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Dimitrova D, Nemska V, Foteva T, Iliev I, Georgieva N, Danalev D. Synthesis and Biological Studies of New Temporin A Analogs Containing Unnatural Amino Acids in Position 7. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:716. [PMID: 38931840 PMCID: PMC11207040 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Antimicrobial resistance is growing at an extreme pace and has proven to be an urgent topic, for research into alternative treatments. Such a prospective possibility is hidden in antimicrobial peptides because of their low to no toxicity, effectiveness at low concentrations, and most importantly their ability to be used for multiple treatments. This work was focused on the study of the effect of the modification in position 7 of Temporin A on its biological activity; (2) Methods: The targeted peptides were synthesized using Fmoc/Ot-Bu SPPS. The antibacterial activity of the analogs was determined using the broth microdilution method and disk-diffusion method. In vitro tests were performed to determine the cytotoxicity, phototoxicity, and antiproliferative activity of the peptide analogs on a panel of tumor and normal cell lines; (3) Results: All analogs except DTCit showed good antibacterial activity, with DTDab having the best activity according to the disk-diffusion method. However, DTCit had an acceptable cytotoxicity, combined with good selectivity against the test MCF-7 cell line; (4) Conclusions: The obtained results revealed the importance of the basicity and length of the side chain at position 7 in the Temporin A sequence for both tested activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilyana Dimitrova
- Biotechnology Department, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridski Blvd., 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria; (D.D.); (V.N.); (T.F.); (N.G.)
| | - Veronica Nemska
- Biotechnology Department, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridski Blvd., 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria; (D.D.); (V.N.); (T.F.); (N.G.)
| | - Tsvetelina Foteva
- Biotechnology Department, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridski Blvd., 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria; (D.D.); (V.N.); (T.F.); (N.G.)
| | - Ivan Iliev
- Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 25, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Nelly Georgieva
- Biotechnology Department, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridski Blvd., 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria; (D.D.); (V.N.); (T.F.); (N.G.)
| | - Dancho Danalev
- Biotechnology Department, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridski Blvd., 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria; (D.D.); (V.N.); (T.F.); (N.G.)
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Sarkar T, Chetia M, Chatterjee S. Antimicrobial Peptides and Proteins: From Nature's Reservoir to the Laboratory and Beyond. Front Chem 2021; 9:691532. [PMID: 34222199 PMCID: PMC8249576 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.691532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid rise of antimicrobial resistance against conventional antimicrobials, resurgence of multidrug resistant microbes and the slowdown in the development of new classes of antimicrobials, necessitates the urgent development of alternate classes of therapeutic molecules. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small proteins present in different lifeforms in nature that provide defense against microbial infections. They have been effective components of the host defense system for a very long time. The fact that the development of resistance by the microbes against the AMPs is relatively slower or delayed compared to that against the conventional antibiotics, makes them prospective alternative therapeutics of the future. Several thousands of AMPs have been isolated from various natural sources like microorganisms, plants, insects, crustaceans, animals, humans, etc. to date. However, only a few of them have been translated commercially to the market so far. This is because of some inherent drawbacks of the naturally obtained AMPs like 1) short half-life owing to the susceptibility to protease degradation, 2) inactivity at physiological salt concentrations, 3) cytotoxicity to host cells, 4) lack of appropriate strategies for sustained and targeted delivery of the AMPs. This has led to a surge of interest in the development of synthetic AMPs which would retain or improve the antimicrobial potency along with circumventing the disadvantages of the natural analogs. The development of synthetic AMPs is inspired by natural designs and sequences and strengthened by the fusion with various synthetic elements. Generation of the synthetic designs are based on various strategies like sequence truncation, mutation, cyclization and introduction of unnatural amino acids and synthons. In this review, we have described some of the AMPs isolated from the vast repertoire of natural sources, and subsequently described the various synthetic designs that have been developed based on the templates of natural AMPs or from de novo design to make commercially viable therapeutics of the future. This review entails the journey of the AMPs from their natural sources to the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sunanda Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India
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Sitohy MZ, Osman AO. Enhancing Milk Preservation with Esterified Legume Proteins. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2016; 3:48-56. [PMID: 26781498 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-010-9060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Three methylated legume proteins; soybean protein, broad bean protein and chickpea protein as well as their respective native proteins were applied at two different concentrations (0.1 and 1%) to either raw or pasteurized milk before preservation at 4 °C for 7-14 days. Supplementation of raw milk with esterified legume proteins could ameliorate its preservation quality at 4 °C for 5 days, based on the total bacterial count (TBC) or the titratable acidity levels. Supplementing pasteurized milk with esterified legume proteins (0.1%) has significantly improved its keeping quality as it significantly reduced the total bacterial count by 3.33 and 1.80 log when preserved at 4 °C for 7 and 14 days, respectively. Esterified legume proteins (0.1%) could maintain the level of bacterial load of the pasteurized milk at its initial level of pasteurization (zero time) after 14 days of preservation at 4 °C under closed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Z Sitohy
