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Velez-León E, Pacheco-Quito EM, Díaz-Dosque M, Tobar-Almache D. Worldwide Variations in Fluoride Content in Beverages for Infants. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1896. [PMID: 38136098 PMCID: PMC10741400 DOI: 10.3390/children10121896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
In situations where breastfeeding is impractical, milk formulas have emerged as the primary choice for infant nutrition. Numerous global studies have scrutinized the fluoride content in these formulas, uncovering fluctuations in fluoride levels directly associated with the method of preparation. This variability poses a potential risk of elevated fluoride concentrations and, consequently, an increased susceptibility to dental fluorosis in infants. The primary objective of this review is to intricately delineate the fluoride content in dairy formulas and emphasize the variability of these values concerning their reconstitution process. The review's findings reveal that, among the 17 studies assessing fluoride levels in infant formula, milk-based formulas exhibit a range of 0.01-0.92 ppm, with only two studies exceeding 1.30 ppm. Conversely, soy-based formulas demonstrate values ranging from 0.13-1.11 ppm. In conclusion, the observed variability in fluoride levels in infant formulas is ascribed to the choice of the water source employed in the preparation process. This underscores the paramount importance of meticulously adhering to recommendations and guidelines provided by healthcare professionals concerning the utilization of these formulas and their meticulous reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonor Velez-León
- Unidad Académica de Salud y Bienestar, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Cuenca 010105, Ecuador;
- Grupo de Investigación Innovación y Desarrollo Farmacéutico en Odontología, Facultad de Odontología, Jefatura de Investigación e Innovación, Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Cuenca 010105, Ecuador
- Latin American Network of Research on Fluorides and Dental Fluorosis, Cartagena 130009, Colombia; (M.D.-D.); (D.T.-A.)
| | - Edisson-Mauricio Pacheco-Quito
- Unidad Académica de Salud y Bienestar, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Cuenca 010105, Ecuador;
- Grupo de Investigación Innovación y Desarrollo Farmacéutico en Odontología, Facultad de Odontología, Jefatura de Investigación e Innovación, Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Cuenca 010105, Ecuador
- Latin American Network of Research on Fluorides and Dental Fluorosis, Cartagena 130009, Colombia; (M.D.-D.); (D.T.-A.)
| | - Mario Díaz-Dosque
- Latin American Network of Research on Fluorides and Dental Fluorosis, Cartagena 130009, Colombia; (M.D.-D.); (D.T.-A.)
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences (ICOD), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Olivos 943, Independencia, Santiago 8380544, Chile
| | - Daniela Tobar-Almache
- Latin American Network of Research on Fluorides and Dental Fluorosis, Cartagena 130009, Colombia; (M.D.-D.); (D.T.-A.)
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences (ICOD), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Olivos 943, Independencia, Santiago 8380544, Chile
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Satti AS, Muppa R, Kotha RS, Koya S, Kantipudi MJN, Harika CDS. A comparative evaluation of the fluoride content in commercially available infant formulae in India: An in vitro study. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2023; 41:328-334. [PMID: 38235820 DOI: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_462_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT The most critical period for enamel fluorosis to develop is during the early years of life when enamel formation occurs. To minimize the risk of dental fluorosis development, monitoring fluoride intake during teeth development has been suggested. As infant formulae are major source of nutrition in infants, it is important to determine the fluoride content in them in order to monitor the fluoride intake in infants. AIMS To estimate and comparatively evaluate the fluoride content in different commercially available infant formulae in India. METHODOLOGY A total of 16 commercially available infant formulae were collected from local pharma/grocery stores, in which 14 were milk based (Group M) and 2 were soy based (Group S). Fluoride content of the formulae was evaluated using ORION F selective electrode. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED ANOVA test, t-test. RESULTS The mean F values for groups M and S were found to be 0.031 and 0.07 ppm, respectively. Fluoride content of milk-based formulae was significantly lesser (P < 0.001) than soy-based formulae. Daily fluoride intake through the tested formulae was in the range of 0.013 mg and 0.105 mg when calculated following the manufacturer's preparation guidelines. CONCLUSIONS Infant formulae alone were unlikely to be a risk factor for dental fluorosis, but when reconstituted with optimally fluoridated water, they can be a risk factor for the development of dental fluorosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Supriya Satti
- Department of Pediatrics and Preventive Dentistry, SIBAR Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Radhika Muppa
- Department of Pediatrics and Preventive Dentistry, Drs Sudha and Nageswara Rao Siddhartha Institute of Dental Sciences, Krishna, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ravichandra Sekhar Kotha
