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Saad H, Escoube R, Babajko S, Houari S. Fluoride Intake Through Dental Care Products: A Systematic Review. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:916372. [PMID: 35757442 PMCID: PMC9231728 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.916372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoride (F) is added to many dental care products as well as in drinking water to prevent dental decay. However, recent data associating exposure to F with some developmental defects with consequences in many organs raise concerns about its daily use for dental care. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the contribution of dental care products with regard to overall F intake through drinking water and diet with measurements of F excretion in urine used as a suitable biomarker. According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines using keywords related to chronic exposure to F in the human population with measurements of F levels in body fluids, 1,273 papers published between 1995 and 2021 were screened, and 28 papers were finally included for data extraction concerning daily F intake. The contribution of dental care products, essentially by toothbrushing with kinds of toothpaste containing F, was 38% in the mean regardless of the F concentrations in drinking water. There was no correlation between F intake through toothpaste and age, nor with F levels in water ranging from 0.3 to 1.5 mg/L. There was no correlation between F intake and urinary F excretion levels despite an increase in its content in urine within hours following exposure to dental care products (toothpastes, varnishes, or other dental care products). The consequences of exposure to F on health are discussed in the recent context of its suspected toxicity reported in the literature. The conclusions of the review aim to provide objective messages to patients and dental professionals worried about the use of F-containing materials or products to prevent initial caries or hypomineralized enamel lesions, especially for young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Saad
- Laboratory of Molecular Oral Physiopathology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Dental Medicine Department, Pitié-Salpétrière Hospital, GHN-Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Raphaëlle Escoube
- Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon, UM R5276, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon 46, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvie Babajko
- Laboratory of Molecular Oral Physiopathology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Sylvie Babajko
| | - Sophia Houari
- Laboratory of Molecular Oral Physiopathology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Dental Medicine Department, Pitié-Salpétrière Hospital, GHN-Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Han J, Kiss L, Mei H, Remete AM, Ponikvar-Svet M, Sedgwick DM, Roman R, Fustero S, Moriwaki H, Soloshonok VA. Chemical Aspects of Human and Environmental Overload with Fluorine. Chem Rev 2021; 121:4678-4742. [PMID: 33723999 PMCID: PMC8945431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 100-120 years, due to the ever-increasing importance of fluorine-containing compounds in modern technology and daily life, the explosive development of the fluorochemical industry led to an enormous increase of emission of fluoride ions into the biosphere. This made it more and more important to understand the biological activities, metabolism, degradation, and possible environmental hazards of such substances. This comprehensive and critical review focuses on the effects of fluoride ions and organofluorine compounds (mainly pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals) on human health and the environment. To give a better overview, various connected topics are also discussed: reasons and trends of the advance of fluorine-containing pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, metabolism of fluorinated drugs, withdrawn fluorinated drugs, natural sources of organic and inorganic fluorine compounds in the environment (including the biosphere), sources of fluoride intake, and finally biomarkers of fluoride exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Han
- Jiangsu
Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest
Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Loránd Kiss
- University
of Szeged, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
and Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Eötvös u. 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Haibo Mei
- Jiangsu
Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest
Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Attila Márió Remete
- University
of Szeged, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
and Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Eötvös u. 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Maja Ponikvar-Svet
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry and Technology, Jožef
Stefan Institute, Jamova
cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Daniel Mark Sedgwick
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Universidad
de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia Spain
| | - Raquel Roman
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Universidad
de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia Spain
| | - Santos Fustero
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Universidad
de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia Spain
| | - Hiroki Moriwaki
- Hamari
Chemicals Ltd., 1-19-40, Nankokita, Suminoe-ku, Osaka 559-0034, Japan
| | - Vadim A. Soloshonok
- Department
of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
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Idowu OS, Azevedo LB, Valentine RA, Swan J, Vasantavada PV, Maguire A, Zohoori FV. The use of urinary fluoride excretion to facilitate monitoring fluoride intake: A systematic scoping review. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222260. [PMID: 31509581 PMCID: PMC6738609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a recognised effective and economical agent for dental caries prevention, fluoride has been used in many different fluoridation schemes implemented across the world. Considering the narrow 'dose-gap' between the benefit of caries reduction and the risk of dental fluorosis, it is recommended that fluoride intake is monitored by measuring urinary fluoride excretion. The aim of this scoping review is to map the current literature/evidence on fluoride intake and excretion studies in relation to the study population, settings, type of study design, methodology, and analytical approach. METHODS Embase/Ovid, MEDLINE/Ovid, CINAHL/EBSCO, Scopus/Elsevier were searched for relevant articles until April 2018. Studies were included if they reported intake and excretion of fluoride in healthy humans of all age groups. Findings were explored using a narrative synthesis to summarise studies characteristics and outcome measures. RESULTS Removal of duplicates from the originally 2295 identified records yielded 1093 studies of which 206 articles were included. Only 21.6% of the studies were conducted in children (<8-year-olds). Most studies (38.8%) used drinking water concentration as a proxy for fluoride intake, whereas only 11.7% measured fluoride intake from all sources. Of the 72 studies that measured dietary fluoride intake, only 10 reported the validity of the employed dietary assessment method. Only 14 studies validated the urine sample collection methods. No information on the validity of the employed analytical method was reported by the majority (64.6%) of studies. Only a small proportion (8.7%) of the included studies investigated the association between fluoride intake and excretion. CONCLUSION The findings reveal much variability in terms of conducting the studies and reporting the findings, illustrating a high heterogeneity in data collection across settings and populations. Future studies should provide more detail on sampling technique, measurement protocols (including validation), and on clearly defining the relationship between intake and urinary excretion of fluoride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladipo S. Idowu
