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Svenningsen P, Hinrichs GR, Zachar R, Ydegaard R, Jensen BL. Physiology and pathophysiology of the plasminogen system in the kidney. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:1415-1423. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2014-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Wehner C, Janjić K, Agis H. Relevance of the plasminogen system in physiology, pathology, and regeneration of oral tissues - From the perspective of dental specialties. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 74:136-145. [PMID: 27743595 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Plasmin is a proteolytic enzyme that is crucial in fibrinolysis. In oral tissues, the plasminogen system plays an essential role in physiological and pathological processes, which in addition to fibrinolysis include degradation of extracellular matrix, inflammation, immune response, angiogenesis, tissue remodeling, cell migration, and wound healing. Oral tissues reveal a change in the plasminogen system during pathological processes such as periodontitis, peri-implantitis, or pulpitis, as well as in response to mechanical load. The plasminogen system is also a key element in tissue regeneration. The number of studies investigating the plasminogen system in dentistry have grown continuously in recent years, highlighting its increasing relevance in dental medicine. In this review, we present the diverse functions of the plasminogen system in physiology and its importance for dental specialists in pathology and regeneration. We thus provide an overview of the current knowledge on the role of the plasminogen system in the different fields of dentistry, including endodontics, orthodontics, periodontics, and oral surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wehner
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klara Janjić
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Agis
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.
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Farberov S, Meidan R. Thrombospondin-1 Affects Bovine Luteal Function via Transforming Growth Factor-Beta1-Dependent and Independent Actions. Biol Reprod 2015; 94:25. [PMID: 26658711 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.135822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombospondin-1 (THBS1) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFB1) are specifically up-regulated by prostaglandin F2alpha in mature corpus luteum (CL). This study examined the relationship between the expression of THBS1 and TGFB1 and the underlying mechanisms of their actions in luteal endothelial cells (ECs). TGFB1 stimulated SMAD2 phosphorylation and SERPINE1 levels in dose- and time-dependent manners in luteal EC. THBS1 also elevated SERPINE1; this effect was abolished by TGFB1 receptor-1 kinase inhibitor (SB431542). The findings here further imply that THBS1 activates TGFB1 in luteal ECs: THBS1 increased the effects of latent TGFB1 on phosphorylated SMAD (phospho-SMAD) 2 and SERPINE1. THBS1 silencing significantly decreased SERPINE1 and levels of phospho-SMAD2. Lastly, THBS1 actions on SERPINE1 were inhibited by LSKL peptide (TGFB1 activation inhibitor); LSKL also counteracted latent TGFB1-induced phospho-SMAD2. We found that TGFB1 up-regulated its own mRNA levels and those of THBS1. Both compounds generated apoptosis, but THBS1 was significantly more effective (2.5-fold). Notably, this effect of THBS1 was not mediated by TGFB1. THBS1 and TGFB1 also differed in their activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Whereas TGFB1 rapidly induced phospho-p38, THBS1 had a delayed effect. Inhibition of p38 pathway by SB203580 did not modulate TGFB1 effect on cell viability, but it amplified THBS1 actions. THBS1-stimulated caspase-3 activation coincided with p38 phosphorylation, suggesting that caspase-induced DNA damage initiated p38 phosphorylation. The in vitro data suggest that a feed-forward loop exists between THBS1, TGFB1, and SERPINE1. Indeed all these three genes were similarly induced in the regressing CL. Their gene products can promote vascular instability, apoptosis, and matrix remodeling during luteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Farberov
- Department of Animal Sciences, the Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rina Meidan
- Department of Animal Sciences, the Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Polepalle T, Moogala S, Boggarapu S, Pesala DS, Palagi FB. Acute Phase Proteins and Their Role in Periodontitis: A Review. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:ZE01-5. [PMID: 26674303 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/15692.6728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Acute phase proteins are a class of proteins whose plasma concentration increase (positive acute phase proteins) or decrease (negative acute phase proteins) in response to inflammation. This response is called as the acute phase reaction, also called as acute phase response, which occurs approximately 90 minutes after the onset of a systemic inflammatory reaction. In Periodontitis endotoxins released from gram negative organisms present in the sub gingival plaque samples interact with Toll- like receptors (TLR) that are expressed on the surface of Polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) and monocytes which are in abundance in periodontal inflammation. The complex formed due to interaction of Endotoxins and TLR activates the Signal transduction pathway in both innate and adaptive immunity resulting in production of Cytokines that co- ordinate the local and systemic inflammatory response. The pro inflammatory cytokines originating at the diseased site activates the liver cells to produce acute phase proteins as a part of non specific response. The production of Acute phase proteins is regulated to a great extent by Cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and to a lesser extent by Glucocorticoid hormones. These proteins bind to bacteria leading to activation of complement proteins that destroys pathogenic organisms. Studies have shown that levels of acute phase proteins are increased in otherwise healthy adults with poor periodontal status. This article highlights about the synthesis, structure, types and function of acute phase proteins and the associated relation of acute phase proteins in Periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejaswin Polepalle