- Department of Pediatrics and Preventive Dentistry, Drs Sudha and Nageswara Rao Siddhartha Institute of Dental Sciences, Krishna, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Srikanth Koya
- Department of Pediatrics and Preventive Dentistry, Drs Sudha and Nageswara Rao Siddhartha Institute of Dental Sciences, Krishna, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Mrudhula J N Kantipudi
- Department of Pediatrics and Preventive Dentistry, Drs Sudha and Nageswara Rao Siddhartha Institute of Dental Sciences, Krishna, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ch Deepthi Siva Harika
- Department of Pediatrics and Preventive Dentistry, Drs Sudha and Nageswara Rao Siddhartha Institute of Dental Sciences, Krishna, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Çakır A, Şahin TN. Evaluation of the impact of fluoride in drinking water and tea on the enamel of deciduous and permanent teeth. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:565. [PMID: 37574537 PMCID: PMC10423416 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03267-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic fluoride intake is predominantly derived from drinking water and tea. It's been noted that water and tea containing fluoride, within the boundaries set by the World Health Organization, can lessen the prevalence of dental caries. A review of the literature did not uncover any study that has examined the impact of fluoride in bottled drinking water and tea on enamel of deciduous and permanent teeth. Thus, we assessed the effects of fluoride present in seven different brands of bottled water from distinct geographical regions of Turkey, and a type of tea produced and packaged in Turkey, on the enamel of deciduous and permanent teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fluoride analysis was performed on drinking water sourced from seven different regions of Turkey and a brand of tea brewed with these waters. The tea was harvested and packaged in Turkey. The analysis was conducted using an ion-selective electrode. In total, 112 tooth enamel samples (56 deciduous molars and 56 permanent molars) were randomly divided into eight distinct groups. These were kept in water for 15 min and tea for 15 min every day for a month. The eighth group was treated with fluoride gel prior to tea and water applications. The amount of fluoride in the tooth enamel structure was evaluated using an SEM EDX device before and after the experiment. RESULTS Statistically significant differences were found in fluoride content of enamel between water brands and tooth type (deciduous and permanent teeth). Fluoride levels were higher in the enamel of deciduous teeth than in permanent teeth. CONCLUSION Regular exposure of enamel samples to black tea and water led to an increase in fluoride levels in the enamel; thus, regular consumption of black tea and fluoride water could help reduce the prevalence of dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asu Çakır
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Ahmet Keleşoğlu Dentistry, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Yunus Emre Campus, Karaman, Turkey.
| | - Tuğçe Nur Şahin
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Ahmet Keleşoğlu Dentistry, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Yunus Emre Campus, Karaman, Turkey
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Distribution of Dental Fluorosis in the Southern Zone of Ecuador: An Epidemiological Study. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:dj11030071. [PMID: 36975568 PMCID: PMC10047061 DOI: 10.3390/dj11030071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the increase in fluoride exposure has raised the numbers of dental fluorosis in fluoridated and non-fluoridated communities In Ecuador, but the last national epidemiological study on DF was conducted more than a decade ago. The objective of this cross-sectional descriptive study was to determine the prevalence, distribution and severity of dental fluorosis (DF) using the Dean index in 1606 schoolchildren aged 6 to 12 years from urban and rural environments in provinces that make up the Southern Region of Ecuador. Participants met the inclusion criteria which were age, locality, informed consent document and no legal impediment. The results are presented using percentage frequency measures and chi-square associations. The prevalence of dental fluorosis was 50.1% in the areas of Azuay, Cañar and Morona Santiago, with no significant differences (x2 = 5.83, p = 0.054). The types of DF found most frequently were very mild and mild in all provinces; a moderate degree was more prevalent in Cañar (17%). There was no significant association (p > 0.05) between sex and the presence of dental fluorosis and, with respect to severity, the most frequent degree was moderate at the age of 12 years. The prevalence of dental fluorosis in the area evaluated is high, especially in the light and very light degrees, with a tendency toward moderate levels. It is necessary to carry out studies on the factors that are predisposing to the development of this pathology in the population studied. This research is an update regarding this pathology in Ecuador, so it is concluded that it is necessary to continue developing studies based on the findings obtained, thus contributing to the public health of the country.
