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Geier J, Brans R, Weisshaar E, Wagner N, Szliska C, Heratizadeh A, Schubert S. Contact sensitization to benzisothiazolinone: IVDK-data of the years 2002 to 2021. Contact Dermatitis 2023; 88:446-455. [PMID: 36861774 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benzisothiazolinone (BIT; CAS no. 2634-33-5) is used as a biocide in various products, including water-based paints, metalworking fluids, and household products. In recent years, increasing sensitization rates have been observed in Europe. OBJECTIVE To describe a time trend of sensitization to BIT, analyse concomitant reactions, and identify patients with increased risk of BIT sensitization. METHODS Retrospective analysis of data from 26 739 patients patch tested with BIT, sodium salt, 0.1% petrolatum as part of several special test series within the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), 2002 to 2021. RESULTS Positive reactions to BIT were noted in 771 patients (2.9%). Sensitization frequency varied over time and increased in recent years, peaking at 6.5% in 2020. Painters and metalworkers handling metalworking fluids, but not cleaners, had a significantly increased risk of BIT sensitization. From our data, there is no evidence of immunological cross-reactivity between BIT and other isothiazolinones. CONCLUSION The increasing frequency of sensitization justifies adding BIT to the baseline series. More research on the clinical relevance of positive patch test reactions to BIT and the cause for the rising numbers of BIT sensitization is needed. HIGHLIGHTS Frequency of sensitization to BIT has increased in recent years. The increasing frequency of sensitization justifies adding BIT to the baseline series. Painters and metalworkers handling metalworking fluids, but not cleaners, has a significantly increased risk of BIT sensitization. We found no evidence of immunological cross-reactivity between BIT and other isothiazolinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Geier
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), Institute at the University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Lower Saxony Institute of Occupational Dermatology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Richard Brans
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm), University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,Lower Saxony Institute of Occupational Dermatology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Elke Weisshaar
- Unit for Occupational Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Ruprecht-Karls University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicola Wagner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Annice Heratizadeh
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Steffen Schubert
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), Institute at the University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Lower Saxony Institute of Occupational Dermatology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Contact Allergy to Paint and Lacquers. Contact Dermatitis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_78-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Paint and Lacquers. Contact Dermatitis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_78-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Isothiazolinone in Residential Interior Wall Paint: A High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometry Analysis. Dermatitis 2019; 29:332-338. [PMID: 30346324 DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited information regarding isothiazolinone content in residential wall paints in the United States. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of 5 isothiazolinones-methylisothiazolinone (MI), methylchloroisothiazolinone, benzisothiazolinone (BIT), butyl BIT, and octylisothiazolinone-in US residential wall paints. METHODS Forty-seven paints were obtained from retailers in Minneapolis/St Paul, Minnesota. Paint samples were assessed for the presence of the 5 isothiazolinones using high-performance liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometry. RESULTS At least 1 isothiazolinone was detected in all 47 paints. However, no paint contained butyl BIT, and only 1 paint had octylisothiazolinone. The MI and BIT were found in 96% and 94% of the paints, respectively. Methylisothiazolinone ranged in concentration from 17 to 358 ppm, whereas BIT varied from 29 to 1111 ppm. Methylchloroisothiazolinone was found solely in oil-based paints. Isothiazolinones were declared in 15% of Safety Data Sheets but did not correlate with high-performance liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometry. One "preservative-free" paint had BIT at 71.5 ppm. Paint sheen was not statistically associated with BIT or MI concentrations. Unpigmented paints and paints with volatile organic compound claims had significantly lower concentrations of MI, but not BIT. CONCLUSIONS All paints contained at least 1 isothiazolinone. Methylisothiazolinone and BIT were the most common. Safety Data Sheets are insufficient for ascertaining isothiazolinone content in US paints.