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough Tees Valley, United Kingdom
- School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Liane B. Azevedo
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough Tees Valley, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth A. Valentine
- School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Josie Swan
- School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Priyanka V. Vasantavada
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough Tees Valley, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Maguire
- School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Fatemeh V. Zohoori
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough Tees Valley, United Kingdom
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Cantoral A, Luna-Villa LC, Mantilla-Rodriguez AA, Mercado A, Lippert F, Liu Y, Peterson KE, Hu H, Téllez-Rojo MM, Martinez-Mier EA. Fluoride Content in Foods and Beverages From Mexico City Markets and Supermarkets. Food Nutr Bull 2019; 40:514-531. [PMID: 31342782 DOI: 10.1177/0379572119858486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sources of fluoride exposure for Mexicans include foods, beverages, fluoridated salt, and naturally fluoridated water. There are no available data describing fluoride content of foods and beverages consumed in Mexico. OBJECTIVE To measure the content of fluoride in foods and beverages typically consumed and to compare their content to that of those from the United States and the United Kingdom. METHODS Foods and beverages reported as part of the Mexican Health and Nutrition Survey (n = 182) were purchased in the largest supermarket chains and local markets in Mexico City. Samples were analyzed for fluoride, at least in duplicate, using a modification of the hexamethyldisiloxane microdiffusion method. Value contents were compared to those from the US Department of Agriculture and UK fluoride content tables. RESULTS The food groups with the lowest and highest fluoride content were eggs (2.32 µg/100 g) and seafood (371 µg/100 g), respectively. When estimating the amount of fluoride per portion size, the lowest content corresponded to eggs and the highest to fast foods. Meats and sausages, cereals, fast food, sweets and cakes, fruits, dairy products, legumes, and seafood from Mexico presented higher fluoride contents than similar foods from the United States or the United Kingdom. Drinks and eggs from the United States exhibited the highest contents, while this was the case for pasta, soups, and vegetables from the United Kingdom. CONCLUSION The majority of items analyzed contained higher fluoride contents than their US and UK counterparts. Data generated provide the first and largest table on fluoride content, which will be useful for future comparisons and estimations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Cantoral
- CONACYT, Mexico city, Mexico.,Center for Research on Nutrition and Health, National Institute of Public Health, Morelos, Mexico
| | | | - Andres A Mantilla-Rodriguez
- Department of Cardiology, Operative Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Adriana Mercado
- Center for Research on Nutrition and Health, National Institute of Public Health, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Frank Lippert
- Department of Cardiology, Operative Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Karen E Peterson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Howard Hu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Martha M Téllez-Rojo
- Center for Research on Nutrition and Health, National Institute of Public Health, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Esperanza A Martinez-Mier
- Department of Cardiology, Operative Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Limón-Pacheco JH, Jiménez-Córdova MI, Cárdenas-González M, Sánchez Retana IM, Gonsebatt ME, Del Razo LM. Potential Co-exposure to Arsenic and Fluoride and Biomonitoring Equivalents for Mexican Children. Ann Glob Health 2018; 84:257-273. [PMID: 30873793 PMCID: PMC6748235 DOI: 10.29024/aogh.913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mexico is included in the list of countries with concurrent arsenic and fluoride contamination in drinking water. Most of the studies have been carried out in the adult population and very few in the child population. Urinary arsenic and urinary fluoride levels have been accepted as good biomarkers of exposure dose. The Biomonitoring Equivalents (BE) values are useful tools for health assessment using human biomonitoring data in relation to the exposure guidance values, but BE information for children is limited. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of the reported levels of arsenic and fluoride in drinking water, urinary quantification of speciated arsenic (inorganic arsenic and its methylated metabolites), and urinary fluoride levels in child populations. For BE values, urinary arsenic and fluoride concentrations reported in Mexican child populations were revised discussing the influence of factors such as diet, use of dental products, sex, and metabolism. RESULTS Approximately 0.5 and 6 million Mexican children up to 14 years of age drink water with arsenic levels over 10 μg/L and fluoride over 1.5 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, 40% of localities with arsenic levels higher than 10 μg/L also present concurrent fluoride exposure higher than 1.5 mgF/L. BE values based in urinary arsenic of 15 μg/L and urinary fluoride of 1.2 mg/L for the environmentally exposed child population are suggested. CONCLUSIONS An actual risk map of Mexican children exposed to high levels of arsenic, fluoride, and both arsenic and fluoride in drinking water was generated. Mexican normativity for maximum contaminant level for arsenic and fluoride in drinking water should be adjusted and enforced to preserve health. BE should be used in child populations to investigate exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge H Limón-Pacheco
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, MX
| | | | | | - Ilse M Sánchez Retana
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, MX
| | - María E Gonsebatt
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, MX
| | - Luz M Del Razo
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, MX
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Ibiyemi O, Zohoori FV, Valentine RA, Maguire A. Fluoride intake and urinary fluoride excretion in 4- and 8-year-old children living in urban and rural areas of Southwest Nigeria. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2018; 46:482-491. [PMID: 29971814 DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate and compare total daily fluoride intake (TDFI), daily urinary fluoride excretion (DUFE), daily fluoride retention (DFR), fractional urinary fluoride excretion (FUFE) and fractional fluoride retention (FFR) in 4- and 8 year-old Nigerians and explore associations between these outcomes to improve understanding of fluoride metabolism. METHODS Using a cross-sectional observational study, 72 four-year-olds and 72 eight-year-olds were recruited from nursery and primary schools (respectively) in lower and higher water F areas of urban and rural localities in Oyo State, southwest Nigeria. TDFI from diet and toothpaste ingestion was assessed using a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire and visual scale of toothpaste used during toothbrushing. DUFE was measured by collecting a 24-hour urine sample, FUFE estimated as the ratio between DUFE and TDFI, DFR estimated as TDFI-TDFE (where TDFE = DUFE + estimated faecal F excretion (ie TDFI × 10%), and FFR was estimated as [(TDFI-DFR)/TDFI] × 100. Data were analysed using ANOVA with post hoc tests and Student's t tests and strengths of associations between key variables measured. RESULTS Mean (SD) TDFI, DUFE, DFR, FUFE