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Lubojanski A, Piesiak-Panczyszyn D, Zakrzewski W, Dobrzynski W, Szymonowicz M, Rybak Z, Mielan B, Wiglusz RJ, Watras A, Dobrzynski M. The Safety of Fluoride Compounds and Their Effect on the Human Body-A Narrative Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1242. [PMID: 36770248 PMCID: PMC9920376 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride is one of the elements commonly present in the human environment. Due to its characteristics, it is very widely used in medicine, dentistry, industry or agriculture. On the other hand, its universality possesses a real threat to the human body in the form of acute and chronic poisoning. The aim of this paper is to characterize the properties of fluoride and its effects on the human body, as well as the sources of its occurrence. Particular emphasis is placed on the safety of its use and optimal dosage intake, which prevents accumulation and reduces its potential side effects. The positive effect of proper fluoride supply is widely described. In order to avoid overdose, it is best to consult a specialist to properly select the dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Lubojanski
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Preclinical Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dagmara Piesiak-Panczyszyn
- Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Zakrzewski
- Pre-Clinical Research Centre, Wroclaw Medical University, Bujwida 44, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Dobrzynski
- Department of Dentofacial Orthopedics and Orthodontics, Division of Facial Abnormalities, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maria Szymonowicz
- Pre-Clinical Research Centre, Wroclaw Medical University, Bujwida 44, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Rybak
- Pre-Clinical Research Centre, Wroclaw Medical University, Bujwida 44, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Mielan
- Pre-Clinical Research Centre, Wroclaw Medical University, Bujwida 44, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafal J. Wiglusz
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okolna 2, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Adam Watras
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Preclinical Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okolna 2, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Dobrzynski
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Preclinical Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okolna 2, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland
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Saleh Hussein A, Lafzi F, Bayindir S, Toprak M. The selective turn-on recognition of fluoride ions using 5-aryl-rhodanines: colorimetric & fluorescent detection. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2023.114574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Chandio N, John JR, Floyd S, Gibson E, Wong DKY, Levy SM, Heilman JR, Arora A. Fluoride Content of Ready-to-Eat Infant Foods and Drinks in Australia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14087. [PMID: 36360963 PMCID: PMC9655222 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The use of fluoride is effective in preventing dental caries. However, an excessive intake of fluoride leads to dental fluorosis, making it necessary to regularly monitor the fluoride intake especially for infants. There is hitherto a lack of information on fluoride content in infant foods from an Australian perspective. Therefore, this study aims to estimate the amount of fluoride content from a range of commercially available ready-to-eat (RTE) infant foods and drinks available in Australia. Based on an external calibration method, potentiometry involving a fluoride ion selective electrode and a silver|silver chloride reference electrode was conducted to analyse the fluoride content of a total of 326 solid food samples and 49 liquid food samples in this work. Our results showed an overall median (range) fluoride content of 0.16 (0.001-2.8) µg F/g of solid food samples, and 0.020 (0.002-1.2) µg F/mL of liquid food samples. In addition, ~77.5% of the liquid samples revealed a fluoride content < 0.05% µg F/mL. The highest variation of fluoride concentration (0.014-0.92 µg F/g) was found in formulas for ≥6 month-old infants. We have attributed the wide fluoride content variations in ready-to-eat infant foods and drinks to the processing steps, different ingredients and their origins, including water. In general, we found the fluoride content in most of the collected samples from Australian markets to be high and may therefore carry a risk of dental fluorosis. These results highlight the need for parents to receive appropriate information on the fluoride content of ready-to-eat infant food and drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navira Chandio
- Campbelltown Campus, School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- Health Equity Laboratory, Campbelltown, Sydney, NSW 2560, Australia
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - James Rufus John
- Health Equity Laboratory, Campbelltown, Sydney, NSW 2560, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia
- Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Shaan Floyd
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Emily Gibson
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Danny K. Y. Wong
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Steven M. Levy
- College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Judy R. Heilman
