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Bahrami G, Vaeth M, Wenzel A, Isidor F. Marginal bone level in two Danish cross-sectional population samples in 1997-1998 and 2007-2008. Acta Odontol Scand 2018; 76:357-363. [PMID: 29648489 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2018.1460492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the marginal bone level of two randomly selected population samples from 1997/1998 and 2007/2008, with special emphasis on the role of smoking habits and gender. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two cross-sectional randomly selected population samples [1997/1998 (N = 616) and 2007/2008 (N = 396)] were analysed with respect to the marginal bone level. The marginal bone level was measured in full-mouth intraoral radiographs. Information on smoking was gathered using questionnaires. Multiple regression analysis was used in order to adjust for correlating factors (gender, age, smoking habits and number of teeth). RESULTS After adjusting for confounding factors, the population sample from 2007/2008 had on average a slightly, but statistically significantly, more reduced average marginal bone level (0.15 mm) than the population sample from 1997/1998. Men had more reduced marginal bone level than women (0.12 mm). Smokers in both population samples had more reduced marginal bone level than non-smokers (0.39 mm and 0.12 mm for 1997/1998; 0.65 mm and 0.16 mm for 2007/2008). CONCLUSIONS In these populations, sampled 10 years apart, the 2007/2008 population sample had a slightly more reduced marginal bone level than the 1997/1998 population sample. Men had more reduced marginal bone level than women, and smoking is considered a major risk factor for a reduced marginal bone level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnosh Bahrami
- Section of Prosthetic Dentistry, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael Vaeth
- Section for Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ann Wenzel
- Section of Oral Radiology, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Flemming Isidor
- Section of Prosthetic Dentistry, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Porto AN, Borges AH, Rocatto G, Matos FZ, Borba AM, Pedro FLM, Lima SL, Tonetto MR, Bandéca MC, Aranha AMF. Periodontal and Microbiological Profile of Intensive Care Unit Inpatients. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016; 17:807-814. [PMID: 27794150 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The bidirectional relationship between the periodontal diseases and systemic diseases was attributed to the focal infection concept. The aims of this study were to assess the periodontal and microbiological profile of intensive care unit (ICU) inpatients submitted to orotracheal intubation, and classify them regarding gender, age group, ethnic, hospitalization reason and period, nosocomial infection occurrence, and death. MATERIALS AND METHODS Inpatients were assessed, distributed into toothed and toothless groups. The periodontal clinical condition was assessed 24 hours after the ICU admission through plaque index, gum index, probing depth, and clinical level of insertion. All microbiological samples were collected on the 6th day of admission. These samples were collected from different intraoral sites, depending on the group: In the toothed group, samples were collected from gingival sulcus and in the toothless group, from buccal mucosa and tongue. Identification for Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), and Tannerella forsythia (Tf) was accomplished and analyzed, using absolute quantification and specific primer pairs through an amplification system with probes. RESULTS Forty subjects composed the sample: Gender characterized by 60% of male, 27.5% of all patients were older than 60, and 22.5% were hospitalized due to cerebrovascular accident. Regarding hospitalization period, 55% of patients were hospitalized for 6 days and 70% of them died during the period of hospitalization. Of inpatients, 40% presented periodontal disease and 100% presented dental biofilm on assessed sites. When assessing the microbiota, statistical significance was observed between Aa, Pg, and Tf, for both toothed and toothless group (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Large quantities of Aa were found in samples of toothless inpatients, a fact that suggests that the oral environment, even without teeth, presents favorable conditions for bacterial biofilm formation with a related pathogenic potential. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The dental biofilm may comprise pulmonary pathogen colonies, promoting a perfect environment for their growth and development, facilitating the colonization of the lower airways, as well as colonization by bacteria originally from the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra N Porto
- Department of Postgraduate Program in Integrated Dental Science, Dental School, University of Cuiabá, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil, Phone: +556533631271, e-mail:
| | - Alvaro H Borges
- Department of Postgraduate Program in Integrated Dental Science, Dental School, University of Cuiabá, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Grace Rocatto
- Department of Postgraduate Program in Integrated Dental Science, Dental School, University of Cuiabá, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Z Matos
- Department of Postgraduate Program in Integrated Dental Science, Dental School, University of Cuiabá, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Alexandre M Borba
- Department of Postgraduate Program in Integrated Dental Science, Dental School, University of Cuiabá, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - F L Miranda Pedro
- Department of Postgraduate Program in Integrated Dental Science, Dental School, University of Cuiabá, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Suellen L Lima
- Department of Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, CEUMA University, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Mateus R Tonetto
- Department of Postgraduate Program in Integrated Dental Science, Dental School, University of Cuiabá, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Matheus C Bandéca
- Department of Postgraduate Program in Integrated Dental Science, Dental School, University of Cuiabá, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - A M Fabio Aranha