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Pai V, Prabhu HS, Khalekhan F, Mathai RT, Shivashankara AR, Jakribettu RP, Bala N, Simon P, Baliga MS. Audit of toxic effects of body paint in the tiger dancers (Hulivesha) of Mangalore, India: an investigational study. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2018; 38:118-124. [PMID: 30501442 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2018.1529036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tiger dancing or Hulivesha, where the volunteers paint their bare body like a tiger and dance in a ritual during the Navarathri festival in Mangalore, India. There are no scientific studies done with the Hulivesha dancers at all, and therefore, we investigated the adverse effects of painting body like a tiger and dancing in the volunteers. OBJECTIVE/AIM In this study, we investigated the clinico-haematological effects of topical application of lead-containing paint and dancing for three consecutive days in these dancers to ascertain the toxic effects of whole body painting and dancing. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a case-control study and was conducted during the Dasara festival in 2013 in the Huliveshadaris (study group) and the accompanying drummers (controls). Clinical, dermatological, and musculoskeletal examination were done before (day 0) and after the three days of the function (day 3). Blood was also collected and examined for alterations in the hematological parameters, lead, antioxidant glutathione, and lipid peroxidation levels. RESULTS The results indicated that the all Hulivesha volunteers had severe musculoskeletal pain, while few also complained of skin reactions (61.6%), headache (25%) and nausea, and vomiting (18.75%). The results also indicated that topical application increased the levels of blood lead, caused a change in the haematological profile, decreased glutathione and increased lipid peroxidation (p < 0.03-0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The results from this study clearly shows that topical application of the acrylic paint increases lead, changes haematological parameters and imparts adverse skin reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Pai
- a Departments of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology , Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore , India
| | | | - Faizan Khalekhan
- c Father Muller Research Centre, Father Muller Charitable Institutions , Mangalore , India
| | - Rashmi Theresa Mathai
- d Department of General Medicine , Father Muller Medical College , Mangalore , India
| | | | | | - Nandakishore Bala
- g Department of Dermatology and Venerology , Father Muller Medical College , Mangalore , India
| | - Paul Simon
- c Father Muller Research Centre, Father Muller Charitable Institutions , Mangalore , India
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Mauro M, Fortina AB, Corradin T, Marino A, Bovenzi M, Filon FL. Sensitization to, and allergic contact dermatitis caused by, colophonium in north-eastern Italy in 1996 to 2016 with a focus on occupational exposures. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 79:303-309. [PMID: 30182476 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colophonium is a natural substance derived from Pineaceae trees. It is used in a wide range of consumer and occupational products because of its tackiness, and is a known sensitizer. OBJECTIVES To analyse the temporal trend of contact allergy to colophonium in north-eastern Italy, and to evaluate the associations with occupations in our geographical area. METHODOLOGY From 1996 to 2016, 27 381 patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis were patch tested in north-eastern Italy. Individual characteristics were documented by use of a standardized questionnaire in 6 departments of dermatology or occupational medicine. RESULTS The overall prevalence of colophonium sensitization was 1.67%; the prevalence was significantly higher in women (1.75%) than in men (1.49%). No significant differences among departments were observed. We found significant associations between colophonium sensitization and being a student (odds ratio [OR] 4.64; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04-20.6), being a farmer or fishermen (OR 3.63; 95%CI: 1.21-10.84), being a housekeeper (OR 2.02; 95%CI: 1.08-3.77), and being retired (OR 2.06; 95%CI: 1.08-3.92). CONCLUSION Our study showed that contact allergy to colophonium is still relevant in north-eastern Italy. The frequency of sensitization has dropped significantly over a period of 10 years, but students and farmers/fishermen still have sensitization prevalences above 3.5%. Our results are in line with European data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Mauro
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Anna Belloni Fortina
- Padua Hospital Internal Medicine Department - DIMED, Paediatric Dermatology Unit, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Teresa Corradin
- Pordenone Hospital - Internal and Specialistic Department, Ospedale Santa Maria degli Angeli, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Alessandro Marino
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Massimo Bovenzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesca Larese Filon
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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Corazza M, Musmeci D, Scuderi V, Bernardi T, Cristofaro D, Borghi A. Occupational systemic allergic dermatitis in a football player sensitized to colophonium. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 79:325-326. [PMID: 30019518 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Corazza
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Dario Musmeci
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valeria Scuderi
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Tatiana Bernardi
- Section of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Dario Cristofaro
- Section of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Borghi
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Vauhkala AR, Pesonen M, Suomela S, Kuuliala O, Suuronen K, Aalto-Korte K. Occupational contact allergy to methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone. Contact Dermatitis 2015; 73:150-6. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Reetta Vauhkala