- Faculty of Agriculture, Biochemistry Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
| | - Ali O Osman
- Faculty of Agriculture, Biochemistry Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
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Osman A, Goda HA, Abdel-Hamid M, Badran SM, Otte J. Antibacterial peptides generated by Alcalase hydrolysis of goat whey. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Capriotti AL, Caruso G, Cavaliere C, Samperi R, Ventura S, Zenezini Chiozzi R, Laganà A. Identification of potential bioactive peptides generated by simulated gastrointestinal digestion of soybean seeds and soy milk proteins. J Food Compost Anal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Dimerization of aurein 1.2: effects in structure, antimicrobial activity and aggregation of Cândida albicans cells. Amino Acids 2013; 44:1521-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1475-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Sitohy M, Osman A. Antimicrobial activity of native and esterified legume proteins against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Cupiennin 1a exhibits a remarkably broad, non-stereospecific cytolytic activity on bacteria, protozoan parasites, insects, and human cancer cells. Amino Acids 2010; 40:69-76. [PMID: 20140690 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0471-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cupiennin 1a, a cytolytic peptide isolated from the venom of the spider Cupiennius salei, exhibits broad membranolytic activity towards bacteria, trypanosomes, and plasmodia, as well as human blood and cancer cells. In analysing the cytolytic activity of synthesised all-D: - and all-L: -cupiennin 1a towards pro- and eukaryotic cells, a stereospecific mode of membrane destruction could be excluded. The importance of negatively charged sialic acids on the outer leaflet of erythrocytes for the binding and haemolytic activity of L: -cupiennin 1a was demonstrated. Reducing the overall negative charges of erythrocytes by partially removing their sialic acids or by protecting them with tri- or pentalysine results in reduced haemolytic activity of the peptide.
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Rivas L, Luque-Ortega JR, Andreu D. Amphibian antimicrobial peptides and Protozoa: Lessons from parasites. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2009; 1788:1570-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Schmitt P, Mercado L, Díaz M, Guzmán F, Arenas G, Marshall SH. Characterization and functional recovery of a novel antimicrobial peptide (CECdir-CECret) from inclusion bodies after expression in Escherichia coli. Peptides 2008; 29:512-9. [PMID: 18325631 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Revised: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
CECdir-CECret is a novel non-toxic doublet 8.5 kDa peptide representing the natural coding sequence of the antimicrobial peptide Cecropin A from Drosophila melanogaster fused in-frame to its own inverted version. Expression of this cloned doublet peptide in Escherichia coli, yielded peptides that were mostly packaged into inclusion bodies. The new molecule was purified, solubilized and refolded, through a standard guanidine-based procedure. The recovered refolded peptides were then characterized by HPLC chromatography, MALDI-TOF-mass spectrometry and peptide sequencing, and finally evaluated for their antimicrobial potential. The novel doublet peptide CECdir-CECret, displays an enhanced in vitro antimicrobial activity and action spectrum in comparison to the monomer Cecropin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Schmitt
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Brasil 2950, Valparaíso, Chile
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Pan Y, Shiell B, Wan J, Coventry M, Michalski W, Lee A, Roginski H. The molecular characterisation and antimicrobial properties of amidated bovine β-lactoglobulin. Int Dairy J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2007.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ashcroft JW, Zalinger ZB, Bevier CR, Fekete FA. Antimicrobial properties of two purified skin peptides from the mink frog (Rana septentrionalis) against bacteria isolated from the natural habitat. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2007; 146:325-30. [PMID: 17499556 PMCID: PMC4688893 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2007.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Revised: 04/07/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Numerous peptides exhibiting antimicrobial properties have been isolated from the skins of many amphibian species. These peptides offer an innate chemical defense system against various microbial agents that exist in the amphibian's environment. Amphibian skin peptides are typically tested for antimicrobial activity against microbial strains that are pathogenic to humans, but not on potential pathogenic or opportunistic bacteria that exist in the organism's habitat. Two peptides, a brevinin-2-related peptide and temporin-1SPb previously isolated from secretions of the mink frog, Rana septentrionalis, were tested for antimicrobial activity on bacterial isolates endemic to the frog's habitat. Ten isolates were identified, using 16S rRNA gene sequencing techniques, in the genera Pseudomonas, Serratia, Bacillus, Aeromonas, Burkholderia, Microbacterium, and Delftia. Bacterial isolates were tested with peptides at concentrations ranging from 0.8 microM to 1000 microM to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to inhibit growth. Growth of four of the isolates was inhibited by temporin-1SPb at the concentrations used, but all of the isolates were inhibited by the brevinin-2-related within the range of peptide concentrations used. This demonstrates the efficacy of both peptides as a component of the frog's innate chemical defense system.