and FFR were 0.137 (0.169) mg/kg bw/d, 0.032 (0.027) mg/kg bw/d, 0.091 (0.147) mg/kg bw/d, 44% (44%) and 46% (44%), respectively, for 4-year-olds. Corresponding values for 8-year-olds (n = 63) were 0.106 (0.130) mg/kg bw/d, 0.022 (0.017) mg/kg bw/d, 0.073 (0.107) mg/kg bw/d, 36% (30%) and 54% (30%), respectively. Dietary contribution to TDFI was 79% and 75% (respectively), for 4- and 8-year-olds. Mean (SD) TDFI from toothpaste ingestion was 0.021 (0.013) mg/kg bw/d in 4-year-olds, 0.014 (0.010) mg/kg bw/d in 8-year-olds (P = .002) but with no differences between areas. Differences in dietary F intake determined the main differences in F exposure between areas. The positive correlation between TDFI and DUFE was weak for 4-year-olds (r = +.29) and strong for 8-year-olds (r = +.64). A strong positive correlation was observed between TDFI and DFR for both age groups: (r) = +.98 for 4-year-olds and (r) = +.99 for 8-year-olds. CONCLUSION Fluoride intake in these 4- and 8-year-old Nigerians was much higher than the "optimal range" of 0.05-0.07 mg/kg bw/d in rural, higher F water areas, with diet as the main contributor. F retention was similar in both age groups, with almost half of TDFI retained in the body. In terms of risk vs benefit for fluorosis and dental caries, this finding should be considered when mitigating against excessive fluoride exposure and planning F-based prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Ibiyemi
- Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - F V Zohoori
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - R A Valentine
- Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - A Maguire
- Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Bhagavatula P, Curtis A, Broffitt B, Weber-Gasparoni K, Warren J, Levy SM. The relationships between fluoride intake levels and fluorosis of late-erupting permanent teeth. J Public Health Dent 2018; 78:165-174. [PMID: 29286185 PMCID: PMC7901719 DOI: 10.1111/jphd.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the relationships between fluoride intake levels and fluorosis of late-erupting permanent teeth. METHODS The current study used information collected from 437 children in the longitudinal Iowa Fluoride Study. Participants' fluoride intake information was collected using questionnaires from birth to age 10 years. Estimated mean daily fluoride intake was categorized into low, moderate, and high intake tertiles for each age interval (2-5, 5-8, and 2-8 years). Bivariate analyses were performed to study the relationships between self-reported fluoride intake levels during three age intervals and dental fluorosis. RESULTS For canines and second molars, the prevalence of mostly mild fluorosis was less than 10% in the lowest fluoride intake tertile and more than 25% in the highest intake tertile. For both first and second premolars, the prevalence in the low and high intake tertiles was approximately 10-15% and 25-40%, respectively. When estimated total daily fluoride intake was 0.04 mg/kg BW during ages 2-8 years, the predicted probability of fluorosis was 16.0%, 20.5%, 21.8%, and 15.4% for canines, 1st and 2nd and premolars and 2nd molars, respectively. We found that an incremental increase in fluoride intake during the age 5- to 8-year interval led to greater odds for development of mostly mild dental fluorosis in late-erupting teeth compared to increases in fluoride intake during other age intervals. CONCLUSIONS Our results clearly show that dental fluorosis prevalence is closely related to fluoride intake levels and that teeth have greater susceptibility to fluoride intake during certain age intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Bhagavatula
- Department of Clinical Services, Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Alexandra Curtis
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Barbara Broffitt
- Department of Preventive & Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Karin Weber-Gasparoni
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - John Warren
- Department of Preventive & Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Steven M Levy
- Department of Preventive & Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Rocha RA, Calatayud M, Devesa V, Vélez D. Evaluation of exposure to fluoride in child population of North Argentina. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:22040-22047. [PMID: 28791514 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride is an important element for humans. It inhibits initiation and progression of dental caries and stimulates bone formation. However, excessive intake may lead to the appearance of dental and/or skeletal fluorosis and a decrease in intellectual coefficient in child populations. This study evaluates exposure to fluoride in the child population of Chaco province (Argentina) by analysis of drinking water, food and its bioaccessible fraction (quantity of fluoride solubilised by gastrointestinal digestion and available for intestinal absorption) and urine as a biomarker of internal dose. The concentration of fluoride in drinking water varied between 0.050 and 4.6 mg L-1, and 80% of the samples exceeded the WHO drinking-water guideline value (1.5 mg L-1). Fluoride concentrations in food ranged between 0.80 and 3.0 mg kg-1 fresh weight (fw), being lower in bioaccessible fraction (0.43-1.9 mg kg-1, fw). On the basis of the consumption data declared for the young child population, fluoride intake varies between 4.1 and 6.5 mg day-1, greater than the level recommended for this age group. Moreover, in some cases, concentrations of fluoride found in urine (0.62-8.9 mg L-1) exceeded those reported in areas with declared fluorosis. All data obtained show the worrying situation of child population in this area of Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Antonio Rocha
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Valencia, Paterna, Spain
| | - Marta Calatayud
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Valencia, Paterna, Spain
| | - Vicenta Devesa
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Valencia, Paterna, Spain
| | - Dinoraz Vélez
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Valencia, Paterna, Spain.
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Zohoori FV, Maguire A. Determining an Upper Reference Value for the Urinary Fluoride-Creatinine Ratio in Healthy Children Younger than 7 Years. Caries Res 2017; 51:283-289. [PMID: 28535503 DOI: 10.1159/000472263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The urinary fluoride/creatinine ratio (UF/Cr) in a spot urine sample could be a useful systemic F exposure monitoring tool. No reference value for UF/Cr currently exists, therefore this study aimed to establish an upper reference value for a UF/Cr, corresponding to excessive systemic F exposure, i.e., >0.07 mg F/kg body weight (b.w.)/day, in children. Subsidiary aims were to examine the relationship between (i) total daily F intake (TDFI) and 24-h urinary F excretion (DUFE); (ii) DUFE and UF/Cr, and (iii) TDFI and UF/Cr. Simultaneously collected TDFI, DUFE, and urinary creatinine (UCr) data in children <7 years were taken from UK studies conducted from 2002 to 2014 in order to calculate UF/Cr (mg/g) for each child. For the 158 children (mean age 5.8 years) included in the data analysis, mean TDFI and DUFE were 0.049 (SD 0.033) and 0.016 (SD 0.008) mg/kg b.w./day, respectively, and the mean UF/Cr was 1.21 (SD 0.61) mg/g. Significant (p < 0.001) positive linear correlations were found between TDFI and DUFE, DUFE and UF/Cr, and TDFI and UF/Cr. The estimated upper reference value for UF/Cr was 1.69 mg/g; this was significantly (p = 0.019) higher than the UF/Cr (1.29) associated with optimal F exposure (0.05-0.07 mg/kg b.w./day). In conclusion, the strong positive correlation between TDFI and UF/Cr confirms the strong association of these 2 F exposure variables and the value of a spot urine sample for prediction of TDFI (i.e., the most important risk factor in determining fluorosis occurrence and severity) in young children. Establishing an estimation of an upper reference value of 1.69 mg/g for UF/Cr in spot urine samples could simplify and facilitate their use as a valuable tool in large epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Vida Zohoori