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Periodontics, SIBAR Institute of Dental Sciences , Guntur, India
| | - Srinivas Moogala
- Professor, Department of Periodontics, SIBAR Institute of Dental Sciences , Guntur, India
| | - Shalini Boggarapu
- Post Graduate Student, Department of Periodontics, SIBAR Institute of Dental Sciences , Guntur, India
| | - Divya Sai Pesala
- Post Graduate Student, Department of Pathology, Siddhartha Medical College , Vijayawada, India
| | - Firoz Babu Palagi
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Rama Dental College , Kanpur, India
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Erriu M, Genta G, Pili FMG, Barbato G, Denotti G, Levi R. Probing depth in periodontal pockets: In vitro evaluation of contributions to variability due to probe type and operator skill. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2015; 229:743-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0954411915606170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal probing aims at detecting the presence, type and gravity of periodontal diseases influencing distance between gingival margin and connective ligament. Measurements in vivo are affected by substantial uncertainty, owing, for example, to probe features, anatomic variations and operator’s skill. Inadequate reproducibility in periodontal probing may lead to diagnostic mistakes and inappropriate therapeutic decisions. In vitro evaluation of reproducibility of measurements of periodontal pockets was aimed at while developing a Periodontal Calibration Box designed to calibrate periodontal probe operators, catering also for simulating contraction observed in vivo. Probe type and clinical experience of operators were found to affect substantially probing errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Erriu
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Genta
- Department of Management and Production Engineering (DIGEP), Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Giulio Barbato
- Department of Management and Production Engineering (DIGEP), Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Gloria Denotti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Raffaello Levi
- Department of Management and Production Engineering (DIGEP), Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
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Wu KJ, Huang GF, Chen CH, Chang HH, Deng YT. Cyclosporine A induces connective tissue growth factor expression in human gingival fibroblasts: suppression by epigallocatechin-3-gallate. J Formos Med Assoc 2014; 113:828-32. [PMID: 24560449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced gingival overgrowth (GO). Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) acts as a cofactor with TGF-β to induce the maximal profibrotic effects of TGF-β. We investigated the effects of CsA on CCN2 expression in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) and the potential chemopreventive agent for CsA-induced GO. METHODS Western blot analyses were used to examine the signaling pathways of CsA-induced CCN2 expression in HGFs and whether epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), curcumin, or lovastatin can inhibit CsA-induced CCN2 expression. RESULTS CsA significantly stimulated CCN2 synthesis in HGFs. This effect can be inhibited by c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) and Smad3 inhibitors but not by TGF-β neutralizing antibody and TGF-β type I receptor inhibitor. Furthermore, EGCG completely blocked CsA-induced CCN2 expression. CONCLUSION CsA-induced CCN2 protein expression is mediated through JNK and Smad signaling. CsA may contribute to the pathogenesis of GO through upregulation of CCN2 expression in HGFs. EGCG could be an adjuvant for the prevention of CsA-induced GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- King-Jean Wu
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Guay-Fen Huang
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Chen
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Hueng Chang
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Deng
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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Małgorzewicz S, Skrzypczak-Jankun E, Jankun J. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in kidney pathology (Review). Int J Mol Med 2013; 31:503-10. [PMID: 23314920 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) inhibits tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), which convert plasminogen to plasmin, a strong proteolytic enzyme. Thus, PAI-1 is a primary and negative regulator of plasmin-driven proteolysis. In addition to its main role as an inhibitor of fibrinolysis, PAI‑1 has been implicated as a mediator in other processes, including fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, tumor angiogenesis and bacterial infections. It also significantly modulates cellular adhesion or migration, wound healing, angiogenesis and tumor cell metastasis. However, in the present study, we have reviewed the literature in relation to different kidney diseases where PAI-1 regulates fibrinolysis and acts independently of proteolysis. PAI-1 is normally produced in trace amounts in healthy kidneys but is synthesized in a wide variety of both acute and chronic diseased kidneys. We reviewed the role of PAI-1 in diabetic kidney nephropathy, chronic kidney disease, hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and in kidney transplantation. Increased PAI-1 expression results in accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) leading to numerous kidney diseases. Predisposition to some diseases is due to the genetic role of PAI-1 in their development. A number of studies demonstrated that the inhibition of PAI-1 activity or therapy with a mutant PAI-1 increases matrix turnover and reduces glomerulosclerosis by competing with endogenous PAI-1. This strongly suggests that PAI-1 is a valid target in the treatment of fibrotic renal disease. However, net proteolytic activity depends on the delicate balance between its negative regulation by PAI-1 and activation by uPA and tPA. Also, plasmin activated by its inhibitors upregulates activity of other enzymes. Thus, assessment of prognosis for the diseased kidney should include a variety of proteolysis regulators and enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Małgorzewicz
