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Stocchero M, Toia M, Jinno Y, Cecchinato F, Becktor JP, Naito Y, Halldin A, Jimbo R. Influence of different drilling preparation on cortical bone: A biomechanical, histological, and micro-CT study on sheep. Clin Oral Implants Res 2018; 29:707-715. [DOI: 10.1111/clr.13262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Stocchero
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Odontology; Malmö University; Malmö Sweden
| | - Marco Toia
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Odontology; Malmö University; Malmö Sweden
| | - Yohei Jinno
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Odontology; Malmö University; Malmö Sweden
| | | | - Jonas P. Becktor
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Odontology; Malmö University; Malmö Sweden
| | - Yoshihito Naito
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Oral Science; Tokushima University; Tokushima Japan
| | | | - Ryo Jimbo
- Department of Applied Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki University; Nagasaki Japan
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Histochemical examination on the peri-implant bone with early occlusal loading after the immediate placement into extraction sockets. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 149:433-447. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1644-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Jariwala SH, Wee H, Roush EP, Whitcomb TL, Murter C, Kozlansky G, Lakhtakia A, Kunselman AR, Donahue HJ, Armstrong AD, Lewis GS. Time course of peri-implant bone regeneration around loaded and unloaded implants in a rat model. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:997-1006. [PMID: 27381807 PMCID: PMC5800527 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The time-course of cancellous bone regeneration surrounding mechanically loaded implants affects implant fixation, and is relevant to determining optimal rehabilitation protocols following orthopaedic surgeries. We investigated the influence of controlled mechanical loading of titanium-coated polyether-ether ketone (PEEK) implants on osseointegration using time-lapsed, non-invasive, in vivo micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scans. Implants were inserted into proximal tibial metaphyses of both limbs of eight female Sprague-Dawley rats. External cyclic loading (60 or 100 μm displacement, 1 Hz, 60 s) was applied every other day for 14 days to one implant in each rat, while implants in contralateral limbs served as the unloaded controls. Hind limbs were imaged with high-resolution micro-CT (12.5 μm voxel size) at 2, 5, 9, and 12 days post-surgery. Trabecular changes over time were detected by 3D image registration allowing for measurements of bone-formation rate (BFR) and bone-resorption rate (BRR). At day 9, mean %BV/TV for loaded and unloaded limbs were 35.5 ± 10.0% and 37.2 ± 10.0%, respectively, and demonstrated significant increases in bone volume compared to day 2. BRR increased significantly after day 9. No significant differences between bone volumes, BFR, and BRR were detected due to implant loading. Although not reaching significance (p = 0.16), an average 119% increase in pull-out strength was measured in the loaded implants. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:997-1006, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailly H. Jariwala
- Division of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Hwabok Wee
- Division of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Evan P. Roush
- Division of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Tiffany L. Whitcomb
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Christopher Murter
- Division of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Gery Kozlansky
- Division of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Akhlesh Lakhtakia
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-6812
| | - Allen R. Kunselman
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Henry J. Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - April D. Armstrong
- Division of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Gregory S. Lewis
- Division of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033
- Author to whom all correspondence should be addressed: Gregory S. Lewis, Ph.D*, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Mailbox – H089, Hershey, PA-17033, Phone: (717) 531-5244, Fax no.: (717) 531-7583,
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van Oirschot BAJA, Meijer GJ, Bronkhorst EM, Närhi T, Jansen JA, van den Beucken JJJP. Comparison of different surface modifications for titanium implants installed into the goat iliac crest. Clin Oral Implants Res 2014; 27:e57-67. [DOI: 10.1111/clr.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bart A. J. A. van Oirschot
- Department of Biomaterials; Radboudumc; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Implantology and Periodontology; Radboudumc; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Gert J. Meijer
- Department of Implantology and Periodontology; Radboudumc; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Ewald M. Bronkhorst
- Ewald M. Bronkhorst, Department of Preventive and Curative Dentistry; Radboudumc; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Timo Närhi
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - John A. Jansen
- Department of Biomaterials; Radboudumc; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Implantology and Periodontology; Radboudumc; Nijmegen The Netherlands