- College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Amit Arora
- Campbelltown Campus, School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- Health Equity Laboratory, Campbelltown, Sydney, NSW 2560, Australia
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District and Sydney Dental Hospital, NSW Health, Surry Hills, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
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Solanki YS, Agarwal M, Gupta AB, Gupta S, Shukla P. Fluoride occurrences, health problems, detection, and remediation methods for drinking water: A comprehensive review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150601. [PMID: 34597567 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride contamination has become a considerable threat to our society worldwide. Fluoride in drinking water is primarily due to rich fluoride soil, volcanic activity, forage, grasses and grains, and anthropogenic reasons. World Health Organization has regulated the upper limit for fluoride in drinking water to be 1.5 mg/L while different countries have set their standards according to their circumstances. Excess amounts of fluoride ions in drinking water can cause dental fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis, arthritis, bone damage, osteoporosis, muscular damage, fatigue, joint-related problems, and chronicle issues. In extreme conditions, it could adversely damage the heart, arteries, kidney, liver, endocrine glands, neuron system, and several other delicate parts of a living organism, briefed in the present article. Moreover, a comprehensive scenario for the situations in countries like, China, Canada, Mexico, United States, Yemen, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Iran, Turkey, Australia, and India affected with high fluoride levels in ground water has been described. To analyze the presence of fluoride molecule, out of different detections methods, ion selective and colorimetric method has been adopted for real situation in the field of water application. Also, different methods to remove fluoride from water like reverse osmosis, nano filtration, adsorption, ion-exchange, and precipitation/coagulation with their removal mechanism were highlighted in the review. Moreover, the applicability of the approach with the prospect of country's economic status has been discussed, due to high cost and maintenance the membrane technology is not popular in developing countries like India, Senegal, Tanzania, and Kenya which employ adsorption and coagulation-precipitation for fluoride removal. It is noticeable from literature study that different approaches show unique potential for defluoridation. Some key parameters and mechanistic adaptations which could pave the defluoridation methods to newer horizons have been put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogendra Singh Solanki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Madhu Agarwal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur 302017, India.
| | - A B Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Sanjeev Gupta
- Grasim Industries Limited (Aditya Birla Group), Bharuch, Gujrat 392012, India
| | - Pushkar Shukla
- Grasim Industries Limited (Aditya Birla Group), Bharuch, Gujrat 392012, India
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Abstract
Background: The dentist has a responsibility to provide nutritional counseling and fluoride consumption recommendations. The purpose of this study was to measure and compare the concentrations of fluoride in a large number of alternative milk beverages and bovine milk. Study design: Thirty-three milk alternatives, including 9 diverse types and 11 different brands, were analyzed using a fluoride ion-selective electrode (ISE) and an ISE meter. Fluoride concentrations were then compared among different types and between different brands. Results: Fluoride concentration ranged from 0.01 ppm (Malk® Pure Cashew Milk) to 0.80 ppm (Almond Breeze® Original Unsweetened Almond Milk) with a mean concentration of 0.32 ppm. When compared, bovine whole milk (0.03±0.00 ppm) was found to be significantly lower in fluoride than all samples analyzed except Malk Pure Cashew Milk, Soy Milk Vanilla, Rice Milk, and Pecan Milk. Major differences also existed between the same milk alternative types of different brands. Conclusion: The amount of fluoride varies among different types of milk alternatives and different brands. To ensure that the dental team can provide proper recommendations regarding fluoride use, manufacturers should consider placing fluoride concentrations on nutrition labels.
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Zohoori FV, Maguire A. Development of a Database of the Fluoride Content of Selected Drinks and Foods in the UK. Caries Res 2016; 50:331-6. [DOI: 10.1159/000445981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to monitor systemic fluoride (F) intake from foods, drinks and inadvertent toothpaste ingestion in order to minimise the risk of dental fluorosis while maximising caries prevention. In the UK, an F database containing the F content of commercially available foods and drinks was compiled from 518 products analysed using an acid-diffusion method and F-ion-selective electrode. The individual products analysed ranged from <0.01 µg F/100 g for butter/margarine (miscellaneous foods group) to 1,054.20 µg F/100 g for canned sardines (fish group). These findings, along with the wide range of F contents found within the food groups, highlight the need for comprehensive F content labelling of food and drink products.
