localization of stroke and occurrence of depression, but empirical results remain contradictory. These divergences are partly related to the fact that neuroimaging methods, unlike neuropathology, are not able to assess precisely the full extent of stroke-affected areas and do not specify the different types of vascular lesions. We provide here an overview of the known phenomenological profile and current pathogenic hypotheses of PSD and present neuropathological data challenging the classic "single-stroke"-based neuroanatomical model of PSD. We suggest that vascular burden due to the chronic accumulation of small macrovascular and microvascular lesions may be a crucial determinant of the development and evolution of PSD.
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