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
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Omid N, Maguire A, O'Hare WT, Zohoori FV. Total daily fluoride intake and fractional urinary fluoride excretion in 4- to 6-year-old children living in a fluoridated area: weekly variation? Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2016; 45:12-19. [DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Narges Omid
- Health and Social Care Institute; Teesside University; Middlesbrough UK
| | - Anne Maguire
- Centre for Oral Health Research; School of Dental Sciences; Newcastle University; Newcastle-upon-Tyne UK
| | - William T. O'Hare
- School of Science and Engineering; Teesside University; Middlesbrough UK
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Antonijevic E, Mandinic Z, Curcic M, Djukic-Cosic D, Milicevic N, Ivanovic M, Carevic M, Antonijevic B. "Borderline" fluorotic region in Serbia: correlations among fluoride in drinking water, biomarkers of exposure and dental fluorosis in schoolchildren. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2016; 38:885-896. [PMID: 26423526 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-015-9769-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study explores relation between dental fluorosis occurrence in schoolchildren, residents of Ritopek, a small local community near Belgrade, and fluoride exposure via drinking water. Additionally, fluoride levels were determined in children's urine and hair samples, and efforts were made to correlate them with dental fluorosis. Dental fluorosis and caries prevalence were examined in a total of 52 schoolchildren aged 7-15 years (29 boys and 23 girls). Fluoride levels in three types of samples were analyzed using composite fluoride ion-selective electrode. Results showed high prevalence of dental fluorosis (34.6 %) and low prevalence of dental caries (23.1 %, mean DMFT 0.96) among children exposed to wide range of water fluoride levels (0.11-4.14 mg/L, n = 27). About 11 % of water samples exceeded 1.5 mg/L, a drinking-water quality guideline value for fluoride given by the World Health Organization (2006). Fluoride levels in urine and hair samples ranged between 0.07-2.59 (n = 48) and 1.07-19.83 mg/L (n = 33), respectively. Severity of dental fluorosis was positively and linearly correlated with fluoride levels in drinking water (r = 0.79). Fluoride levels in urine and hair were strongly and positively correlated with levels in drinking water (r = 0.92 and 0.94, respectively). Fluoride levels in hair samples appeared to be a potentially promising biomarker of fluoride intake via drinking water on one hand, and severity of dental fluorosis on the other hand. Based on community fluorosis index value of 0.58, dental fluorosis revealed in Ritopek can be considered as "borderline" public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evica Antonijevic
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia.
| | - Zoran Mandinic
- Clinic for Preventive and Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 11, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Marijana Curcic
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia
| | - Danijela Djukic-Cosic
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia
| | - Nemanja Milicevic
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Ivanovic
- Clinic for Preventive and Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 11, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Momir Carevic
- Clinic for Preventive and Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 11, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Biljana Antonijevic
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia
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12
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Zohoori FV, Maguire A. Development of a Database of the Fluoride Content of Selected Drinks and Foods in the UK. Caries Res 2016; 50:331-6. [DOI: 10.1159/000445981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to monitor systemic fluoride (F) intake from foods, drinks and inadvertent toothpaste ingestion in order to minimise the risk of dental fluorosis while maximising caries prevention. In the UK, an F database containing the F content of commercially available foods and drinks was compiled from 518 products analysed using an acid-diffusion method and F-ion-selective electrode. The individual products analysed ranged from <0.01 µg F/100 g for butter/margarine (miscellaneous foods group) to 1,054.20 µg F/100 g for canned sardines (fish group). These findings, along with the wide range of F contents found within the food groups, highlight the need for comprehensive F content labelling of food and drink products.
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13
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Dentifrices for children differentially affect cell viability in vitro. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 21:453-461. [PMID: 27052616 PMCID: PMC5203830 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1813-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Child dentifrices vary in their composition, with possible differential impacts on cells in the oral soft tissue. While cytotoxicity studies have been performed on adult dentifrices, no respective studies have thus far been reported on child dentifrices. Material and methods Seventeen commercial dentifrices for children up to 12 years of age were evaluated with respect to their in vitro cytotoxicity on gingival fibroblasts, oral squamous cell carcinoma HSC-2 cells, and L929 mouse fibroblasts. Proliferation was analyzed and live-dead staining was performed. Results Ten child dentifrices greatly reduced cell viability with LC50 values below 5 %. Four dentifrices showed a moderate cytotoxicity with LC50 values between 5 and 20 %. Three child dentifrices showed almost no cytotoxicity with LC50 values above 95 %. The results of the assays for proliferation and live-dead staining supported these findings. Conclusions The different composition of the child dentifrices translated into a broad spectrum of in vitro cytotoxicity on cells of the oral cavity. Clinical relevance The in vitro data provide the scientific foundation for further in vivo research testing the clinical relevance of the present findings.
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Abstract
The 3-d food diary method (3-d FD) or the 2-d duplicate plate (2-d DP) method have been used to measure dietary fluoride (F) intake by many studies. This study aimed to compare daily dietary F intake (DDFI) estimated by the 3-d FD and 2-d DP methods at group and individual levels. Dietary data for sixty-one healthy children aged 4-6 years were collected using 3-d FD and 2-d DP methods with a 1-week gap between each collection. Food diary data were analysed for F using the Weighed Intake Analysis Software Package, whereas duplicate diets were analysed by an acid diffusion method using an F ion-selective electrode. Paired t test and linear regression were used to compare dietary data at the group and individual levels, respectively. At the group level, mean DDFI was 0·025 (sd 0·016) and 0·028 (sd 0·013) mg/kg body weight (bw) per d estimated by 3-d FD and 2-d DP, respectively. No statistically significant difference (P=0·10) was observed in estimated DDFI by each method at the group level. At an individual level, the agreement in estimating F intake (mg/kg bw per d) using the 3-d FD method compared with the 2-d DP method was within ±0·011 (95 % CI 0·009, 0·013) mg/kg bw per d. At the group level, DDFI data obtained by either the 2-d DP method or the 3-d FD method can be replaced. At an individual level, the typical error and the narrow margin between optimal and excessive F intake suggested that the DDFI data obtained by one method cannot replace the dietary data estimated from the other method.