- Occupational Medicine; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH); FI-00250 Helsinki Finland
- Department of Dermatology; Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUCH); FI-00029 Helsinki Finland
| | - Maria Pesonen
- Occupational Medicine; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH); FI-00250 Helsinki Finland
| | - Sari Suomela
- Occupational Medicine; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH); FI-00250 Helsinki Finland
| | - Outi Kuuliala
- Occupational Medicine; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH); FI-00250 Helsinki Finland
| | - Katri Suuronen
- Occupational Medicine; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH); FI-00250 Helsinki Finland
| | - Kristiina Aalto-Korte
- Occupational Medicine; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH); FI-00250 Helsinki Finland
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Tran N, Pecquet C, Francès C. Dermatite des mains chez le personnel hospitalier : rôle des isothiazolinones des savons hospitaliers. ARCH MAL PROF ENVIRO 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.admp.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Han JS, Jung JM, Lee WJ, Won CH, Jang YJ, Chang SE, Lee MW, Choi JH, Moon KC. Benzoin Spray: Cause of Allergic Contact Dermatitis due to Its Rosin Content. Ann Dermatol 2014; 26:524-5. [PMID: 25143688 PMCID: PMC4135114 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2014.26.4.524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Su Han
- Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Min Jung
- Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Jin Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chong Hyun Won
- Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Ju Jang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Eun Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Woo Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Ho Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kee Chan Moon
- Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Friis UF, Menné T, Flyvholm MA, Bonde JPE, Lepoittevin JP, Le Coz CJ, Johansen JD. Isothiazolinones in commercial products at Danish workplaces. Contact Dermatitis 2014; 71:65-74. [PMID: 24850171 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, a steep increase in the frequency of occupational contact allergy to isothiazolinones has been reported from several European countries. OBJECTIVE To examine the extent and occurrence of isothiazolinones in different types of product at Danish workplaces. METHODS Seven different isothiazolinones were identified in the Dictionary of Contact Allergens: Chemical Structures, Sources, and References from Kanerva's Occupational Dermatitis. By use of the chemical names and Chemical Abstracts Service numbers for these chemicals, information on products registered in the Danish Product Register Database (PROBAS) was obtained. RESULTS All seven isothiazolinones were registered in PROBAS. The top three isothiazolinones registered were: benzisothiazolinone (BIT), registered in 985 products, methylisothiazolinone (MI), registered in 884 products, and methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI)/MI, registered in 611 products. The concentration ranges were 0.01 ppm to 45% for BIT, 0.01 ppm to 10% for MI, and 0.01 ppm to 14.1% for MCI/MI. The most common product type was 'paint and varnish'; five of the seven isothiazolinones were registered in this type of product. CONCLUSION Isothiazolinones are present in multiple products registered for use at workplaces, and may occur in high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik Fischer Friis
- Department of Dermato-Allergology, National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, 2900, Hellerup, Denmark
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Mose AP, Frost S, Öhlund U, Andersen KE. Allergic contact dermatitis from octylisothiazolinone. Contact Dermatitis 2013; 69:49-52. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja P. Mose
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre; Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark; 5000; Odense C; Denmark
| | - Simon Frost
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre; Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark; 5000; Odense C; Denmark
| | - Ulf Öhlund
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre; Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark; 5000; Odense C; Denmark
| | - Klaus E. Andersen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre; Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark; 5000; Odense C; Denmark
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Mose AP, Lundov MD, Zachariae C, Menné T, Veien NK, Laurberg G, Kaaber K, Avnstorp C, Andersen KE, Paulsen E, Mortz CG, Sommerlund M, Danielsen A, Thormann J, Kristensen O, Kristensen B, Andersen BL, Vissing S, Nielsen NH, Johansen JD. Occupational contact dermatitis in painters - an analysis of patch test data from the Danish Contact Dermatitis Group. Contact Dermatitis 2012; 67:293-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2012.02074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ghazavi MK, Johnston GA. An outbreak of occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by 2-N-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one among workers in an adhesive factory. Contact Dermatitis 2011; 64:114-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2010.01838.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wieslander G, Norbäck D. Ocular symptoms, tear film stability, nasal patency, and biomarkers in nasal lavage in indoor painters in relation to emissions from water-based paint. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2010; 83:733-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-010-0552-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Aalto-Korte K, Ackermann L, Henriks-Eckerman ML, Välimaa J, Reinikka-Railo H, Leppänen E, Jolanki R. 1,2-Benzisothiazolin-3-one in disposable polyvinyl chloride gloves for medical use. Contact Dermatitis 2007; 57:365-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2007.01278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Warshaw EM, Ahmed RL, Belsito DV, DeLeo VA, Fowler JF, Maibach HI, Marks JG, Toby Mathias CG, Pratt MD, Rietschel RL, Sasseville D, Storrs FJ, Taylor JS, Zug KA. Contact dermatitis of the hands: Cross-sectional analyses of North American Contact Dermatitis Group Data, 1994-2004. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007; 57:301-14. [PMID: 17553593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2007.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Revised: 03/31/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hand dermatitis, including irritant and allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), is common. OBJECTIVE To evaluate allergens, relevant irritants, sources and occupations associated with hand contact dermatitis using North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) data. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis of 22,025 patients patch tested between 1994 and 2004. RESULTS Hand involvement was found in 6953 patients; 959 had ACD as the only diagnosis. In these 959 patients, the 12 most frequent relevant allergens were quaternium-15 (16.5%), formaldehyde (13.0%), nickel sulfate (12.2%), fragrance mix (11.3%), thiuram mix (10.2%), balsam of Peru (9.6%), carba mix (7.8%), neomycin sulfate (7.7%), bacitracin (7.4%), methyldibromoglutaronitrile/phenoxyethanol 2.0% (7.4%), cobalt chloride (6.5%), and methyldibromoglutaronitrile/phenoxyethanol 2.5% (6.3%). Rubber allergens were most commonly associated with occupation. One third of patients with hand ACD had identifiable relevant irritants. LIMITATIONS Cross-sectional analyses prevent evaluation of causal associations. CONCLUSION In NACDG patients with hand ACD, the most common allergens included preservatives, metals, fragrances, topical antibiotics, and rubber additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Warshaw
- Department of Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA.
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Aalto-Korte K, Alanko K, Henriks-Eckerman ML, Kuuliala O, Jolanki R. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from 2-N-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one. Contact Dermatitis 2007; 56:160-3. [PMID: 17295693 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2007.01033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
2-N-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (OIT) is an antimicrobial agent that is mainly used in industrial settings. The objective of the study was to find the significance of OIT contact allergy at our clinic of occupational dermatology. We looked through our patient material from 1991 for allergic reactions to OIT and analysed the clinical records. We found 8 patients with ordinary allergic reactions to OIT and 1 late reaction. 2 workers in the manufacture of paints had occupational allergic contact dermatitis from OIT in biocides. 2 patients were machinists and 3 were female farmers: in these cases, however, we could not find any exposure. A sewing machine operator had patch test reactions to 2 of her mattress textiles, and chemical analysis of them showed 40-50 parts per million OIT. In conclusion, OIT is a rare sensitizer, and its contact allergies occur mainly in paint manufacturing. It is infrequently used in metal-working fluids and possibly sensitizes machinists. Although it is also used in some biocides recommended for use in the textile industry, there are no previous reports of contact allergy in this field. Our sewing machine operator with OIT contact allergy had probably been sensitized from mattress textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Aalto-Korte
- Control of Hypersensitivity Diseases Team, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), Helsinki FI-00250, Finland.
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Kaukiainen A, Riala R, Martikainen R, Estlander T, Susitaival P, Aalto-Korte K. Chemical exposure and symptoms of hand dermatitis in construction painters. Contact Dermatitis 2005; 53:14-21. [PMID: 15982226 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-1873.2005.00618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the prevalence of hand dermatitis in construction painting are rare. Our aim was to study the painters' chemical exposure and the prevalence of self-reported skin symptoms on hands and forearms. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted on 1000 Finnish male construction painters and 1000 carpenters (response rates 60.6% and 60.4%, respectively). We used 2 definitions for symptom-based hand dermatitis (liberal > or = 2 symptoms and strict criteria > or = 3) and logistic regression analysis, adjusted with age and atopy. Painters reported more symptoms of hand dermatitis than carpenters (12-month prevalence 22.5% and 14.2%, P < 0.05; strict criteria 13.3% and 6.4%, P < 0.05). A dose-response relationship was found for reporting symptoms and exposure to several solvent-based (SB) and water-based (WB) products. When exposure was combined into 1 variable, daily use of SB epoxy/urethane paints (OR 5.3, 95% CI 2.2-12.9; strict criteria 6.8, 2.3-19.9) and WB putties/plasters (1.9, 1.2-3.0; strict criteria 2.0, 1.1-3.9) were associated with hand dermatitis, whereas using only WB paints was not a risk factor. In conclusion, painters reported significantly more symptoms of hand dermatitis than carpenters. Putties/plasters emerged as a risk factor for dermatitis in construction painting.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Confidence Intervals
- Construction Materials/adverse effects
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/diagnosis
- Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/epidemiology
- Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/etiology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/complications
- Dermatitis, Atopic/epidemiology
- Dermatitis, Irritant/diagnosis
- Dermatitis, Irritant/epidemiology
- Dermatitis, Irritant/etiology
- Dermatitis, Occupational/diagnosis
- Dermatitis, Occupational/epidemiology
- Dermatitis, Occupational/etiology
- Finland/epidemiology
- Hand Dermatoses/chemically induced
- Hand Dermatoses/diagnosis
- Hand Dermatoses/epidemiology
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Odds Ratio
- Paint/adverse effects
- Surveys and Questionnaires
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Kaukiainen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), Department of Occupational Medicine, Helsinki, Finland.
