Epidemiology of malocclusion in Argentine children

Prevalence of Orthodontic Malocclusions in Healthy Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review

The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature regarding the prevalence of malocclusion and different orthodontic features in children and adolescents. Methods: The digital databases PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, Open Grey, and Web of Science were searched from inception to November 2021. Epidemiological studies, randomized controlled trials, clinical trials, and comparative studies involving subjects ≤ 18 years old and focusing on the prevalence of malocclusion and different orthodontic features were selected. Articles written in English, Dutch, French, German, Spanish, and Portuguese were included. Three authors independently assessed the eligibility, extracted the data from, and ascertained the quality of the studies. Since all of the included articles were non-randomized, the MINORS tool was used to score the risk of bias. Results: The initial electronic database search identified a total of 6775 articles. After the removal of duplicates, 4646 articles were screened using the title and abstract. A total of 415 full-text articles were assessed, and 123 articles were finally included for qualitative analysis. The range of prevalence of Angle Class I, Class II, and Class III malocclusion was very large, with a mean prevalence of 51.9% (SD 20.7), 23.8% (SD 14.6), and 6.5% (SD 6.5), respectively. As for the prevalence of overjet, reversed overjet, overbite, and open bite, no means were calculated due to the large variation in the definitions, measurements, methodologies, and cut-off points among the studies. The prevalence of anterior crossbite, posterior crossbite, and crossbite with functional shift were 7.8% (SD 6.5), 9.0% (SD 7.34), and 12.2% (SD 7.8), respectively. The prevalence of hypodontia and hyperdontia were reported to be 6.8% (SD 4.2) and 1.8% (SD 1.3), respectively. For impacted teeth, ectopic eruption, and transposition, means of 4.9% (SD 3.7), 5.4% (SD 3.8), and 0.5% (SD 0.5) were found, respectively. Conclusions: There is an urgent need to clearly define orthodontic features and malocclusion traits as well as to reach consensus on the protocols used to quantify them. The large variety in methodological approaches found in the literature makes the data regarding prevalence of malocclusion unreliable.

Orthodontic treatment of a disto-occlusion with and favorable growth pattern

The variety of etiological factors contributing to the development of distal bite various form, as well as the structures that are affected by the disorders determine the deegre of complexity of the malocclusion itself, and thus the choice of therapeutic procedure by which it will be treated. An 11-year-old female patient was diagnosed with this type of malocclusion with a certain degree of presence of other irregularities. After a detailed diagnostic procedure, and determining the type of growth, we approach the therapeutic procedure in two phases. By applying the funcional therapy in the first phase, we correct the vertical growth type, and then in the second phase of therapy using a fixed technique we achieve harmonious intermaxillary relations, an adequate molar and canine Class I relationship as well, thus improving the aesthetics of the patient's face.

Global distribution of malocclusion traits: A systematic review

OBJECTIVE

Considering that the available studies on prevalence of malocclusions are local or national-based, this study aimed to pool data to determine the distribution of malocclusion traits worldwide in mixed and permanent dentitions.

METHODS

An electronic search was conducted using PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar search engines, to retrieve data on malocclusion prevalence for both mixed and permanent dentitions, up to December 2016.

RESULTS

Out of 2,977 retrieved studies, 53 were included. In permanent dentition, the global distributions of Class I, Class II, and Class III malocclusion were 74.7% [31 - 97%], 19.56% [2 - 63%] and 5.93% [1 - 20%], respectively. In mixed dentition, the distributions of these malocclusions were 73% [40 - 96%], 23% [2 - 58%] and 4% [0.7 - 13%]. Regarding vertical malocclusions, the observed deep overbite and open bite were 21.98% and 4.93%, respectively. Posterior crossbite affected 9.39% of the sample. Africans showed the highest prevalence of Class I and open bite in permanent dentition (89% and 8%, respectively), and in mixed dentition (93% and 10%, respectively), while Caucasians showed the highest prevalence of Class II in permanent dentition (23%) and mixed dentition (26%). Class III malocclusion in mixed dentition was highly prevalent among Mongoloids.

CONCLUSION

Worldwide, in mixed and permanent dentitions, Angle Class I malocclusion is more prevalent than Class II, specifically among Africans; the least prevalent was Class III, although higher among Mongoloids in mixed dentition. In vertical dimension, open bite was highest among Mongoloids in mixed dentition. Posterior crossbite was more prevalent in permanent dentition in Europe.

The prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in Omani adolescent population

OBJECTIVE:

To determine the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in a sample of Omani adolescents aged 11–16 years.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The total sample included 854 adolescents with 387 boys and 467 girls between the age of 11 and 16 years with no previous orthodontic treatment history. The study design was cross-sectional. The parameters studied were skeletal relationship, lip competency, teeth impactions, missing teeth, contact point displacement, crowding, spacing, incisors and molars classification, overjet, overbite, crossbite, oral hygiene and caries. The Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) was used to study the need for orthodontic treatment for the total sample.

RESULTS:

There was a high prevalence of Class I jaw relationship (86.2%). About 81.6% of the sample studied had Class I molar relationship and 73.8% had Class I incisors relationship. About 61.4% of the sample had no contact displacement, while 5.2% had contact displacement >4 mm. Severe crowding in the maxilla was found in 2.3% while spacing was found in 24.2%. Around 11% of the sample studied had Class II div 1 incisors relationship, 13.5% Class III and only 1.8% had Class II div 2 incisors relationship. Only 8.6% of the sample studied had an overjet >6 mm while 16.3% had a deep bite and 0.2% had anterior open bite of >4 mm. Teeth impaction was found in 11.7% while permanent missing teeth was present in 1.8%. The results showed that 13.9% had a very great need for treatment while 43.2% of the sample did not need any treatment.

CONCLUSION:

Among the Omani adolescents, there was a high prevalence of Class I jaw relations and Class I molar relationship. The prevalence of malocclusion and treatment need in Omanis shows some variation when compared to other ethnicities.

Prevalence of Malocclusion among Male School Children in Riyadh City

BACKGROUND:

Malocclusion is defined as irregularity of the teeth or a molar relationship between the dental arches beyond the range of what is accepted as normal.

AIM:

To determine the prevalence of malocclusion among male school children aged 12-15 years old in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Five hundred (500) school children in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia with an age of 12-15 years participated in this study. The prevalence of malocclusion among the students was determined using a clinical examination form specially prepared for this study. The required information was collected from each subject, and descriptive statistics were performed.

RESULTS:

The Molar Class I relation involved the highest percentage of the sample (71.2%) while Class II relation involved only 23% which was four times of Class III (5.8%). The maxillary arch crowding was present in 23.2% of the sample which was double than that of spacing. Whereas, the mandibular arch crowding was present in 28% of the sample which was three times more than spacing (8.8%). The open bite was present in 4% of the sample while deep bite was present in 9.6%.

CONCLUSION:

The prevalence of malocclusion involved the highest percentage in Class I in comparison with other malocclusions.

Epidemiology of Malocclusion and Assessment of Orthodontic Treatment Need for Nepalese Children

Objective. To evaluate the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among 12- to 15-year-old schoolchildren in eastern Nepal and compare the findings with those of other populations. Methods. Two thousand seventy-four children (1149 males and 925 females) aged between 12 and 15 years were evaluated. Their orthodontic treatment need was assessed using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Needs (IOTN) (dental health component (DHC)). Angle's classes of malocclusion were also evaluated. Results. The prevalence of classes I, II, and III was 48.50%, 32.68%, and 4.32%, respectively. The IOTN showed that 21.59% had an extreme treatment need, 24.67% had severe treatment need, 24.07% had moderate treatment need, 14.7% had mild treatment need, and 15.02% had no treatment need. Conclusion. Class I malocclusion is the most common, while class III is the least prevalent in eastern Nepal. The majority of the children need orthodontic treatment.

Prevalence and distribution by gender of occlusal characteristics in a sample of Italian secondary school students: a cross-sectional study

