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Leung DKY, Chan WC, Spector A, Wong GHY. Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and apathy symptoms across dementia stages: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2021; 36:1330-1344. [PMID: 33905138 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to resolve inconsistency in reported prevalence of affective symptoms by dementia stage. METHODS/DESIGN We conducted a meta-analysis of studies with data on dementia stage and prevalence of depression, anxiety, or apathy assessed using validated tools. We performed random-effects meta-analysis and subgroup analysis on symptom prevalence by dementia stage, according to CDR. RESULTS The meta-analysis included 5897 people with dementia from 20 studies. Prevalence rates of depression in mild, moderate, and severe dementia were 38% (95% CI 32%-45%), 41% (95% CI 33%-49%), and 37% (95% CI 17%-56%) respectively. The corresponding prevalence for anxiety was 38% (95% CI 31%-45%), 41% (95% CI 31%-52%), and 37% (95% CI -8%-82%); and 54% (95% CI 45%-62%), 59% (95% CI 44%-73%), and 43% (95% CI 10%-75%) for apathy. The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and apathy did not differ with regard to dementia stage and type. The prevalence of depression in Alzheimer's disease (AD) was significantly lower when it was assessed using diagnostic criteria compared to screening tools. The prevalence of depression in AD was lowest in America, while anxiety in vascular dementia was higher in Europe than Asia. CONCLUSIONS Depression, anxiety, and apathy symptoms are highly prevalent across dementia stages. There is no evidence of any changes in prevalence of affective symptom as the illness progresses. Evaluation methods and cultural difference may explain some of the variance, suggesting further investigation of factors that may influence the report of symptoms, such as carer psychosocial characteristics, and more cross-cultural studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara K Y Leung
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wai Chi Chan
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Aimee Spector
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gloria H Y Wong
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Kuring JK, Mathias JL, Ward L. Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety and PTSD in People with Dementia: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2018; 28:393-416. [PMID: 30536144 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-018-9396-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There appears to be a link between depression/anxiety/PTSD and dementia, although the evidence is incomplete and the reason is unclear. Mental illness may cause dementia or may be prodromal or comorbid with dementia, or dementia may trigger a relapse of symptoms in individuals with a history of mental illness. This study examined the link between depression/anxiety/PTSD and dementia by evaluating the prevalence of these disorders in people with dementia, relative to their healthy peers. Existing meta-analyses have examined the prevalence of clinically-significant depression and anxiety in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and depression in frontotemporal dementia (FTD), but have not considered vascular dementia (VaD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), PTSD, or anxiety in FTD. The current meta-analysis compared the prevalence of clinically-significant depression, anxiety and PTSD in the four most common types of dementia (AD, VaD, DLB, FTD) and in unspecified dementia to that of healthy controls (PROSPERO number: CRD42017082086). PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO and CINAHL database searches identified 120 eligible studies. Prevalence rates were calculated for depression and anxiety in AD, VaD, DLB, FTD, unspecified dementia, and controls. PTSD data were only available for unspecified dementia. Subgroup analyses indicated that depression, but not anxiety, was more prevalent in people with dementia compared to controls; however, the anxiety analyses were probably under-powered. The results support a link between depression and dementia; however, the link between anxiety or PTSD and dementia remains unclear due to insufficient data. Longitudinal data is now needed to clarify whether depression/anxiety/PTSD may be risk factors for dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Kuring
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - J L Mathias
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.