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Krob HA, Fleischer AB, D'Agostino R, Haverstock CL, Feldman S. Prevalence and relevance of contact dermatitis allergens: a meta-analysis of 15 years of published T.R.U.E. test data. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005; 51:349-53. [PMID: 15337975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2003.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The patch test procedure is frequently employed to help determine or confirm the cause of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). The T.R.U.E. Test has become a global standard and is the commercially available patch test system currently used within the United States. Although many studies report T.R.U.E. Test data, none has measured the overall prevalence and relevance of reactions to the allergens tested by the T.R.U.E. Test. Our objective is to describe the prevalence and relevance of contact dermatitis allergens as tested by the T.R.U.E. Test. METHODS We conducted a search of the MEDLINE database from 1966 to June 2000 for all publications on the use of the T.R.U.E. Test in the clinical evaluation of ACD in human subjects. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. For each study, we identified and recorded the number of subjects tested, the number of patients with positive reactions, and the number with relevant reactions. Data were analyzed using the SAS system (Cary, NC). RESULTS Ours is the first study to compile the entire corpus of published T.R.U.E. Test data and to examine these data using meta-analytic techniques. The meta-analysis shows that nickel (14.7% of tested patients), thimerosal (5.0%), cobalt (4.8%), fragrance mix (3.4%), and balsam of Peru (3.0%) are the most prevalent allergens. The 5 least prevalent allergens are paraben mix (0.5%), black rubber mix (0.6%), quaternium-15 (0.6%), quinoline mix (0.7%), and caine mix (0.7%). By contrast, North American Contact Dermatitis Data Group (NACDG) data show that the 5 most prevalent allergens are nickel (14.3%), fragrance mix (14%), neomycin (11.6%), balsam of Peru (10.4%), and thimerosal (10.4%). NACDG data indicate that the prevalence of allergy to cobalt is 9.2%. In order to assess the clinical importance of T.R.U.E. Test allergens, we employ the Significance-Prevalence Index Number (SPIN). Based on SPIN, the most clinically important allergens tested by the T.R.U.E. Test are nickel (SPIN=894), cobalt (266), fragrance mix (158), colophony (141), and thiuram mix (138). CONCLUSIONS Our results identify the prevalence of common contact dermatitis allergens as tested by the T.R.U.E. Test and are in general agreement with previously published reports using other patch test methods. Over 3700 allergens have been identified as causing ACD, of which the T.R.U.E. Test tests only 23. Thus, the T.R.U.E. Test is a screening test at best. Comparison with NACDG data suggests that clinically important allergens may be missed by the T.R.U.E. Test.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Alexander Krob
- Department of Dermatology,Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1071, USA
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23
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Abstract
Hand dermatitis is a common skin condition that often has a chronic and/or relapsing clinical course. Several clinical forms of hand dermatitis have been described, including contact (i.e., allergic and irritant), hyperkeratotic (i.e., psoriasiform or tylotic), frictional, nummular, atopic, pompholyx (i.e., dyshidrosis), and chronic vesicular hand dermatitis. In the present review, therapeutic options for these types of hand dermatitis are discussed in detail, focusing on treatments for recalcitrant hand dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Warshaw
- Dermatology Department, University of Minnesota and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, 55417, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Because hand eczema and fragrance allergy are common both among patients and in the general population, simultaneous occurrence by chance must be expected. Fragrances are ubiquitous and a part of many domestic and occupational products intended for hand exposure. The present review is based on a systematic literature research using both a manual and a Medline based search. The search identified 39 studies, including epidemiological patch test studies, general population patch test studies, case studies, and studies of occupational groups. The published data indicate a possible association between fragrance allergy and hand eczema. In future studies, a more detailed exposure assessment is needed, combined with patch test studies among patients with hand eczema tested with relevant fragrance allergens, as well as experimental control exposure studies to specific fragrance allergens on the hands. As exposures to fragrances on the hands are often simultaneous exposures to irritants, this combined exposure approach needs to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Heydorn
- Department of Dermatology, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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25