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Kamysz W, Mickiewicz B, Greber K, Rodziewicz-Motowidło S. Conformational solution studies of the anti-microbial temporin A retro-analogues by using NMR spectroscopy. J Pept Sci 2007; 13:327-33. [PMID: 17436339 DOI: 10.1002/psc.844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Temporin A (TA) is a small, basic and highly hydrophobic peptide, isolated from the skin of the European red frog, Rana temporaria. The TA (FLPLIGRVLSGIL-NH2) displays a broad spectrum of anti-microbial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi Candida albicans. In this study we investigate the solution structure of two TA retro-analogues, (6-1)(7-13)-TA (GILPLFRVLSGIL-NH2) and retro-TA (LIGSLVRGILPLF-NH2) by using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The 3D solution structure of the analogues was established by using inter-proton distances and vicinal coupling constants in the Simulated Annealing (SA) calculations (XPLOR program). The NMR conformational studies show the existence of the helical structure in the middle part of the (6-1)(7-13)-TA peptide and an unordered structure of the retro-TA analogue under the D3-TFE/H2O (3:7, v/v) conditions. Our investigations have shown that the hydrophobic cluster at N-terminus with the Pro amino acid residue in position 3 or 4, the helical structure and the amphipathic character of the peptide are responsible for the anti-microbial activity of the TA analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Kamysz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Pukala TL, Bowie JH, Maselli VM, Musgrave IF, Tyler MJ. Host-defence peptides from the glandular secretions of amphibians: structure and activity. Nat Prod Rep 2006; 23:368-93. [PMID: 16741585 DOI: 10.1039/b512118n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tara L Pukala
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia
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Kamysz W, Mickiewicz B, Rodziewicz-Motowidło S, Greber K, Okrój M. Temporin A and its retro-analogues: synthesis, conformational analysis and antimicrobial activities. J Pept Sci 2006; 12:533-7. [PMID: 16724306 DOI: 10.1002/psc.762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Temporin A (TA) is a hydrophobic peptide isolated from the skin of the European red frog Rana temporaria. Strong antimicrobial activity against gram-positive cocci and Candida, as well as its small molecular weight (10-13 aa residues), makes TA an interesting antimicrobial compound. However, its synthesis is rather problematic. Here, the synthesis of two retro-analogues of TA--retro-TA and (6-1)(7-13)-TA--is reported. The synthesis of retro-TA was performed without any problems, while during the synthesis of (6-1)(7-13)-TA problems similar to those encountered during the synthesis of TA were faced. Antimicrobial assays showed minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of retro-TA to be, in most cases, only one dilution higher than those of original TA, but still remained relatively low. An analysis of the circular dichroism spectra of the peptides shows that TA and (6-1)(7-13)-TA adopt an alpha-helical structure in a hydrophobic environment, while retro-TA forms mainly unordered conformation under both hydrophobic and hydrophilic conditions. One can postulate that differences in conformation of the peptide chain might be responsible for the lower antimicrobial activity of retro-TA as compared to that of the parent molecule. In any case, retro-TA can be interesting owing to its simple and nonproblematic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Kamysz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Sobieskiego 18, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland
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