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15
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Aylward LL, Hays SM, Vezina A, Deveau M, St-Amand A, Nong A. Biomonitoring Equivalents for interpretation of urinary fluoride. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 72:158-67. [PMID: 25863192 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to fluoride is widespread due to its natural occurrence in the environment and addition to drinking water and dental products for the prevention of dental caries. The potential health risks of excess fluoride exposure include aesthetically unacceptable dental fluorosis (tooth mottling) and increased skeletal fragility. Numerous organizations have conducted risk assessments and set guidance values to represent maximum recommended exposure levels as well as recommended adequate intake levels based on potential public health benefits of fluoride exposure. Biomonitoring Equivalents (BEs) are estimates of the average biomarker concentrations corresponding to such exposure guidance values. The literature on daily urinary fluoride excretion rates as a function of daily fluoride exposure was reviewed and BE values corresponding to the available US and Canadian exposure guidance values were derived for fluoride in urine. The derived BE values range from 1.1 to 2.1mg/L (1.2-2.5μg/g creatinine). Concentrations of fluoride in single urinary spot samples from individuals, even under exposure conditions consistent with the exposure guidance values, may vary from the predicted average concentrations by several-fold due to within- and across-individual variation in urinary flow and creatinine excretion rates and due to the rapid elimination kinetics of fluoride. Thus, the BE values are most appropriately applied to screen population central tendency estimates for biomarker concentrations rather than interpretation of individual spot sample concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Aylward
- Summit Toxicology, LLP, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - S M Hays
- Summit Toxicology, LLP, Lyons, CO, USA.
| | - A Vezina
- Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - M Deveau
- Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - A Nong
- Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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16
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Abuhaloob L, Maguire A, Moynihan P. Total daily fluoride intake and the relative contributions of foods, drinks and toothpaste by 3- to 4-year-old children in the Gaza Strip - Palestine. Int J Paediatr Dent 2015; 25:127-35. [PMID: 24738825 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children in Gaza Strip suffer from a high prevalence of dental fluorosis. AIMS To estimate and compare total daily fluoride (F) intake (TDFI) and investigate the relative contributions of different sources of F to TDFI, in 3- to 4-year-old children in Gaza Strip, exposed to low (<0.7 mg/litre), moderate (0.7-1.2 mg/litre) or high (>1.2 mg/litre) F concentrations in tap water. DESIGN A 3-day food diary and samples of tap water, drinks, foods, toothpastes and toothbrushing expectorate were collected from 216 children receiving low (n = 81), moderate (n = 72) or high (n = 63) F concentrations in tap water. F concentration of samples was analysed using an F-ion-selective electrode. TDFI from all sources was estimated. Data were analysed by anova and Tukey's test. RESULTS The mean (±SD) F concentration in low, moderate and high F tap waters was 0.21(±0.15), 0.91(±0.13) and 1.71(±0.35) mg/litre, respectively. Mean (±SD) TDFI was 0.02(±0.01), 0.04(±0.01) and 0.05(±0.03) mg/kg bw/day, respectively (P < 0.0001). Foods made the largest contribution (63.9%) to TDFI. CONCLUSION Total daily fluoride (F) intake increased as F concentration in tap water increased. Foods were the primary source of F. Programmes for monitoring fluoride expose should consider the fluoride concentration of water used for food preparation and local dietary behaviours.
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17
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Heffernan AL, Aylward LL, Samidurai AJ, Davies PSW, Toms LML, Sly PD, Mueller JF. Short term variability in urinary bisphenol A in Australian children. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 68:139-143. [PMID: 24727068 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Used frequently in food contact materials, bisphenol A (BPA) has been studied extensively in recent years, and ubiquitous exposure in the general population has been demonstrated worldwide. Characterizing within- and between-individual variability of BPA concentrations is important for characterizing exposure in biomonitoring studies, and this has been investigated previously in adults, but not in children. The aim of this study was to characterize the short-term variability of BPA in spot urine samples in young children. Children aged ≥2-<4 years (n=25) were recruited from an existing cohort in Queensland, Australia, and donated four spot urine samples each over a two day period. Samples were analysed for total BPA using isotope dilution online solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and concentrations ranged from 0.53 to 74.5 ng/ml, with geometric mean and standard deviation of 2.70 ng/ml and 2.94 ng/ml, respectively. Sex and time of sample collection were not significant predictors of BPA concentration. The between-individual variability was approximately equal to the within-individual variability (ICC=0.51), and this ICC is somewhat higher than previously reported literature values. This may be the result of physiological or behavioural differences between children and adults or of the relatively short exposure window assessed. Using a bootstrapping methodology, a single sample resulted in correct tertile classification approximately 70% of the time. This study suggests that single spot samples obtained from young children provide a reliable characterization of absolute and relative exposure over the short time window studied, but this may not hold true over longer timeframes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Heffernan
- University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia.
| | - L L Aylward
- University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia; Summit Toxicology, LLP, Falls Church, VA, USA.
| | - A J Samidurai
- Children's Nutrition Research Centre, Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia.
| | - P S W Davies
- Children's Nutrition Research Centre, Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia.
| | - L M L Toms
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Clinical Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - P D Sly
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - J F Mueller
- University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia.
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18
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Zohoori FV, Whaley G, Moynihan PJ, Maguire A. Fluoride intake of infants living in non-fluoridated and fluoridated areas. Br Dent J 2014; 216:E3. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2014.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Zohoori FV, Buzalaf MAR, Cardoso CAB, Olympio KPK, Levy FM, Grizzo LT, Mangueira DFB, Sampaio FC, Maguire A. Total fluoride intake and excretion in children up to 4 years of age living in fluoridated and non-fluoridated areas. Eur J Oral Sci 2013; 121:457-64. [DOI: 10.1111/eos.12070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. V. Zohoori
- Health and Social Care Institute; Teesside University; Middlesbrough; UK
| | | | | | | | - F. M. Levy
- Bauru Dental School; University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo; Brazil
| | - L. T. Grizzo
- Bauru Dental School; University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo; Brazil
| | | | - F. C. Sampaio
- Health Sciences Center; Paraíba Federal University; João Pessoa; Brazil
| | - A. Maguire
- Centre for Oral Health Research; School of Dental Sciences; Newcastle University; Newcastle upon Tyne; UK
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20
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Fluoride balance in infants and young children in the UK and its clinical relevance for the dental team. Br Dent J 2013; 214:587-93. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2013.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Fractional urinary fluoride excretion of 6-7-year-old children attending schools in low-fluoride and naturally fluoridated areas in the UK. Br J Nutr 2013; 109:1903-9. [PMID: 22974716 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512003583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
F is an important trace element for bones and teeth. The protective effect of F against dental caries is well established. Urine is the prime vehicle for the excretion of F from the body; however, the relationship between F intake and excretion is complex: the derived fractional urinary F excretion (FUFE) aids understanding of this in different age groups. The present study aimed to investigate the relationships between (1) total daily F intake (TDFI) and daily urinary F excretion (DUFE), and (2) TDFI and FUFE in 6-7-year-olds, recruited in low-F and naturally fluoridated (natural-F) areas in north-east England. TDFI from diet and toothbrushing and DUFE were assessed through F analysis of duplicate dietary plate, toothbrushing expectorate and urine samples using a F-ion-selective electrode. FUFE was calculated as the ratio between DUFE and TDFI. Pearson's correlation and regression analysis were used to investigate the relationship between TDFI and FUFE. A group of thirty-three children completed the study; twenty-one receiving low-F water (0·30 mg F/l) and twelve receiving natural-F water (1·06 mg F/l) at school. The mean TDFI was 0·076 (SD 0·038) and 0·038 (SD 0·027) mg/kg per d for the natural-F and low-F groups, respectively. The mean DUFE was 0·017 (SD 0·007) and 0·012 (SD 0·006) mg/kg per d for the natural-F and low-F groups, respectively. FUFE was lower in the natural-F group (30 %) compared with the low-F group (40 %). Pearson's correlation coefficient for (1) TDFI and DUFE was +0·22 (P= 0·22) and for (2) TDFI and FUFE was − 0·63 (P< 0·001). In conclusion, there was no correlation between TDFI and DUFE. However, there was a statistically significant negative correlation between FUFE and TDFI.