| | - L Ward
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
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Ryu SH, Jung HY, Lee KJ, Moon SW, Lee DW, Hong N, Kee BS, Kim DH, Han C, Lee CU. Incidence and Course of Depression in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. Psychiatry Investig 2017; 14:271-280. [PMID: 28539945 PMCID: PMC5440429 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2017.14.3.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Depressive symptoms are common in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and they might influence the course and prognosis of AD. Depression could appear anytime in the course of the disease, and could either last considerably long or disappear easily. This study is intended to investigate the occurrence of depression in the course of AD and the risk factors of incidence. METHODS This study targeted 1,272 AD patients without depressive symptoms at the start of this study in Korea. A total of 775 subjects completed the study, and the occurrence of depression was assessed after 12 months. Demographic information of subjects was collected and cognitive functions, overall functions, and depression severity were assessed at the start of this study and after 12 months. RESULTS Among the 775 subjects, 103 subjects (13.29%) developed depression 12 months later. The MMSE-KC scores showed significant changes in both groups that developed depression and did not. In the univariate analysis, significant differences in the incidence of depression were found in terms of gender, the administration of the antidepressant at the baseline, the SGDS-K score, and the GDS score. The multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the increase in the incidence of depression was associated with a female, in the increase in SGDS-K score and the GDS score. CONCLUSION The incidence of depression in the subjects who completed the 12-month follow-up observation was 13.29%. Moreover, in the multivariate analysis, a female gender and the severity of dementia, including the overall functions, seemed associated with the occurrence of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ho Ryu
- Department of Psychiatry, Konkuk University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Yong Jung
- Department of Psychiatry, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Joon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Inje University, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Woo Moon
- Department of Konkuk University Chungju Hospital, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Woo Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Inje University, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Narei Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Baik Seok Kee
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung-Ang University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hoon Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsu Han
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Uk Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Depression in Taiwanese patients with Alzheimer's disease determined by the National Institutes of Mental Health Provisional Criteria. Int Psychogeriatr 2012; 24:1299-305. [PMID: 22333495 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610211002262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a common behavioral and psychological symptom of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aims of the present study were to determine the rate of depression in Taiwanese patients with AD using the National Institutes of Mental Health Provisional Criteria for Depression in AD (NIMH-dAD criteria) and to investigate the association of depression with other behavioral and psychological symptoms. METHODS A consecutive series of 302 AD patients registered in a dementia clinic were investigated in this study. All patients met the criteria of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association for probable AD. The rates of depression were determined according to the criteria of the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders for major depression (DSM-IV), the International Classification of Diseases-9-Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) for neurotic depression, the depression subscale of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), and the NIMH-dAD criteria. Depression severity was assessed using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. The rates of depression determined by the NIMH-dAD criteria were compared with the rates derived from each of the other instruments. Other behavioral and psychological symptoms were assessed using NPI. A behavioral neurologist or a geriatric psychiatrist interviewed all the patients. RESULTS Using the NIMH-dAD criteria, it was found that 90 (29.8%) of the AD patients had depression, and all depressive symptoms in NIMH-dAD were significantly higher among depressed patients. Among other depression instruments, the frequency of depression was lowest using the DSM-IV major depression criteria (9.3%) and highest with the NPI depression subscale (54%). Behavioral and psychological symptoms determined with NPI were significantly higher among depressed patients in all domains except euphoria. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study of depression in Taiwanese patients with AD using the NIMH-dAD criteria. Our findings suggest that comorbid depression is high in Taiwanese patients with AD. It is clinically important to note the high frequency of most behavioral and psychological symptoms among depressed AD patients.