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk 80-211, Poland
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Alptekin NÖ, Üstün K, Yaprak E, Avunduk MC, Ataoğlu T. Immunohistochemical Analysis of CD45RO+ T Cells and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression in Cyclosporin A–Induced Rat Gingival Tissue. J Periodontol 2012; 83:248-55. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2011.110034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Buduneli N, Becerik S, Buduneli E, Baylas H, Kinnby B. Gingival status, crevicular fluid tissue-type plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 levels in pregnancy versus post-partum. Aust Dent J 2010; 55:292-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2010.01237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Emingil G, Afacan B, Tervahartiala T, Töz H, Atilla G, Sorsa T. GCF and serum myeloperoxidase and matrix metalloproteinase-13 levels in renal transplant patients. Arch Oral Biol 2010; 55:719-27. [PMID: 20637451 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM The rationale of this study was to address whether local or systemic changes reflect proteolytic (matrix metalloproteinase-13) or oxidative (myeloperoxidase) stress in renal transplant patients receiving cyclosporine-A (CsA) and having gingival overgrowth (GO), in patients receiving CsA therapy and having no GO and patients receiving tacrolimus therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were collected from sites with (GO+) and without GO (GO-) in CsA patients having GO; GO- sites in CsA patients having no GO; sites from tacrolimus, gingivitis and healthy subjects. GCF and serum myeloperoxidase (MPO) and matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) levels were determined by ELISA. RESULTS GO+ sites in CsA patients having GO had elevated GCF MPO levels than those of CsA patients having no GO, tacrolimus and healthy subjects (p<0.005), but comparable to those of gingivitis. GCF MPO levels were higher in GO+ compared to GO- sites in CsA patients having GO (p<0.05). Patient groups had similar, but higher GCF MMP-13 levels than healthy group. CONCLUSIONS These results show that CsA and tacrolimus therapy have not a significant effect on GCF MPO and MMP-13 levels, and gingival inflammation seems to be the main reason for their elevations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülnur Emingil
- Ege University, School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey.
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Yang SF, Hsieh YS, Tsai CH, Chen YJ, Chang YC. Increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1/tissue type plasminogen activator ratio in oral submucous fibrosis. Oral Dis 2007; 13:234-8. [PMID: 17305628 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2006.01272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Plasminogen activators and their inhibitors are thought to be key participants in the balance of proteolytic and antiproteolytic activities that regulate extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover. However, little is known about the expression of plasminogen/plasmin system at the site of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). METHODS We compared the activities of tissue type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) between fibroblasts derived from normal buccal mucosa and OSF by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Furthermore, arecoline, a major areca nut alkaloid, was challenged with normal buccal mucosal fibroblasts (BMFs) to elucidate whether the activities of t-PA and PAI-1 could be affected by arecoline. RESULTS Both t-PA and PAI-1 were found to be increased in OSF than in BMFs (P < 0.01). In addition, there was a statistically significant difference in PAI-1/t-PA ratio between OSF and BMF (P < 0.01). The addition of arecoline upregulated not only PAI-1, but also t-PA in BMFs (P < 0.05). In addition, the ratio between PAI-1 and t-PA was found to be significantly increased by a linear regression assay (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION These results suggest that OSF caused by areca quid chewing may be the result of an imbalance in the plasminogen/plasmin system, the net result of which is increased deposition of ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-F Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, 110 Section 1 Chien-Kuo N. Road, Taichung, Taiwan
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Buduneli N, Buduneli E, Cinar S, Lappin D, Kinane DF. Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Ki-67 Expression and Apoptosis in Cyclosporin A-Induced Gingival Overgrowth. J Periodontol 2007; 78:282-9. [PMID: 17274717 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2007.060051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was planned to evaluate cell division rate and apoptosis by immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization techniques in cyclosporin A (CsA)-induced gingival overgrowth tissue samples to determine whether these processes played a role in the pathogenesis of this condition. METHODS Fourteen CsA-induced overgrowth tissues from renal transplant recipients, 10 control tissues from patients with plaque-induced gingivitis, and 14 control tissues from systemically and periodontally healthy subjects were evaluated. In patient groups, clinical periodontal recordings and tissue sampling were performed before initiation of any periodontal intervention. Numbers of Ki-67-positive cells/field and apoptotic cells/field in formalin-fixed/paraffin-embedded tissue sections were determined. Data were