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Abstract
AIM To provide a comprehensive report of fluoride concentration in UK infant milks and estimate their contribution to daily fluoride intake. METHODS A total of 60 formula milk products available commercially or within a hospital environment were analysed, along with eight pasteurised cow's milk samples. Formula milk products requiring preparation were reconstituted with fresh Leeds tap water (0.02 ppmF). Fluoride concentration was measured for all products directly using an ion selective electrode after addition of low-level total ionic strength adjustment buffer. RESULTS The overall median fluoride concentration for the 68 infant milks was 0.025 ppmF, with a wide range of 0.002-0.282 ppmF. Analysis revealed variation between composition and manufacturer, in addition to differences between measured and labeled fluoride concentration. Although all products contained low fluoride concentration, the fluoride concentrations for formula milks used within the hospital setting (0.029 ppmF) were statistically higher in comparison to the commercial formula milk (0.016 ppmF) and cow's milk (0.017 ppmF) products. The daily fluoride contribution from infant milks was low; 0.0034 mgF/kg body weight per day was estimated between birth and 6 months of age, further decreasing as intake of infant milk decreased with age. CONCLUSIONS Fluoride concentration of the analysed infant milks is low, providing minimal contribution towards total daily F intake and alone are unlikely to pose a threat for the development of dental fluorosis.
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Nagata ME, Delbem ACB, Kondo KY, de Castro LP, Hall KB, Percinoto C, Aguiar SMHCÁ, Pessan JP. Fluoride concentrations of milk, infant formulae, and soy-based products commercially available in Brazil. J Public Health Dent 2016; 76:129-35. [PMID: 26449642 DOI: 10.1111/jphd.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the fluoride (F) content in commercially available milk formulae in Brazil and to estimate the F intake in children from this source in the first year of life. METHODS Samples of cow's milk (n = 51), infant formulae (n = 15), powdered milk (n = 13), and soy-based products (n = 4) purchased in Araçatuba (Brazil) had their F content measured using an ion-specific electrode, after hexamethyldisiloxane-facilitated diffusion. Powdered milk and infant formulae were reconstituted with deionized water, while ready-to-drink products were analyzed without any dilution. Using average infant body masses and suggested volumes of formula consumption for infants 1-12 months of age, possible F ingestion per body mass was estimated. Data were analyzed by descriptive analysis. RESULTS Mean F content ranged from 0.02 to 2.52 mg/L in all samples. None of the cow's milk provided F intake higher than 0.07 mg/kg. However, two infant formulae, one powdered milk, and one soy-milk led to a daily F intake above the suggested threshold for fluorosis when reconstituted with deionized water. Assuming reconstitution of products with tap water at 0.7 ppm F, two infant formulae, five powdered milk, and four soymilks led to daily F intake ranging from 0.108 to 0.851 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the consumption of some brands of infant formulae, powdered milk, and soy-based milk in the first year of age could increase the risk of dental fluorosis, reinforcing the need for periodic surveillance of the F content of foods and beverages typically consumed by young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Emi Nagata
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, Araçatuba Dental School, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, Araçatuba Dental School, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina Yuri Kondo
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, Araçatuba Dental School, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciene Pereira de Castro
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, Araçatuba Dental School, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Kevin Bruce Hall
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, Araçatuba Dental School, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Célio Percinoto
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, Araçatuba Dental School, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Juliano Pelim Pessan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, Araçatuba Dental School, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
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Zohoori FV, Whaley G, Moynihan PJ, Maguire A. Fluoride intake of infants living in non-fluoridated and fluoridated areas. Br Dent J 2014; 216:E3. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2014.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Fluoride balance in infants and young children in the UK and its clinical relevance for the dental team. Br Dent J 2013; 214:587-93. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2013.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Zohoori FV, Moynihan PJ, Omid N, Abuhaloob L, Maguire A. Impact of water fluoride concentration on the fluoride content of infant foods and drinks requiring preparation with liquids before feeding. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2012; 40:432-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2012.00688.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Narges Omid
- Health & Social Care Institute; Teesside University; Middlesbrough; UK
| | | | - Anne Maguire
- Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences; Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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