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22
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Heffernan AL, Aylward LL, Toms LML, Eaglesham G, Hobson P, Sly PD, Mueller JF. Age-related trends in urinary excretion of bisphenol A in Australian children and adults: evidence from a pooled sample study using samples of convenience. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2013; 76:1039-1055. [PMID: 24188190 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2013.834856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA or 4,4'-(propane-2,2-diyl)diphenol) is a chemical intermediate in the production of polycarbonate and epoxy resins, and is used in a wide range of applications. BPA has attracted significant attention in the past decade due to its frequency of detection in human populations worldwide, and has demonstrated animal toxicity and potential impact on human health, particularly during critical periods of development. The aim of this study was to perform a preliminary assessment of age-related trends in urinary concentration and to estimate daily excretion of BPA in Australian children (aged >0 to <5 yr) and adults (≥15 to <75 yr). This was achieved using 79 samples pooled by age and gender, created from 868 individual samples of convenience collected as part of routine, community-based pathology testing. Total BPA was analyzed using online solid phase extraction (SPE)-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and detected in all samples with a range of 0.65-265 ng/ml. No significant differences were observed between males and females. A urine flow model was constructed from published values and was used to provide an estimate of daily excretion per unit body weight for each pooled sample. The daily excretion estimates ranged from 26.2 to 18,200 ng/kg-d for children, and from 20.1 to 165 ng/kg-d for adults. Urinary concentrations and estimated excretion rates were inversely associated with age, and estimated daily excretion in infants and young children was significantly higher than in adults (geometric mean: 107 and 47.0 ng/kg-d, respectively). Higher excretion of BPA in children may be explained by their higher food consumption relative to body weight compared to adults and adolescents, and may also reflect alternative exposure pathways and sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Heffernan
- a University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology , Brisbane , Australia
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23
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McGrady MG, Ellwood RP, Maguire A, Goodwin M, Boothman N, Pretty IA. The association between social deprivation and the prevalence and severity of dental caries and fluorosis in populations with and without water fluoridation. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:1122. [PMID: 23272895 PMCID: PMC3543717 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-1122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine the association between social deprivation and the prevalence of caries (including caries lesions restricted to enamel) and enamel fluorosis in areas that are served by either fluoridated or non-fluoridated drinking water using clinical scoring, remote blinded, photographic scoring for caries and fluorosis. The study also aimed to explore the use of remote, blinded methodologies to minimize the effect of examiner bias. METHODS Subjects were male and female lifetime residents aged 11-13 years. Clinical assessments of caries and fluorosis were performed on permanent teeth using ICDAS and blind scoring of standardized photographs of maxillary central incisors using TF Index (with cases for fluorosis defined as TF > 0). RESULTS Data from 1783 subjects were available (910 Newcastle, 873 Manchester). Levels of material deprivation (Index of Multiple Deprivation) were comparable for both populations (Newcastle mean 35.22, range 2.77-78.85; Manchester mean 37.04, range 1.84-84.02). Subjects in the fluoridated population had significantly less caries experience than the non-fluoridated population when assessed by clinical scores or photographic scores across all quintiles of deprivation for white spot lesions: Newcastle mean DMFT 2.94 (clinical); 2.51 (photo), Manchester mean DMFT 4.48 (clinical); 3.44 (photo) and caries into dentine (Newcastle Mean DMFT 0.65 (clinical); 0.58 (photo), Manchester mean DMFT 1.07 (clinical); 0.98 (photo). The only exception being for the least deprived quintile for caries into dentine where there were no significant differences between the cities: Newcastle mean DMFT 0.38 (clinical); 0.36 (photo), Manchester mean DMFT 0.45 (clinical); 0.39 (photo). The odds ratio for white spot caries experience (or worse) in Manchester was 1.9 relative to Newcastle. The odds ratio for caries into dentine in Manchester was 1.8 relative to Newcastle. The odds ratio for developing fluorosis in Newcastle was 3.3 relative to Manchester. CONCLUSIONS Water fluoridation appears to reduce the social class gradient between deprivation and caries experience when considering caries into dentine. However, this was associated with an increased risk of developing mild fluorosis. The use of intra-oral cameras and remote scoring of photographs for caries demonstrated good potential for blinded scoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G McGrady
- School of Dentistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Roger P Ellwood
- Colgate Palmolive Dental Health Unit, Williams House, Lloyd Street North, Manchester, M15 6SE, UK
| | - Anne Maguire
- School of Dental Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, UK
| | - Michaela Goodwin
- Colgate Palmolive Dental Health Unit, Williams House, Lloyd Street North, Manchester, M15 6SE, UK
| | - Nicola Boothman
- Colgate Palmolive Dental Health Unit, Williams House, Lloyd Street North, Manchester, M15 6SE, UK
| | - Iain A Pretty
- Colgate Palmolive Dental Health Unit, Williams House, Lloyd Street North, Manchester, M15 6SE, UK
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Zohoori FV, Duckworth RM, Omid N, O'Hare WT, Maguire A. Fluoridated toothpaste: usage and ingestion of fluoride by 4- to 6-yr-old children in England. Eur J Oral Sci 2012; 120:415-21. [PMID: 22984999 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2012.00984.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fluoridated toothpaste is effective for dental caries control, yet may be a risk factor for dental fluorosis. This study aimed to quantify fluoride ingestion from toothpaste by children and to investigate the effects of age, gender, and social class on the amount of fluoride ingested per toothbrushing session. Sixty-one children, 4-6 yr of age, were recruited: 38 were from low socio-economic (LSE) areas of Newcastle, UK, and 23 were from high socio-economic (HSE) areas of Newcastle, UK. All expectorated saliva, rinse water (if used), and residual toothpaste were collected after brushing at home and were analysed for fluoride. Of the children, 74% and 69% from HSE and LSE areas, respectively, claimed that they brushed twice per day. The mean (SD) weight of toothpaste dispensed was 0.67 (0.36) g. The mean (SD) amount of fluoride ingested per toothbrushing session and per day was 17.0 (14.7) and 29.3 (32.8) μg kg(-1) of body weight, respectively. Daily fluoride intake per kilogram of body weight did not differ significantly between children from LSE and HSE areas. Fluoride intake per toothbrushing session was significantly influenced by weight of toothpaste, its fluoride concentration, and the child's age. Whilst the average amount of toothpaste used per toothbrushing session was more than twice the recommended amount (of 0.25 g), only one child had a daily fluoride intake that exceeded the tolerable upper intake level of 0.1 mg kg(-1) of body weight for this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh V Zohoori
- Health and Social Care Institute, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK.