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Reinhard E, Waeber R, Niederer M, Maurer T, Maly P, Scherer S. Preservation of products with MCI/MI in Switzerland. Contact Dermatitis 2001; 45:257-64. [PMID: 11722483 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0536.2001.450501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Preservation of products with the combination of 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolinone (methylchloroisothiazolinone, MCI) and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolinone (methylisothiazolinone, MI), commercialized as Kathon CG or WT, is widely used. Allergic contact dermatitis reactions to the preservative have been described in many publications of epidemiological studies. In addition, a number of allergic, airborne reactions to MCI/MI were observed in recent years. The aim of the presented study was: (i) to compare epidemiological data of MCI/MI with data of other preservatives; (ii) to estimate the possible exposure to MCI/MI from commercial products and the distribution of MCI/MI in chemical products based on a product evaluation of the chemical product register of the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health; (iii) to estimate the exposure to MCI/MI, volatile organic chemicals (VOC) and glycols from freshly painted walls; (iv) to compare the contact allergenic potential of MCI/MI with other preservatives. It was found that the number of registered chemical products, unambiguously identifiable as containing MCI increased from 3644 products in July 1999 to 4843 products in April 2001 in Switzerland. It is estimated that today, the total number of chemical products preserved with MCI/MI on the Swiss market is about 6000. A further increase is to be expected. The contact allergenic potential of MCI/MI seems to be higher than for other preservatives. Measurements of MCI/MI concentrations in air samples of freshly painted rooms have shown that the concentration of MCI/MI in the air a few days after painting may be high enough to elicit airborne reactions in already-sensitized patients. In a single case, reactions to MCI/MI were observed over months after wall painting. In this case, both wall paint and plaster contained MCI (40 and 46 ppm). Volatile organic chemicals (VOC) may also be relevant for the elicitation of airborne reactions. In 1/3 of the measurements, the VOC concentrations measured within 14 days after painting were in a range within which sensory irritation and discomfort may be induced. Declaration of MCI/MI-containing products, replacement of MCI/MI by alternative preservatives or the separate use of preservatives in industrial products and in cosmetics might reduce the risk of airborne reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Reinhard
- Swiss Federal Office of Public Health, Bern, Switzerland
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26
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Abstract
Colophony is a complex mixture of over 100 compounds derived from pine trees. It has countless applications at home and at work and exposure to colophony and modified-colophony is universal. It is the oxidation products of unmodified and modified colophony and some of the new resin acids synthesized during modification that are the principle allergens in colophony. The neutral fraction may account for a small % of positive reactions. When screening for allergy using unmodified gum rosin, allergy to modified rosin will not be revealed. When patients react to both materials, it is probably due to unmodified colophony present in both, rather than a cross-reaction. Relevant positive reactions may be missed if only colophony 20% pet is relied upon as the screening material.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Downs
- Department of Dermatology, Bristol Royal Infirmary, UK
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27
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Fewings J, Menné T. An update of the risk assessment for methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI) with focus on rinse-off products. Contact Dermatitis 1999; 41:1-13. [PMID: 10416701 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1999.tb06200.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI) has been widely used during the last 20 years for the preservation of aqueous systems in cosmetics, toiletries and in various industrial applications. MCI/MI has a broad spectrum of activity against fungi and bacteria at very low concentrations. The allergic contact potential of MCI/MI has been known for many years. This paper provides a review of pre-clinical and clinical experimental studies as well as experience from dermatology clinics worldwide. This forms the basis for an update of the risk assessment for the use of MCI/MI in rinse-off products. The scientific data indicate that the actual sensitization rate observed with a contact allergen is extremely dependent on dose and type of exposure. This review of the data leads to the conclusion that, under normal use conditions, within the current permitted/ recommended use concentrations for MCI/MI of up to 15ppm, the risk of primary sensitization from the use of rinse-off products is negligible, and elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis in MCI/MI-sensitized individuals rare, after exposure to MCI/MI-preserved rinse-off products.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fewings
- Department of Dermatology, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, Denmark
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28
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Ayadi M, Martin P. Pulpitis of the fingers from a shoe glue containing 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT). Contact Dermatitis 1999; 40:115-6. [PMID: 10048662 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1999.tb06006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Ayadi
- Inspection Médicale du Travail, Sfax, Tunisia
