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Hu Y, He Y, Niu Z, Shen T, Zhang J, Wang X, Hu W, Cho JY. A review of the immunomodulatory activities of polysaccharides isolated from Panax species. J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:23-32. [PMID: 35058724 PMCID: PMC8753523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax polysaccharides are biopolymers that are isolated and purified from the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits of Panax L. plants, which have attracted considerable attention because of their immunomodulatory activities. In this paper, the composition and structural characteristics of purified polysaccharides are reviewed. Moreover, the immunomodulatory activities of polysaccharides are described both in vivo and in vitro. In vitro, Panax polysaccharides exert immunomodulatory functions mainly by activating macrophages, dendritic cells, and the complement system. In vivo, Panax polysaccharides can increase the immune organ indices and stimulate lymphocytes. In addition, this paper also discusses the membrane receptors and various signalling pathways of immune cells. Panax polysaccharides have many beneficial therapeutic effects, including enhancing or activating the immune response, and may be helpful in treating cancer, sepsis, osteoporosis, and other conditions. Panax polysaccharides have the potential for use in the development of novel therapeutic agents or adjuvants with beneficial immunomodulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeye Hu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Yang He
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Zhiqiang Niu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Ting Shen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Weicheng Hu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
- Corresponding author. Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Qi H, Zhang Z, Liu J, Chen Z, Huang Q, Li J, Chen J, Wang M, Zhao D, Wang Z, Li X. Comparisons of Isolation Methods, Structural Features, and Bioactivities of the Polysaccharides from Three Common Panax Species: A Review of Recent Progress. Molecules 2021; 26:4997. [PMID: 34443587 PMCID: PMC8400370 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax spp. (Araliaceae family) are widely used medicinal plants and they mainly include Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, Panax quinquefolium L. (American ginseng), and Panax notoginseng (notoginseng). Polysaccharides are the main active ingredients in these plants and have demonstrated diverse pharmacological functions, but comparisons of isolation methods, structural features, and bioactivities of these polysaccharides have not yet been reported. This review summarizes recent advances associated with 112 polysaccharides from ginseng, 25 polysaccharides from American ginseng, and 36 polysaccharides from notoginseng and it compares the differences in extraction, purification, structural features, and bioactivities. Most studies focus on ginseng polysaccharides and comparisons are typically made with the polysaccharides from American ginseng and notoginseng. For the extraction, purification, and structural analysis, the processes are similar for the polysaccharides from the three Panax species. Previous studies determined that 55 polysaccharides from ginseng, 18 polysaccharides from American ginseng, and 9 polysaccharides from notoginseng exhibited anti-tumor activity, immunoregulatory effects, anti-oxidant activity, and other pharmacological functions, which are mediated by multiple signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor kappa B, or redox balance pathways. This review can provide new insights into the similarities and differences among the polysaccharides from the three Panax species, which can facilitate and guide further studies to explore the medicinal properties of the Araliaceae family used in traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Qi
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
| | - Zepeng Zhang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.Z.); (M.W.)
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
| | - Zhaoqiang Chen
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
| | - Qingxia Huang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.Z.); (M.W.)
| | - Jing Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
| | - Jinjin Chen
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
| | - Mingxing Wang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.Z.); (M.W.)
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Department of Scientific Research, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
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Wusiman A, Xu S, Ni H, Gu P, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Qiu T, Hu Y, Liu J, Wu Y, Wang D, Lu Y. Immunomodulatory effects of Alhagi honey polysaccharides encapsulated into PLGA nanoparticles. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 211:217-226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Immunomodulatory Effects of Robinia pseudoacacia Polysaccharides on Live Vaccine against Infectious Bronchitis in Immunosuppressive Chickens. INT J POLYM SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/9542759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the immunomodulatory effect of Robinia pseudoacacia Polysaccharides (RPPS) on vaccine against Infectious Bronchitis (IB) in immunosuppressive chickens, the artificial leukemia chicken model was established and then the IB live vaccine (H120 strain) was immunized. The immunomodulatory efficacy of RPPS was determined by the antibody titer, the lymphocyte transformation rate in peripheral blood, the CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte levels in peripheral blood, and the cytokine levels in the serum. The results showed that RPPS could not only enhance the immune effect of IB live vaccine but also improve the immunity of immunosuppressive chickens. Thus, the function of RPPS immunopotentiator could be further developed.
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Pang G, Wang F, Zhang LW. Dose matters: Direct killing or immunoregulatory effects of natural polysaccharides in cancer treatment. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 195:243-256. [PMID: 29804974 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.04.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides from natural resources possess anti-tumor activities for decades, but the efficacy of polysaccharides as the adjuvant drugs for cancer treatment at prescribed doses remains open for debate. In this review, molecular mechanisms involved in direct killing effects of polysaccharides, including apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and mitochondria/DNA damage were described. However, the concentrations/doses used to reach the direct killing effects are too high to be applicable. Polysaccharides can also exert anti-tumor effects through immunoregulation at lower doses, and the effects of polysaccharides on natural killer cells, dendritic cells and other lymphocytes for tumor destruction, along with the receptor recognition and downstream signaling pathways, were delineated. Unfortunately, the prescribed doses of polysaccharides are too low to stimulate immunoresponse, resulting in the failure of some clinical trials. Therefore, understanding the sophisticated mechanisms of the immunoregulatory function of natural polysaccharides with refined doses for clinical use will help the standardization of traditional medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guibin Pang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Fujun Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Zhejiang Reachall Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Zhejiang, 322100, China; Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Leshuai W Zhang
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; Zhejiang Reachall Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Zhejiang, 322100, China.