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25
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Froud R, Eldridge S, Diaz Ordaz K, Marinho VCC, Donner A. Quality of cluster randomized controlled trials in oral health: a systematic review of reports published between 2005 and 2009. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2012; 40 Suppl 1:3-14. [PMID: 22369703 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2011.00660.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the quality of methods and reporting of recently published cluster randomized trials (CRTs) in oral health. METHODS We searched PubMed for CRTs that included at least one oral health-related outcome and were published from 2005 to 2009 inclusive. We developed a list of criteria for assessing trial quality and reporting. This was influenced largely by the extended CONSORT statement for CRTs but also included criteria suggested by other authors. We examined the extent to which trials were consistent with these criteria. RESULTS Twenty-three trials were included in the review. In 15 (65%) trials, clustering had been accounted for in sample size calculations, and in 18 (78%) authors had accounted for clustering in analysis. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were reported for eight (35%) trials; the outcome assessor was reported as having been blinded to allocation in 12 (52%) trials; 17 (74%) described eligibility criteria at individual level, but only nine (39%) described such criteria at cluster level. Sixteen of 20 trials (80%), in which individuals were recruited, reported that individual informed consent was obtained. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the quality of recent CRTs in oral health is relatively high and appears to compare favourably with other fields. However, there remains room for improvement. Authors of future trials should endeavour to ensure sample size calculations and analyses properly account for clustering (and are reported as such), consider the potential for recruitment/identification bias at the design stage, describe the steps taken to avoid this in the final report and report observed ICCs and cluster-level eligibility criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Froud
- Centre for Health Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Whitechapel, London, UK.
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26
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Liu HY, Chen JR, Hung HC, Hsiao SY, Huang ST, Chen HS. Urinary fluoride concentration in children with disabilities following long-term fluoride tablet ingestion. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2011; 32:2441-2448. [PMID: 21820860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2011.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Urine is the most commonly utilized biomarker for fluoride excretion in public health and epidemiological studies. Approximately 30-50% of fluoride is excreted from urine in children. Urinary fluoride excretion reflects the total fluoride intake from multiple sources. After administering fluoride tablets to children with disabilities, urinary fluctuation patterns should be investigated. The purpose of this study was to monitor the short and long term fluctuating patterns of urinary fluoride concentration after fluoride tablets were ingested by children with disabilities. Children with disabilities aged 6-12 years old were selected randomly and were divided into three groups: Group A, 1.0mg fluoride tablet, Group B, 0.5mg fluoride tablet, and Group C, control group. The urine samples were collected in the morning (MU) and 2h after fluoride tablets were ingested (AU). Urine was collected on the day prior to fluoride intake (baseline), the first, the third, the fifth and the eighth day of fluoride ingestion for a short term, and once every 6 months for a total of 18 months for long-term observation. The AU sample showed statistically significantly higher concentrations of urine fluoride than those of the MU samples, and no statistically significant difference was noticed in the MU samples among the three groups. Group A showed the highest urinary fluoride concentration (UFC) among the three groups. UFC increased as ingested fluoride tablet dosage increased, and it returned to the baseline level on the following day and persisted throughout the study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Yueh Liu
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Maguire A, Omid N, Abuhaloob L, Moynihan PJ, Zohoori FV. Fluoride content of Ready-to-Feed (RTF) infant food and drinks in the UK. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2011; 40:26-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2011.00632.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Effect of discontinuation of fluoride intake from water and toothpaste on urinary excretion in young children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 8:2132-41. [PMID: 21776221 PMCID: PMC3138016 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8062132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 06/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As there is no homeostatic mechanism for maintaining circulating fluoride (F) in the human body, the concentration may decrease and increase again when intake is interrupted and re-started. The present study prospectively evaluated this process in children exposed to F intake from water and toothpaste, using F in urine as a biomarker. Eleven children from Ibiá, Brazil (with sub-optimally fluoridated water supply) aged two to four years who regularly used fluoridated toothpaste (1,100 ppm F) took part in the study. Twenty-four-hour urine was collected at baseline (Day 0, F exposure from water and toothpaste) as well as after the interruption of fluoride intake from water and dentifrice (Days 1 to 28) (F interruption) and after fluoride intake from these sources had been re-established (Days 29 to 34) (F re-exposure). Urinary volume was measured, fluoride concentration was determined and the amount of fluoride excreted was calculated and expressed in mg F/day. Urinary fluoride excretion (UFE) during the periods of fluoride exposure, interruption and re-exposure was analyzed using the Wilcoxon test. Mean UFE was 0.25 mg F/day (SD: 0.15) at baseline, dropped to a mean of 0.14 mg F/day during F interruption (SD: 0.07; range: 0.11 to 0.17 mg F/day) and rose to 0.21 (SD: 0.09) and 0.19 (SD: 0.08) following F re-exposure. The difference between baseline UFE and the period of F interruption was statistically significant (p<0.05), while the difference between baseline and the period of F re-exposure was non-significant (p>0.05). The findings suggest that circulating F in the body of young children rapidly decreases in the first 24 hours and again increases very fast after discontinuation and re-exposure of F from water and toothpaste.