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Gruvberger B, Bruze M, Almgren G. Occupational dermatoses in a plant producing binders for paints and glues. Contact Dermatitis 1998; 38:71-7. [PMID: 9506218 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1998.tb05656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A survey of occupational dermatoses, based on a questionnaire, clinical examination and patch testing, was carried out among present and former employees in a plant producing binders for glues and paints. The binders are chemically based on vinyl acetate and/or acrylates. Preservatives are needed and those based on methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI) are the most commonly used. The questionnaire was answered by 83 out of 85 present employees (97.6%) and 12 out of 15 former employees (80.0%). 76 of the present (89.4%) and 11 of the former employees (73.3%), respectively, participated in the clinical examination and patch testing, which was conducted with a standard test series and chemicals from the work environment. Occupational dermatosis was diagnosed in 22 present workers (28.9%). Irritant and allergic contact dermatitis was demonstrated in 9 (11.8%) and 13 (17.1%) employees, respectively. Occupational contact allergy to acrylates and formaldehyde was detected in 3 workers and 1 worker, respectively. 12 individuals (9 present and 3 former production workers) had an occupational contact allergy to MCI/MI. 4 of the present workers had spilled Kathon LX on their skin resulting in chemical burns and allergic contact dermatitis. In total, the figure for occupational skin diseases among all present production workers was 40.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gruvberger
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- D Koh
- Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gebhardt
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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32
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Chapter III: Preventive activities. General aspects and the efficacy of emollients and moisturizers. Contact Dermatitis 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1996.tb06259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
To estimate the occurrence of skin symptoms and the prevalence of contact allergy to occupational allergens, 84 male woodwork teachers were interviewed, clinically examined and patch tested. The tests included a supplemented European standard series and acetone extracts of wood dust of pine, spruce, juniper and birch. In addition, 10 colophony-allergic volunteers were tested with dilution series of wood dust extracts. Major colophony compounds in the dust extracts were analyzed with gas chromatography. We found a high 1-year period prevalence of generally mild hand eczema: 19%. Contact allergy was diagnosed to several allergens in the working environment, e.g., benzisothiazolin-3-one, nickel, formaldehyde and colophony. A clear relationship between patch test reactions to colophony and to coniferous woods, especially pine, was found. Exposure to wood dust at work caused dermatitis in a colophony-sensitized teacher.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Meding
- Department of Occupational Dermatology, National Institute of Occupational Health, Solna, Sweden
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34
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Wieslander G, Janson C, Norbäck D, Björnsson E, Stålenheim G, Edling C. Occupational exposure to water-based paints and self-reported asthma, lower airway symptoms, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and lung function. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1994; 66:261-7. [PMID: 7843837 DOI: 10.1007/bf00454365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The associations between occupational exposure to water-based paints and the prevalence of self-reported asthma, other lower airway symptoms, bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR), and lung function were studied in house painters. Symptom prevalences were obtained from a self-administered questionnaire sent to 415 male painters during 1989-1992. Clinical investigations were carried out in three selected groups: 23 painters with asthmatic symptoms, nine painters with other lower airway symptoms, and 12 painters without airway symptoms. The clinical studies included lung function test, methacholine provocation test, and occurrence of atopy, confirmed by skin prick test to common allergens. In addition, a group of 18 young male painters with no occupational exposure to solvent-based paints were followed with dynamic spirometry before and after a workshift, when only water-based paints were used. The prevalence of self-reported asthma (7%) was somewhat, but not statistically, increased compared to an industrial population without exposure to water-based paints or other airway irritants. A decrease in FEV1 and FVC during the workday was observed in the young painters. In the clinical studies the painters exhibited increased BHR compared to the referents and a decreased FEV1. The number of years working as a painter was related to a decrease in FEV1, which was most pronounced in subjects with atopy who also reported lower airway symptoms in relation to the degree of work with water-based paints, but not to the degree of use of solvent-based paints. Our results indicate that house painters have an increased risk of airway problems.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wieslander
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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