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Braem A, Chaudhari A, Vivan Cardoso M, Schrooten J, Duyck J, Vleugels J. Peri- and intra-implant bone response to microporous Ti coatings with surface modification. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:986-95. [PMID: 24161385 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bone growth on and into implants exhibiting substantial surface porosity is a promising strategy in order to improve the long-term stable fixation of bone implants. However, the reliability in clinical applications remains a point of discussion. Most attention has been dedicated to the role of macroporosity, leading to the general consensus of a minimal pore size of 50-100 μm in order to allow bone ingrowth. In this in vivo study, we assessed the feasibility of early bone ingrowth into a predominantly microporous Ti coating with an average thickness of 150 μm and the hypothesis of improving the bone response through surface modification of the porous coating. Implants were placed in the cortical bone of rabbit tibiae for periods of 2 and 4 weeks and evaluated histologically and histomorphometrically using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Bone with osteocytes encased in the mineralized matrix was found throughout the porous Ti coating up to the coating/substrate interface, highlighting that osseointegration of microporosities (<10 μm) was achievable. The bone trabeculae interweaved with the pore struts, establishing a large contact area which might enable an improved load transfer and stronger implant/bone interface. Furthermore, there was a clear interconnection with the surrounding cortical bone, suggesting that mechanical interlocking of the coating in the host bone in the long term is possible. When surface modifications inside the porous structure further reduced the interconnective pore size to the submicrometer level, bone ingrowth was impaired. On the other hand, application of a sol-gel-derived bioactive glass-ceramic coating without altering the pore characteristics was found to significantly improve bone regeneration around the coating, while still supporting bone ingrowth.
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Zhang X, Duyck J, Vandamme K, Naert I, Carmeliet G. Ultrastructural characterization of the implant interface response to loading. J Dent Res 2014; 93:313-8. [PMID: 24389808 DOI: 10.1177/0022034513518345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic loading can affect the bone surrounding implants. For ultrastructural exploration of the peri-implant tissue response to dynamic loading, titanium implants were installed in rat tibiae, in which one implant was loaded while the contralateral served as the unloaded control. The loaded implants received stimulation either within 24 hrs after implantation (immediate loading) or after a 28-day healing period (delayed loading) for 4, 7, 14, 21, or 28 days. The samples were processed for histology and gene expression quantification. Compared with the unloaded control, bone-to-implant contact increased significantly by immediate loading for 28 days (p < .05), but not in case of delayed loading. No effect of loading was observed on the bone formation in the implant thread areas, on the blood vessel area, and on endosteal callus formation. Loading during healing (immediate) for 7 days induced, relative to the unloaded control, a 2.3-fold increase of Runx2 in peri-implant cortical bone (p < .01) without a change in the RANKL/Opg ratio. Loading after healing (delayed) for 7 days up-regulated Runx2 (4.3-fold, p < .01) as well as Opg (22.3-fold, p < .05) compared with the unloaded control, resulting in a significantly decreased RANKL/Opg ratio. These results indicate a stimulating effect of dynamic loading on implant osseointegration when applied during the healing phase. In addition, gene expression analyses revealed molecular adaptations favoring bone formation and, at the same time, affecting bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT Research Cluster & Prosthetic Dentistry, KU Leuven & University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Duyck J, Roesems R, Cardoso MV, Ogawa T, De Villa Camargos G, Vandamme K. Effect of insertion torque on titanium implant osseointegration: an animal experimental study. Clin Oral Implants Res 2013; 26:191-6. [PMID: 24325598 DOI: 10.1111/clr.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of implant insertion torque on the peri-implant bone healing and implant osseointegration. MATERIAL AND METHODS Bilaterally in the tibia of five adult New Zealand white rabbits, 20 implants were installed, subdivided into four groups, corresponding to two insertion torque conditions (low, < 10 Ncm vs. high > 50 Ncm) and 2 experimental periods (2 weeks vs. 4 weeks of healing). The implant insertion torque was determined by the surgical drill diameter relative to the implant diameter. Implant osseointegration was evaluated by quantitative histology (bone-to-implant contact with host bone [BIC-host], with neoformed bone [BIC-de novo], with both bone types [BIC-total], and peri-implant bone [BA/TA]). Every response was modelled over time using GEE (general estimation equation) with an unstructured variance-covariance matrix to correct for dependency between the measurements from one animal. The statistical significance level of α = 0.05 was applied. RESULTS Significantly, more BIC-host and BIC-total were recorded for H implants compared with L implants after 2 week of healing (P = 0.010 and P = 0.0001, respectively). However, this result was no longer found for the extended healing period. Furthermore, BIC-total significantly increased over time for L implants (P < 0.00001). In contrast, the significant increase in BA/TA over time was found for H implants (P < 0.01). Finally, H insertion torque led to an increased BA/TA after 4 week of healing (P < 0.02) compared with the L insertion protocol. CONCLUSION L insertion torque implants installed in the rabbit tibial bone osseointegrate with considerable de novo bone formation. This bone neoformation enables L implants to catch up, already during the early osseointegration stage, the initial inferior amount BIC contact compared with that of H implants. A negative impact of the created strain environment accompanying H insertion torque implant installation on the biological process of osseointegration could not be observed, at least not at tissue level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke Duyck