- Department of Postgraduate Program in Integrated Dental Science, Dental School, University of Cuiabá, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
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Hermann P, Gera I, Borbély J, Fejérdy P, Madléna M. Periodontal health of an adult population in Hungary: findings of a national survey. J Clin Periodontol 2009; 36:449-57. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2009.01395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zavras AI, Vrahopoulos TP, Souliotis K, Silvestros S, Vrotsos I. Advances in oral health knowledge of Greek navy recruits and their socioeconomic determinants. BMC Oral Health 2002; 2:4. [PMID: 12489985 PMCID: PMC141335 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6831-2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2002] [Accepted: 12/19/2002] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to evaluate temporal changes on oral health knowledge and attitudes among two populations of young Greek males (age 19-29 years) undergoing their military training. A secondary aim was to identify socioeconomic trends that may have influenced the above. METHODS: A total of 2,764 healthy subjects (1511 in 1985, and 1253 in 1996) answered a standardized questionnaire of oral health issues. Respondents were stratified in 3 groups, according to their educational status (ES); their responses were compared using the chi-square statistic. The evaluation of socioeconomic indicators utilized longitudinal data from the national Household Expenditures Survey. RESULTS: An overall improvement was noted in the majority of "Knowledge" and "Attitudes" variables in 1996, as compared to 1985. Education seems to play an important role in both knowledge and attitudes. These changes may also be partially attributed to a shift in consuming standards from the coverage of main needs to income disposal directed towards the achievement of better quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios I Zavras
- Dept. of Health Policy & Epidemiology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Ave., Boston, Ma. 02115, USA
| | - Theofilos P Vrahopoulos
- Dept. of Periodontology, University of Athens School of Dentistry, 2 Thivon Street, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Kyriakos Souliotis
- Dept. of Health Economics, National School of Public Health (NSPH),196 Alexandras Ave., Athens, Greece
| | - Spyros Silvestros
- Dept. of Periodontology, University of Athens School of Dentistry, 2 Thivon Street, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Vrotsos
- Dept. of Periodontology, University of Athens School of Dentistry, 2 Thivon Street, Goudi, Athens, Greece
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Pilot T. The periodontal disease problem. A comparison between industrialised and developing countries. Int Dent J 1998; 48:221-32. [PMID: 9779102 DOI: 10.1111/j.1875-595x.1998.tb00710.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no reason to believe that periodontal diseases in industrialised and developing countries are in principle different. That is, not in the sense that the problem is caused by a different set of periodontal diseases, with different micro-organisms and a different natural history, needing a different approach towards prevention and treatment. Indeed, from a public health perspective the relative similarities in periodontal conditions around the world are far more striking than the differences. The view that periodontal diseases are a much more prevalent and a severe problem in the developing countries seems to be true only in terms of poorer oral hygiene and considerably greater calculus retention, already at a young age, but not so clear for periodontal destruction in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pilot
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Health Services Research, University of Groningen, Gieten, The Netherlands
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Soikkonen K, Wolf J, Närhi T, Ainamo A. Radiographic periodontal findings in an elderly Finnish population. J Clin Periodontol 1998; 25:439-45. [PMID: 9667476 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.1998.tb02471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
By means of panoramic radiography and additional intraoral radiographs, the occurrence of calculus, the extent of horizontal bone loss, the depth and number of infrabony pockets, the number of furcation lesions, and the number of interproximal restoration overhangs were studied in 169 dentate 76-, 81-, and 86-year-old subjects (54 male and 115 females) living at home. Alveolar bone loss (horizontal or vertical) among the participants was common, and in only 8 subjects (5%) was it judged non-existent. It was slight in 30 subjects (18%), moderate in 53 (31%), and advanced in 78 (46%). Infrabony pockets were found in 51% of the subjects and furcation lesions in 28%. The presence of calculus did not correlate with the other parameters. The number of interproximal overhangs was associated with the number of infrabony pockets and of furcation lesions (R=0.3, p<0.001 and p<0.0001) and the number of infrabony pockets with the number of furcation lesions (R=0.4, p<0.0001). Our study shows that periodontal findings are common in the dentate elderly, and associations recently found between periodontal infections and several serious diseases make radiographic examination an integral part of the oral examination of the elderly patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Soikkonen
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