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Kobayashi CAN, Belini MR, Italiani FDM, Pauleto ARC, Julianelli de Araújo J, Tessarolli V, Grizzo LT, Pessan JP, Machado MADAM, Buzalaf MAR. Factors influencing fluoride ingestion from dentifrice by children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2011; 39:426-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2011.00615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jiménez-Farfán MD, Hernández-Guerrero JC, Juárez-López LA, Jacinto-Alemán LF, de la Fuente-Hernández J. Fluoride consumption and its impact on oral health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 8:148-60. [PMID: 21318021 PMCID: PMC3037067 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8010148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate caries and dental fluorosis among Mexican preschoolers and school-aged children in a non-endemic zone for fluorosis and to measure its biological indicators. METHODS DMFT, DMFS, dmft, dmfs, and CDI indexes were applied. Fluoride urinary excretion and fluoride concentrations in home water, table salt, bottled water, bottled drinks, and toothpaste were determined. RESULTS Schoolchildren presented fluorosis (CDI = 0.96) and dental caries (DMFT = 2.64 and DMFS = 3.97). Preschoolers presented dmft = 4.85 and dmfs = 8.80. DMFT and DMFS were lower in children with mild to moderate dental fluorosis (DF). Variable fluoride concentrations were found in the analyzed products (home water = 0.18-0.44 ppm F, table salt = 0-485 ppm F, bottled water = 0.18-0.47 ppm F, juices = 0.08-1.42 ppm F, nectars = 0.07-1.30 ppm F, bottled drinks = 0.10-1.70 ppm F, toothpaste = 0-2,053 ppm F). Mean daily fluoride excretion was 422 ± 176 μg/24 h for schoolchildren and 367 ± 150 μg/24 h for preschoolers. CONCLUSIONS Data from our study show that, despite values of excretion within an optimal fluoride intake range, the prevalence of caries was significant in both groups, and 60% of the 11- to 12-year-old children presented with dental fluorosis. In addition, variable fluoride concentrations in products frequently consumed by children were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Dolores Jiménez-Farfán
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, DF, C.P. 04510, Mexico; E-Mails: (M.D.J.-F.); (L.F.J.-A.)
| | - Juan Carlos Hernández-Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, DF, C.P. 04510, Mexico; E-Mails: (M.D.J.-F.); (L.F.J.-A.)
| | - Lilia Adriana Juárez-López
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, DF, C.P. 09230, Mexico; E-Mail: (L.A.J.-L.)
| | - Luis Fernando Jacinto-Alemán
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, DF, C.P. 04510, Mexico; E-Mails: (M.D.J.-F.); (L.F.J.-A.)
| | - Javier de la Fuente-Hernández
- Departamento de Salud Pública Bucal, División de Estudios Profesionales, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, DF, C.P. 04510, Mexico; E-Mail: (J.F.-H.)
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Clarkson J, Watt R, Rugg-Gunn A, Pitiphat W, Ettinger R, Horowitz A, Petersen P, ten Cate J, Vianna R, Ferrillo P, Gugushe T, Siriphant P, Pine C, Buzalaf M, Pessan J, Levy S, Chankanka O, Maki Y, Postma T, Villena R, Wang W, MacEntee M, Shinsho F, Cal E, Rudd R, Schou L, Shin S, Fox C. Proceedings: 9th World Congress on Preventive Dentistry (WCPD) “Community Participation and Global Alliances for Lifelong Oral Health for All,” Phuket, Thailand, September 7—10, 2009. Adv Dent Res 2010; 22:2-30. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034510368756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Clarkson
- Dental School, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R.G. Watt
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London,
United Kingdom
| | - A.J. Rugg-Gunn
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - W. Pitiphat
- Department of Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry,
Khon Kaen University, Thailand
| | - R.L. Ettinger
- Department of Prosthodontics and Dows Institute for
Dental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - A.M. Horowitz
- School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College
Park, USA
| | - P.E. Petersen
- World Health Organization, Global Oral Health Programme,
WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J.M. ten Cate
- Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Academic
Center for Dentistry-Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R. Vianna
- Dental School, Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - P. Ferrillo
- University of the Pacific, Arthur A. Dugoni School of
Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - T.S. Gugushe
- School of Dentistry, University of Limpopo, MEDUNSA
Campus, South Africa
| | - P. Siriphant
- Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Pathum-Thani,
Thailand
| | - C. Pine
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Community Health Practice
and Research, University of Salford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - S. Levy
- University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | | | - Y. Maki
- Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan
| | - T.C. Postma
- Department of Dental Management Sciences, School of
Dentistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - R.S. Villena
- Social Dentistry Department. Peruvian University Cayetano
Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - W.J. Wang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology,
Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - M.I. MacEntee
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - F. Shinsho
- Nankoh Community Dental Health Center, Sayo, Hyogo,
Japan
| | - E. Cal
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Ege
University, Bornova, Turkey
| | - R.E. Rudd
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L. Schou
- Department of Community Dentistry and Faculty of Health
Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S.C. Shin
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Dankook University,
Yongin, Korea
| | - C.H. Fox
- IADR Global Headquarters, Alexandria, VA, USA
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dela Cruz GG, Rozier RG, Bawden JW. Fluoride concentration in dentin of exfoliated primary teeth as a biomarker for cumulative fluoride exposure. Caries Res 2008; 42:419-28. [PMID: 18832828 PMCID: PMC2820337 DOI: 10.1159/000159605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A biomarker for lifetime fluoride exposure would facilitate population-based research and policy making but currently does not exist. This study examined the suitability of primary tooth dentin as a biomarker by comparing dentin fluoride concentration and fluoride exposures. Ninety-nine children's exfoliated primary teeth were collected from 2 fluoridated and 2 fluoride-deficient communities in North Carolina. Coronal dentin was isolated by microdissection and fluoride concentration assayed using the microdiffusion, ion-specific electrode technique. Information on children's fluoride exposures since birth from drinking water, toothpaste, supplements, rinses, food and beverages was collected by a self-reported questionnaire administered to caregivers. Only a small portion of the variance (10%) in incisor dentin fluoride (mean 792, SD 402 mg/kg) was accounted for by the best linear regression model as evaluated by the adjusted R(2). A moderate portion of the variance (60%) of molar dentin fluoride (mean 768, SD 489 mg/kg) was predicted by dietary fluoride supplement exposures, community of residence, and frequent tea consumption. Results for molars suggest that primary tooth dentin concentration may prove to be a satisfactory biomarker for fluoride exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G dela Cruz
- Office of the Army Surgeon General, Falls Church, VA 22041-3258, USA.
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