- Department of Oral Health Sciences & Dental Clinic, KU Leuven & University Hospitals Leuven, BIOMAT KU Leuven & Prosthetics Unit, Leuven, Belgium
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Yamamoto M, Ogawa T, Yokoyama M, Koyama S, Sasaki K. Influence of immediate and early loading on bone metabolic activity around dental implants in rat tibiae. Clin Oral Implants Res 2013; 25:1084-90. [PMID: 23802506 DOI: 10.1111/clr.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine the influence of immediate and early loading on dynamic changes in bone metabolism around dental implants using bone scintigraphy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two titanium implants were inserted in the right tibiae of 21 rats. Closed coil springs with 4.0-N loads were applied parallel to the upper portion of the implants for 35 days. According to the load application timing, rats were divided into three groups: immediate loading (IL) group, early loading 1 day after implant insertion (1-D early loading [EL]) group, and loading 3 days after implant insertion (3-D EL) group. Rats were intravenously injected with technetium-99 m-methylene diphosphonate (Tc99 m-MDP) (74 MBq/rat) and scanned by bone scintigraphy at 1, 4, 7, 11, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after load application. The ratio of accumulation of Tc99 m-MDP around the implants to that of a reference site (uptake ratio) was calculated to evaluate bone metabolism. RESULTS In every group, the uptake ratio increased until 7 days after load application and then gradually decreased. It was significantly higher than baseline at 4, 7, 11, and 14 days (P < 0.001). The uptake ratio in the 1-D EL and 3-D EL groups were significantly higher than that in the control group and also that in the IL group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Bone metabolism initially increased and then gradually decreased to baseline despite differences in load timing. Increases in bone metabolic activity differed according to load application timing; the later the load application, the more enhanced the bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miou Yamamoto
- Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
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Stübinger S, Dard M. The rabbit as experimental model for research in implant dentistry and related tissue regeneration. J INVEST SURG 2013; 26:266-82. [PMID: 23617292 DOI: 10.3109/08941939.2013.778922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of rabbits for experimental research has a long historical tradition. The aim of this review consists in outlining the use of the rabbit for research in implant dentistry and related tissue regeneration. Rabbits appear as a first-hand choice for fundamental implant design studies because of their size, easy handling, short life span, and economical aspects in purchasing and sustaining. In the following, the various anatomical sites in the rabbit will be summarized to provide an overview of current possibilities and limitations of this model for bone research in oral implantology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Stübinger
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
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Vignoletti F, Abrahamsson I. Quality of reporting of experimental research in implant dentistry. Critical aspects in design, outcome assessment and model validation. J Clin Periodontol 2012; 39 Suppl 12:6-27. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2011.01830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Vignoletti
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Odontology; Complutense University of Madrid; Madrid; Spain
| | - Ingemar Abrahamsson
- Department of Periodontology; Institute of Odontology; The Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg; Sweden
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Application of laser-induced bone therapy by carbon dioxide laser irradiation in implant therapy. Int J Dent 2012; 2012:409496. [PMID: 22505900 PMCID: PMC3296302 DOI: 10.1155/2012/409496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the application of laser-induced bone therapy (LIBT) to reduce implant healing time in rat tibia. Twenty 10-week-old female Sprague-Dawlay rats were used. The rats received laser irradiation (laser group) or sham operation (control group) on either side of the tibia. Five days after invasion, titanium implants were inserted in proximal tibia. Five, 10, and 20 days after implant placement, tibiae were collected. After taking micro-CT and performing a torque test, the tibiae were decalcified and 8-μm-thick sections were prepared. Specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Results. Micro-CT images, removal torque values, and histomorphometric analysis data demonstrated a significantly accelerated bone formation in the laser group earlier in the healing process. Conclusion. The use of laser irradiation was effective in promoting bone formation and acquiring osseointegration of titanium implants inserted in rat tibia. LIBT may be suitable for use in implant therapy.