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Karim S, Minhas HM, Bhattacharya S, Sein K, Nayar B, Morris J, Nizami A, Minhas F, Burns A. The symptomatology of Alzheimer's disease: a cross-cultural study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2011; 26:415-22. [PMID: 21412847 DOI: 10.1002/gps.2544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper presents the results of a trans-cultural study looking at the possible differences in the symptomatology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in people from Manchester, UK and Rawalpindi, Pakistan. METHODS Two groups of people with AD (45 in each group) were recruited at the two sites. The participants and their carers were interviewed to investigate possible differences in demographics and symptomatology including cognition, depression, personality change and every day activities. The instrument used included the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD), The Brooks and McKinlay Personality Inventory and Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQ CODE). RESULTS The data analysis showed that compared to people from Manchester the Pakistanis had lower literacy levels but similar cognitive deficits when MMSE scores were adjusted for education. They were however more depressed; they had a different profile of personality change since the onset of illness and their reported changes in activities of daily living were more severe. CONCLUSION The study has shown a number of possible cultural differences in affective symptoms, personality changes and every day activities. It highlights the need for developing mental health services for older people in Pakistan and making UK services more accessible for this growing community. Further research on service and care needs along with developing culturally sensitive instruments for assessing cognition, psychiatric symptoms, personality changes and daily activities is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Karim
- Psychiatry Research Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Fernández Martínez M, Castro Flores J, Pérez de las Heras S, Mandaluniz Lekumberri A, Gordejuela Menocal M, Zarranz Imirizaldu JJ. Prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in elderly patients with dementia in Mungialde County (Basque Country, Spain). Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2008; 25:103-8. [PMID: 18063866 DOI: 10.1159/000112215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determination of the prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in elderly patients with dementia in Mungialde. METHODS 108 subjects with dementia, who participated in a door-to-door epidemiological study, were included. The 12-item Spanish version of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory was used to evaluate these symptoms. RESULTS The prevalence of at least 1 neuropsychiatric symptom was found to be 76.90% for all dementia types, 73.50% in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), 80% for the Parkinson-Lewy body dementia complex (PLBD), 78.60% for vascular dementia (VD) and 100% for frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Apathy was found to be the most prevalent symptom for all dementia types and in patients with AD (53.70 and 54.30%, respectively). The next most prevalent symptoms were anxiety, depression and sleep disturbances (35.20, 32.40 and 30.60%) for all dementia types, and anxiety and depression (32.10 and 30.90%) in patients with AD. The most prevalent symptoms in patients with PLBD were apathy, appetite changes, sleep disturbances and agitation (50% each); in patients with VD they were apathy, depression and anxiety (42.90% each), and in patients with FTD they were apathy, anxiety and aberrant motor activity (100% each). CONCLUSIONS Neuropsychiatric symptoms were found to be prevalent in patients with dementia, irrespective of dementia type.
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Holtzer R, Scarmeas N, Wegesin DJ, Albert M, Brandt J, Dubois B, Hadjigeorgiou GM, Stern Y. Depressive symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: natural course and temporal relation to function and cognitive status. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006; 53:2083-9. [PMID: 16398891 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.00535.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the natural course of depressive symptoms in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD), specifically, the temporal relationship between depressive symptoms, function, and cognitive status. DESIGN Multicenter cohort study with follow-up of up to 14 years. SETTING Patients from the two Multicenter Study of Predictors of Disease Course in Alzheimer's Disease (Predictors Study) cohorts were recruited at five sites in the United States and Europe. PARTICIPANTS Patients diagnosed with probable AD (n=536) enrolled in a longitudinal study (Predictors Study). MEASUREMENTS Depressive symptoms were evaluated at 6-month intervals using the Columbia Scale for Psychopathology in Alzheimer's Disease. The Modified Mini-Mental State (3MS) and Blessed Dementia Rating Scale (BDRS) were used to assess cognitive status and functional activity, respectively. RESULTS The prevalence of depressive symptoms was stable over the first 3 years of follow-up, at approximately 40%. There was a significant drop to 28% and 24% in the fourth and fifth years of follow-up, respectively. Time-dependent Cox analysis revealed that functional activity (BDRS) but not cognitive status (3MS) was a significant predictor of the first episode of depressive symptoms during follow-up. Generalized estimating equation analyses showed that AD duration and functional activity but not cognitive status were significantly related to depressive symptoms over the entire follow-up period. CONCLUSION Depressive symptoms are common in AD, but their prevalence decreases over time. Examination of the temporal relationship between depressive symptoms and risk factors suggests that decline in function but not in cognition precedes the first episode of depressive symptoms in patients with probable AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roee Holtzer