Although many epidemiological studies have been conducted concerning periodontal disease, the majority were not included in this review because of deficiencies in the measures used. Although it is increasingly common for studies in this field to measure periodontal disease using clinical attachment level, attachment loss or bone loss, the evidence pertaining to prevalence, incidence and risk in older adult populations is limited. Although it is the best indicator to date, characterizing periodontal disease by means of attachment loss has some limitations. Prevalence and incidence rates may vary according to the number of teeth and sites probed and bias and case misclassification may occur because of the healthy survivor effect. Moreover, prevalence data that document lifetime disease experience are of little use in planning for periodontal treatment needs. Problems with sampling or subject selection and idiosyncratic ways of reporting data also limit the quality of the evidence currently available. In order to standardize the collection of data on loss of attachment and to measure it as accurately as possible, Papapanou (63) recommends that studies use full-mouth periodontal examinations and the assessment of clinical attachment level at four sites on each remaining tooth. Given the inconsistencies in and problems with the methods used in the studies reviewed above, only broad conclusions can be drawn concerning periodontal disease in older adults. These confirm the conclusions reached in other reviews of the literature. While moderate levels of attachment loss are to be found in a high percentage of middle-aged and elderly subjects, severe loss is confined to a minority, albeit a substantial one. Severe loss is evident in only a few sites and, in general, affects only a small proportion of sites examined. Nevertheless, approximately one-fifth of older individuals have experienced more generalized severe loss; the rate is much higher in the oldest subjects and subjects from minority groups. Although not universal, severe disease is common in some older populations and some population subgroups. Studies using common approaches are needed to fully elucidate the extent to which disease experience varies across different populations. Similar conclusions can be drawn from prevalence studies measuring bone loss. These show that a minority of subjects accounted for most sites with advanced loss. Studies of incidence suggest that 50-75% of older adults experience additional loss of attachment of 2 or 3 mm or more at a minimum of one site over relatively short periods of time. Rates fall dramatically when more stringent case definitions are used. Moreover, relatively few sites examined show evidence of additional loss so that, although rates are high, extent and severity are low. More detailed analyses of incidence data, although few, indicate that new lesions are more common than progressing lesions, and the pattern of loss tends to support an episodic model of periodontal disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Locker
- Department of Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Cobb
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry. University of Missouri, Kansas City, USA
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Abstract
1. The interpretation of epidemiological data of periodontal disease is difficult, due to inconsistencies in the methodology used. It is not possible, therefore, to accurately assess if the prevalence of the periodontal diseases shows a world-wide decline. As long as the disease is assessed through accumulated clinical attachment loss, retention of the natural dentition in older ages entails increased prevalence in these cohorts. Contemporary epidemiological studies should ideally employ full-mouth examination of the periodontal tissues. Partial recording estimates are generally biased, especially when the prevalence of the disease is low. 2. Early-onset periodontitis is infrequent in all populations. Adult periodontitis is rather prevalent; however, advanced disease affects limited subfractions of the population (probably less than 10 to 15%). Although prevalence figures vary with race and geographic region, in most cases, the progression pattern of the disease seems compatible with the retention of a functional dentition throughout life. 3. Of a plethora of behavioral and environmental risk markers identified by multi-variate analysis, smoking and presence of certain subgingival microorganisms have been proven to be true risk factors. The same holds true for diabetes mellitus, a systemic condition that confers a risk for periodontal disease which is independent of the effect of other significant factors. 4. In certain cases, periodontal infections appear to have a systemic impact on the host. Most recent data indicate that periodontal disease may confer risk for coronary heart disease and pre-term low birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Papapanou
- University of Göteborg, Department of Oral Microbiology, Sweden
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Anagnou-Vareltzides A, Diamanti-Kipioti A, Afentoulidis N, Moraitaki-Tsami A, Lindhe J, Mitsis F, Papapanou PN. A clinical survey of periodontal conditions in Greece. J Clin Periodontol 1996; 23:758-63. [PMID: 8877662 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.1996.tb00606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study used full-mouth clinical assessments of plaque, calculus, bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth and probing attachment level to evaluate the periodontal conditions in a rural (A) and an urban (B) sample of 25-64 year old Greek adults, comprising 190 and 373 subjects, respectively. 13% of the subjects in sample (A) and 8% in sample (B) were edentulous, while mean values of teeth present in the four age cohorts ranged between 19.8-12.6 and 23.3-18.3, respectively. A poor level of oral hygiene was recorded in both samples with high plaque, calculus and bleeding scores. Deep pocketing was more pronounced in the rural than in the urban sample; between 1.7 and 8.0% of all sites probed showed a PPD of > or = 6 mm and between 20 and 51.2% of the subjects in each age cohort had at least one deep pocket. Corresponding figures for the urban sample was 0.6-4.7% and 15.1-49.2%. However, the prevalence of severe attachment loss was of comparable magnitude in both samples; between 2.8-25.7% of the sites in sample (A) and 2.8-20.6% in sample (B) displayed a PAL of > or = 6 mm, while 32.5-72.1% and 31.8-73.8% of the subjects, respectively, had at least one severely affected site. It was further found that the distribution of advanced disease in the samples was skewed; 14.4% of the subjects in sample (A) and 9.5% in sample (B) accounted for 75% of all deep pockets, while 21.8 and 19.4% of the subjects, respectively, accounted for 75% of all sites with PAL of > or = 6 mm. Multiple regression revealed that male sex and high plaque and bleeding scores had a significant, positive influence to the amount of attachment loss on a subject level.
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