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12
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The effect of two different immediate loading protocols in implant-supported screw-retained prostheses. IMPLANT DENT 2011; 20:157-66. [PMID: 21448025 DOI: 10.1097/id.0b013e31820fbd09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this work was to evaluate the changes that occur in the supporting structures of implants placed bilaterally in the posterior mandibular region as a result of 2 different immediate loading protocols: the immediate functional loading protocol and the immediate progressive loading protocol. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty implants were placed in 5 patients with unmodified mandibular Kennedy Class I. For each patient, 3 implants were placed on each side of the patient's dental arch at the premolar/molar mandibular region. At one side, the implants were immediately loaded following an immediate functional loading protocol, whereas the other side was loaded following an immediate progressive loading protocol. Radiographic evaluation was carried out using dental computed tomography at intervals of 0, 4, 9, and 24 months after implant surgery. RESULTS Statistical analysis showed a more favorable bone reaction with a statistically significant difference in the crestal bone height (P = 0.011) and in the crestal periimplant bone density (P = 0.009) in the immediate progressive loading group than the immediate functional loading group. CONCLUSION The immediate progressive loading protocol yields a more predictable bone reaction in the periimplant crestal bone and ensures better implant prognosis than the immediate functional loading protocol; supporting the idea that gradual loading or stimulation will allow bone to mature and grow denser in a 2-year implant follow-up period.
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Brown SDK, Payne AGT. Immediately restored single implants in the aesthetic zone of the maxilla using a novel design: 1-year report. Clin Oral Implants Res 2011; 22:445-54. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2010.02125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Isaacson BM, Brunker LB, Brown AA, Beck JP, Burns GL, Bloebaum RD. An evaluation of electrical stimulation for improving periprosthetic attachment. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2011; 97:190-200. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Stanford CM. Surface modification of biomedical and dental implants and the processes of inflammation, wound healing and bone formation. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:354-69. [PMID: 20162020 PMCID: PMC2821008 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11010354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone adaptation or integration of an implant is characterized by a series of biological reactions that start with bone turnover at the interface (a process of localized necrosis), followed by rapid repair. The wound healing response is guided by a complex activation of macrophages leading to tissue turnover and new osteoblast differentiation on the implant surface. The complex role of implant surface topography and impact on healing response plays a role in biological criteria that can guide the design and development of future tissue-implant surface interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clark M Stanford
- Dows Institute for Dental Research, University of Iowa, 52242, USA.
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Brandt J, Henning S, Michler G, Hein W, Bernstein A, Schulz M. Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite for bone repair: an animal study. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2010; 21:283-294. [PMID: 19885643 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-009-3859-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Hydroxyapatite has become the most common material to replace bone or to guide its regeneration. Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite suspension had been introduced in the clinical use recently under the assumption that small dimension of crystals could improve resorption. We studied the resorption and osteointegration of the nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite Ostim in a rabbit model. The material was implanted either alone or in combination with autogenic or allogenic bone into distal rabbit femora. After survival time of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 weeks the implants had been evaluated by light and electron microscopy. We observed a direct bone contact as well as inclusion into soft tissue. But we could observe no or only marginal decay and no remarkable resorption in the vast majority of implants. In situ the nanocrystalline material mostly formed densely packed agglomerates which were preserved once included in bone or connective tissue. A serious side effect was the initiation of osteolysis in the femora far from the implantation site causing extended defects in the cortical bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brandt
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Halle, Magdeburger Strasse 22, 06097 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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