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Taub Institute, G.H. Gertrude Sergievsky Center and Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Regan C, Katona C, Walker Z, Livingston G. Relationship of exercise and other risk factors to depression of Alzheimer's disease: the LASER-AD study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005; 20:261-8. [PMID: 15717340 DOI: 10.1002/gps.1278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is common in Alzheimer's disease (AD; 5-35%). It is associated with increased disability, cost of care and carer burden. Exercise is known to be associated with a lower prevalence of depression across the age range but little is known about its relationship to depression in AD. AIMS To investigate exercise and putative risk factors for depression in a community based sample of people with AD representative of the range of cognitive impairment found in the population with dementia. METHODS Information was collected from 224 people with AD and their caregiver using standardised cognitive, psychological and behavioural instruments. Exercise levels were classified into three categories: absent, moderate, and vigorous, using the previous two weeks exercise levels to confirm regularity and recency. RESULTS 9/51 (17.6%) depressed participants took exercise compared with 76/173 (43.9%) non-depressed [odds ratio (OR)=2.9, confidence interval (CI)=1.5-5.6, p=0.001]. Not taking part in other activities (hobbies and interests) was associated with depression but less so than lack of exercise. Independent predictors of depression were: lack of exercise (p <0.001, OR=3.4, CI = 1.7-7.2), taking cholinesterase inhibitors (p <0.05, OR=2.4, CI = 1.2-4.9) and having less involvement in hobbies or interests (p <0.05, OR = 1.2, CI = 1.0-1.5). CONCLUSION None of the traditional risk factors for depression in older people were associated with depression in AD. Taking regular exercise may protect against depression in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciaran Regan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
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Rosenberg PB, Onyike CU, Katz IR, Porsteinsson AP, Mintzer JE, Schneider LS, Rabins PV, Meinert CL, Martin BK, Lyketsos CG. Clinical application of operationalized criteria for 'Depression of Alzheimer's Disease'. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005; 20:119-27. [PMID: 15660424 DOI: 10.1002/gps.1261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES 'Depression of Alzheimer's Disease' (dAD) is a common complication of Alzheimer's disease and is increasingly recognized as a syndrome with a clinical presentation differing from major depression. Criteria for the diagnosis of dAD have been proposed previously. METHODS This paper presents these criteria in operationalized format designed to be accessible for clinical use. Four cases are discussed that demonstrate the use of these criteria and illustrate important differences between dAD and major depression. RESULTS The dAD criteria are broader than DSM-IV criteria for Major Depressive Episode and incorporate caregiver input. CONCLUSIONS Given the differences between dAD and major depression diagnoses, it is important to assess the efficacy of treatments for dAD. Depression in Alzheimer's Disease-2 (DIADS-2) is a controlled trial of dAD treatments that will also assess the validity of these criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Rosenberg
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neuropsychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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Liu CY, Hong CJ, Liu TY, Lin KN, Wang PN, Chi CW, Chuang YY, Liu HC. Lack of association between the apolipoprotein E genotype and depression in Alzheimer's disease. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2002; 15:20-3. [PMID: 11936239 DOI: 10.1177/089198870201500105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The epsilon4 allele of apolipoprotein (apo E) is one of the risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). We evaluated the association between apo E genotypes and depression in patients with AD. A psychiatrist interviewed all patients and their caregivers for depression using a Chinese version of the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised, and for the severity of depression using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). Twenty-five of the 149 patients with AD were diagnosed with depressive disorders. The numbers of patients in each apo E genotype were 10 in epsilon2/3, 2 in epsilon2/4, 74 in epsilon3/3, 46 in epsilon3/4, and 17 in epsilon4/4. We did not find an association between depression and the presence or absence of the epsilon4 or epsilon2 allele. The HDRS scores were not different in patients with AD with the epsilon4 or epsilon2 allele or in those patients without them. Our study did not find an association between depression and the apo E epsilon4 or epsilon2 allele in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yih Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung University School of Medicine and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Liu HC, Hong CJ, Liu CY, Lin KN, Tsai SJ, Liu TY, Chi CW, Wang PN. Association analysis of the 5-HT6 receptor polymorphism C267T with depression in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2001; 55:427-9. [PMID: 11442897 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1819.2001.00886.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A significant increase of 267C allele of the 5-HT(6) receptor gene has been reported in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Because a deficit in serotonergic neurotransmission is involved in major depression, we tried to find out whether 267C allele is associated with depressive disorders in AD. A psychiatrist interviewed all AD patients and their caregivers for evidence of depression using a Chinese version of the Standard Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R. The difference in the 5-HT(6) genotype or allele distributions between the AD patients with depressive disorders (n = 25) and those without (n = 120) was not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Liu
- Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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