evaluated by one-way analysis of variance, post hoc Sidak test with modified Bonferroni correction, and Pearson correlation analysis. Three phenytoin- and five nifedipine-induced overgrowth tissues were also processed in the same way, and findings in these tissue specimens were evaluated as case series. RESULTS The number of keratinocytes was significantly greater in the CsA-induced gingival overgrowth group than in the healthy control group (P <0.05). Cells labeled by in situ end labeling, namely the apoptotic cells, were significantly fewer in the CsA group than in the gingivitis and healthy control groups (P <0.01). Overall, statistically significant positive correlations were found between the numbers of Ki-67-positive cells and probing depth and hyperplastic, bleeding, and plaque indices (P <0.01). Phenytoin and nifedipine samples exhibited obviously higher expression of Ki-67-positive cells than the CsA, gingivitis, and healthy control groups. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that decreased apoptosis may have a more prominent role than increased cell division in the pathogenesis of CsA-induced gingival overgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurcan Buduneli
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
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Lin HJ, Tsai CH, Huang FM, Chang YC. The up-regulation of type I plasminogen activator inhibitor in human gingival fibroblasts stimulated with cyclosporin A. J Periodontal Res 2007; 42:39-44. [PMID: 17214638 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2006.00912.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Cyclosporin A is used as an immunosuppressive agent and its prominent side-effect is the induction of fibrous gingival overgrowth. The progression of fibrous gingival overgrowth results from the accumulation of extracellular matrix. Type I plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) acts as the inhibitor of extracellular matrix degradation and is involved in some fibrotic diseases. However, little is known about the correlation between PAI-1 and cyclosporin A-induced gingival overgrowth. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cyclosporin A on the expression of PAI-1 mRNA and protein in human gingival fibroblasts human gingival fibroblasts in vitro and to compare PAI-1 expression in normal healthy gingival tissues and cyclosporin A-induced gingival overgrowth specimens in vivo. MATERIAL AND METHODS Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot assay were used to investigate the effects on human gingival fibroblasts exposed to cyclosporin A. In addition, 10 cyclosporin A-induced gingival overgrowth specimens and five normal gingival tissues were examined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Investigations of the time dependence of PAI-1 mRNA expression in human gingival fibroblasts treated with 200 ng/ml of cyclosporin A revealed a rapid accumulation of the transcript: a significant signal was first detectable after 1 h of exposure and the signal remained elevated throughout the 24-h incubation period (p < 0.05). Cyclosporin A was also found to up-regulate PAI-1 protein in a time-dependent manner (p < 0.05). The PAI-1 staining in gingival tissue was stronger in the cyclosporin A-induced gingival overgrowth group than in the normal gingival group (p < 0.05). In the cyclosporin A-induced gingival overgrowth group, intensive staining for PAI-1 expression was observed mainly in the cytoplasm of fibroblasts, endothelial cells and inflammatory cells. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the up-regulation of PAI-1 may play an important part in the molecular pathogenesis of cyclosporin A-induced gingival overgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-J Lin
- Institute of Stomatology, College of Oral Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Buduneli N, Buduneli E, Kardeşler L, Lappin D, Kinane DF. Plasminogen activator system in smokers and non-smokers with and without periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol 2005; 32:417-24. [PMID: 15811061 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2005.00694.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study assessed levels of plasminogen activator (PA) system proteins in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum of chronic gingivitis, chronic periodontitis patients and periodontally healthy subjects and evaluated how smoking influenced these levels. METHODS Twenty chronic gingivitis; 20 chronic periodontitis patients and 20 periodontally healthy volunteers were consecutively recruited according to the inclusion criteria so that exactly half of the subjects in each category were smokers. GCF samples from four sites together with serum samples were obtained from each subject. GCF levels of tissue type PA (t-PA), urokinase type PA (u-PA), PA inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and PA inhibitor-2 (PAI-2) and serum concentrations of cotinine, u-PA and PAI-1 were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The only statistically significant difference between smokers and non-smokers was a lower GCF PAI-2 concentrations in healthy smokers compared with healthy non-smokers (p<0.01). Gingivitis and periodontitis patients had higher GCF concentrations of PAI-2 than healthy subjects (p<0.002 and p<0.02 respectively). The ratio of u-PA:PAI-1 and t-PA:PAI-1 were significantly higher in GCF of smokers with periodontitis compared with "healthy" smokers, whereas the ratio of t-PA:PAI-2 was significantly lower in smokers with periodontal disease (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS GCF levels of the PA system proteins are increased in chronic gingivitis and periodontitis compared with healthy gingiva. Smoking had only subtle effects on the GCF PA system proteins with the exception of PAI-2, and the balance of activators and inhibitors. These findings suggest one mechanism whereby smoking may exert detrimental effects on the periodontal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurcan Buduneli
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
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