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Immunoenhancement Effects of Glycosaminoglycan from Apostichopus japonicus: In Vitro and In Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Mice Studies. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15110347. [PMID: 29112115 PMCID: PMC5706037 DOI: 10.3390/md15110347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the immunomodulatory activities of Apostichopus japonicus glycosaminoglycan (AHG) on the nature killer (NK) cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and cyclophosphamide (CY)-treated mice were investigated. After stimulation with multiple concentrations of AHG (0–100 μg/mL), NK cells and CTLs displayed outperformance against YAC-1 and B16 cells, respectively. Furthermore, the mitogen-induced splenic lymphocyte proliferation in CY-induced immunosuppressed mice was significantly promoted by AHG. In addition, the administration of AHG dramatically increased the splenocytes Ca2+ concentration and the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction in a dose-dependent manner. Besides, AHG could strongly increase the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), the activities of superoxidase dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) as well as glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and could decrease the malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the heart, kidney and liver. These findings indicated that AHG played an important role in the immune enhancement and protection against CY-induced immunosuppression and oxidative damage. Our findings provide experimental evidence for further research and possible immunostimulatory applications of AHG in clinical practice.
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Xu W, Guan R, Shi F, Du A, Hu S. Structural analysis and immunomodulatory effect of polysaccharide from Atractylodis macrocephalae Koidz. on bovine lymphocytes. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 174:1213-1223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Yu Q, Nie SP, Wang JQ, Huang DF, Li WJ, Xie MY. Signaling pathway involved in the immunomodulatory effect of Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide in spleen lymphocytes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:2734-2740. [PMID: 25715057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the immunomodulatory effect of Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide (PSG-1) in spleen lymphocytes. Our results showed that PSG-1 increased the intracellular Ca2+ concentration and calcineurin (CaN) activity. Moreover, PSG-1 was found to elevate nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) activity, but this effect could be diminished by the treatment of CaN inhibitors (cyclosporin A and FK506). PSG-1-induced interleukin (IL)-2 production was also inhibited by cyclosporin A and FK506. In addition, PSG-1 was found to significantly enhance protein kinase C (PKC) activity. PKC was involved in induction of NFAT activity by PSG-1, as evidenced by abrogation of NFAT activity by PKC inhibitor calphostin C, which significantly decreased PSG-1-induced IL-2 production. On the basis of these results, we concluded that PSG-1 may induce activation of spleen lymphocytes at least in part via the Ca2+/CaN/NFAT/IL-2 signaling pathway and the PKC/NFAT/IL-2 signaling pathway cooperatively regulated PSG-1-induced activation of spleen lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Ping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Qiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan-Fei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Yong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, People's Republic of China
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Antitumor activities of ginseng polysaccharide in C57BL/6 mice with Lewis lung carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:12561-6. [PMID: 25204674 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2576-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we prepared ginseng polysaccharide (GP) and evaluated its antitumor and immunomodulatory activities in C57BL/6 mice bearing with Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC). Administration of GP (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) could not only significantly inhibit the growth of transplantable LLC tumor in C57BL/6 mice but also remarkably increase relative weight of spleen and thymus, splenocytes proliferation, and the ratio of CD4(+)/CD8(+) T lymphocyte in peripheral blood in LLC-bearing mice. Furthermore, the serum IL-2 and IFN-γ production and NK cytolytic activity were also prompted in LLC-bearing mice in response to GP treatment at three doses. Additionally, GP showed no side effects such as weight loss in body weight and internal organs (lung, liver, kidney, and heart) as well as inactivity during the experiment. Therefore, GP might be conveniently exploited to be good immune-stimulating modifiers and had the potential value for tumor therapy.
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Immunosuppressive activity of daphnetin, one of coumarin derivatives, is mediated through suppression of NF-κB and NFAT signaling pathways in mouse T cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96502. [PMID: 24800925 PMCID: PMC4011761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Daphnetin, a plant-derived dihydroxylated derivative of coumarin, is an effective compound extracted from a plant called Daphne Korean Nakai. Coumarin derivates were known for their antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. The present study was aimed to determine the immunosuppressive effects and the underlying mechanisms of daphnetin on concanavalin A (ConA) induced T lymphocytes in mice. We showed that, in vitro, daphnetin suppressed ConA-induced splenocyte proliferation, influenced production of the cytokines and inhibited cell cycle progression through the G0/G1 transition. The data also revealed that daphnetin could down-regulate activation of ConA induced NF-κB and NFAT signal transduction pathways in mouse T lymphocyte. In vivo, daphnetin treatment significantly inhibited the 2, 4- dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) -induced delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions in mice. Collectively, daphnetin had strong immunosuppressive activity both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting a potential role for daphnetin as an immunosuppressive agent, and established the groundwork for further research on daphnetin.
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Kim H, Suh HJ, Kang CM, Lee KH, Hwang JH, Yu KW. Immunological Activity of Ginseng Is Enhanced by Solid-State Culture with Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium. J Med Food 2014; 17:150-60. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.3063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hoon Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Joo Suh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Choong-Min Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Stanislaus, California, USA
| | - Kyung-Haeng Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Hwang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Kwang-Won Yu
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungbuk, Korea
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Sun Y. Structure and biological activities of the polysaccharides from the leaves, roots and fruits of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer: An overview. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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