The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence and distribution, by gender, of occlusal traits in a sample of Italian students aged 11-14 years (mean 13 +/- 1 years). Using standardized and validated recording criteria, a single operator measured the overjet, overbite, open bite, anterior and posterior crossbites, crowding, coincidence of the upper and lower midlines, and diastema, in 810 secondary school students (53.6 per cent males). Chi-square, t-test statistics, and odds ratios (ORs) with 95 per cent confidence intervals (CI) were used to investigate the relationship between gender and malocclusion characteristic. Logistic regression was used to further analyse the independent association between gender and each outcome measure. Ninety-three per cent of the subjects showed at least one occlusal trait, with one or two anomalies recorded in 63 per cent of children. The prevalence of occlusal traits ranged from 1.1 (negative overjet) to 54 per cent (upper and lower midlines not coincident). Males were more likely than females to show both an increased overbite and an increased overjet, although the latter result was not confirmed by logistic regression (P = 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed a negative association between overbite and misalignment of the lower incisors and lack of coincidence of the upper and lower midlines, whereas subjects with an increased overbite were more likely to have an increased overjet (all P < 0.01). Further studies are required in order to further clarify these findings and to provide accurate estimates of the orthodontic treatment need in Italian adolescents.

Orthodontic treatment demand and need in third and fourth grade schoolchildren

There have been few reports worldwide addressing orthodontic need and demand in children and no recent reports in the United States. The purpose of this study was to examine the orthodontic need and demand in third and fourth grade children (n = 3696). Data including age, sex, race, orthodontic status, socioeconomic status, availability of specialist treatment services, as well as thorough occlusal data, were collected. Orthodontic demand was significantly higher in girls (9.5%) than boys (6.8%), whereas need had the inverse relationship (41.8%, 44.2%, respectively). There were no meaningful differences in age among the demand, need, and no need groups. Demand was greater in white than in black children (11.8% versus 1.2%); however, need was observed to be less in black (35.3%) than in white children (47.2%). Demand was greater in the urban schools (8.9%) than in the rural schools (6.3%), whereas need was found to be similar. There was more demand in the higher socioeconomic groups (11.7%) than in the lower groups (1.8%), whereas need was similar in all the groups. The demand group had a significantly greater number of orthodontists within a radius of up to 5 miles of the school than the need and no need groups. Logistic regression models to examine factors that distinguish the groups show that when demand versus need/no need groups are compared, those students with an increased "risk" of previous treatment are more likely to have more orthodontists nearby, to be in higher socioeconomic groups, and to be female students.

Orthodontic treatment needs in Westmead Hospital Dental Clinical School

One hundred and fifty-four adolescents, 76 female and 78 male consented to take part in this survey. The two authors examined and assessed them for dental aesthetics, malocclusion related features and TMJ related signs. The patients were also questioned about their opinion of dental aesthetics, their interest in having orthodontic treatment and their TMJ symptoms. Only 63 per cent of the adolescents who were considered suitable for orthodontic treatment expressed an interest in wanting treatment. Twenty-seven per cent of patients had signs and/or symptoms of TMJ disturbance. No association was found between individual malocclusion problems and TMJ signs and symptoms. The authors considered 56.5 per cent of the total group for orthodontic treatment, the majority for aesthetic reasons, and placed them into high, medium and low priority groups. Fixed appliance therapy for both arches was the recommended type of treatment for most patients.

Anterior tooth relations in Kenyan Africans

Dental plaster casts of 235 Maasai, 116 Kikuyu and 61 Kalenjin children aged 3-16 yr were studied to determine the incidence and magnitude of diastemas, overbite, overjet and anterior open bite. The highest prevalence of diastema was amongst the Maasai (61.3%), of overbite (84%) and overjet (99%) amongst the Kikuyu, and of anterior open bite amongst Kalenjin (24%), with values greater than 0.4 mm up to 11.5 mm. Comparison of the mean values showed that diastema (1.77 mm) and overjet (4.4 mm) were greatest in Maasai, overbite (3.53 mm) in Kalenjin, and anterior open bite (3.50 mm) in Kikuyu. In the total sample, the prevalence and mean of diastema were 49%, 1.68 mm; of overbite 77.4%, 2.96 mm; of overjet 88.6%, 3.83 mm; and of anterior open bite 16.5%, 2.69 mm (with values between 0.4-11.5 mm), while 5.5% had an edge-to-edge bite (-0.5-0.5 mm). The prevalence of diastema decreased whilst its magnitude increased with age. The mean values of overbite and overjet increased, while those for anterior open bite decreased with age. The mean values of diastema, overbite and overjet were greater amongst the females, but the difference was significant only for overjet. The high prevalence and greater values of measurements of anterior tooth relations may be related to variable growth of the bimaxillary dentoalveolar complex and soft tissue influences. This may be important in orthodontic treatment planning, dental prostheses and other clinical dental treatments in Kenyan populations.