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Occupational contact allergy in bricklayers, tile setters etc. - Current spectrum of sensitization and recent time trends. Allergol Select 2017; 1:127-140. [PMID: 30402611 PMCID: PMC6040008 DOI: 10.5414/alx01593e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Occupational exposure of bricklayers, construction workers, tile setters etc. has changed during the last years. For some years now, all manually handled cement in the European Union and in Switzerland is chromate-reduced. Epoxy resin systems are being used in more and more fields of application. Improved worker’s protection, especially wearing protective gloves, is promoted. These changes influence the spectrum of occupational contact sensitization. Objective: Description of the current allergen spectrum in patients working in the building trade who suffer from occupational contact dermatitis. Material and methods: Retrospective analysis of data of the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), 2009 – 2011. Results: During the study period, 245 bricklayers, construction workers, tile setters etc. with occupational dermatitis have been patch tested. Potassium dichromate was the most frequent allergen, yielding 15.1% positive reactions, followed by epoxy resin with 13.7% positive reactions. Beyond that, there were 8 additional components of epoxy resin systems (5 reactive diluents and 3 amine hardeners), as well as 9 rubber ingredients, mainly thiurams, among the 30 most frequent allergens. In the course of time, a decline of chromate sensitization could be noted, paralleled by a decline of cobalt sensitization. In contrast, sensitization to epoxy resin has increased. Conclusion: Thanks to the usage of chromate-reduced cement, chromate sensitization continues to decline in the building trade. The increase of epoxy resin sensitization must prompt intensified prevention efforts. When recommending protective gloves, thiuram-free products should be preferred. The most important allergens are covered by the following test series recommended by the German Contact Dermatitis Research Group (DKG): DKG baseline series, DKG test series “building trade”, DKG rubber series.
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Geier J, Lessmann H, Hillen U, Skudlik C, Jappe U. Sensitization to reactive diluents and hardeners in epoxy resin systems. IVDK data 2002-2011. Part II: concomitant reactions. Contact Dermatitis 2015; 74:94-101. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Geier
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology; University of Göttingen; 37075 Göttingen Germany
| | - Holger Lessmann
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology; University of Göttingen; 37075 Göttingen Germany
| | - Uwe Hillen
- Department of Dermatology; University of Essen; 45122 Essen Germany
| | - Christoph Skudlik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine, and Health Theory; University of Osnabrück; 49069 Osnabrück Germany
| | - Uta Jappe
- Department of Dermatology; University of Heidelberg; 69115 Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Dermatology; University of Lübeck; 23538 Lübeck Germany
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Allergology; Research Centre Borstel, Airway Research Centre North, Member of the German Centre for Lung Research; 23845 Borstel Germany
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Geier J, Lessmann H, Hillen U, Skudlik C, Jappe U. Sensitization to reactive diluents and hardeners in epoxy resin systems. IVDK data 2002-2011. Part I: reaction frequencies. Contact Dermatitis 2015; 74:83-93. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Geier
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology; University of Göttingen; 37075 Göttingen Germany
| | - Holger Lessmann
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology; University of Göttingen; 37075 Göttingen Germany
| | - Uwe Hillen
- Department of Dermatology; University of Essen; 45122 Essen Germany
| | - Christoph Skudlik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine, and Health Theory; University of Osnabrück; 49069 Osnabrück Germany
| | - Uta Jappe
- Department of Dermatology; University of Heidelberg; 69115 Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Dermatology; University of Lübeck; 23538 Lübeck Germany
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Allergology; Research Centre Borstel, Airway Research Centre North, Member of the German Centre for Lung Research; 23845 Borstel Germany
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Wong CL, Ghassabian S, Smith MT, Lam AL. In vitro methods for hazard assessment of industrial chemicals - opportunities and challenges. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:94. [PMID: 25999858 PMCID: PMC4419653 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a delayed-type hypersensitivity immune reaction mediated by T-lymphocytes as a result of repeated exposure of an allergen primarily on skin. ACD accounts for up to 95% of occupational skin diseases, with epoxy resins implicated as one of the most common causes of ACD. Efficient high-throughput in vitro screening for accurate identification of compounds and materials that may pose hazardous risks in the workplace is crucial. At present, the murine local lymph node assay is the 'method of choice' for predicting the sensitizing potency of contact allergens. As the 3Rs principles of reduction, refinement, and replacement in animal testing has gained political and economic momentum, several in vitro screening methods have been developed for identifying potential contact allergens. To date, these latter methods have been utilized primarily to assess the skin sensitizing potential of the chemical components of cosmetic products with scant research attention as to the applicability of these methods to industrial chemicals, particularly epoxy resins. Herein we review the currently utilized in vitro methods and identify the knowledge gaps with regard to assessing the generalizability of in vitro screening methods for assessing the skin sensitizing potential of industrial chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Lin Wong
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, The University of QueenslandSt Lucia, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of QueenslandWoolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Sussan Ghassabian
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, The University of QueenslandSt Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Maree T. Smith
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, The University of QueenslandSt Lucia, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of QueenslandWoolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Ai-Leen Lam
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, The University of QueenslandSt Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Aalto-Korte K, Kuuliala O, Henriks-Eckerman ML, Suuronen K. Contact allergy to reactive diluents and related aliphatic epoxy resins. Contact Dermatitis 2015; 72:387-97. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Aalto-Korte
- Occupational Medicine; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH); 00250 Helsinki Finland
| | - Outi Kuuliala
- Occupational Medicine; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH); 00250 Helsinki Finland
| | | | - Katri Suuronen
- Occupational Medicine; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH); 00250 Helsinki Finland
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O’Boyle NM, Niklasson IB, Tehrani-Bagha AR, Delaine T, Holmberg K, Luthman K, Karlberg AT. Epoxy Resin Monomers with Reduced Skin Sensitizing Potency. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1002-10. [DOI: 10.1021/tx5000624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niamh M. O’Boyle
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ida B. Niklasson
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ali R. Tehrani-Bagha
- Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Applied Surface Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tamara Delaine
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Krister Holmberg
- Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Applied Surface Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Luthman
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Malinauskiene L, Zimerson E, Bruze M, Ryberg K, Isaksson M. Sensitizing capacity of Disperse Orange 1 and its potential metabolites from azo reduction and their cross-reactivity pattern. Contact Dermatitis 2013; 69:40-8. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik Zimerson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology; Lund University, Skåne University Hospital; Malmö; SE-20502; Sweden
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology; Lund University, Skåne University Hospital; Malmö; SE-20502; Sweden
| | | | - Marlene Isaksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology; Lund University, Skåne University Hospital; Malmö; SE-20502; Sweden
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O'Boyle NM, Delaine T, Luthman K, Natsch A, Karlberg AT. Analogues of the Epoxy Resin Monomer Diglycidyl Ether of Bisphenol F: Effects on Contact Allergenic Potency and Cytotoxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:2469-78. [DOI: 10.1021/tx300305k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niamh M. O'Boyle
- Department of Chemistry and
Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tamara Delaine
- Department of Chemistry and
Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Luthman
- Department of Chemistry and
Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andreas Natsch
- Givaudan Schweiz AG, Ueberlandstrasse 138, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and
Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Majasuo S, Liippo J, Lammintausta K. Non-occupational contact sensitization to epoxy resin of bisphenol A among general dermatology patients. Contact Dermatitis 2011; 66:148-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2011.01993.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Niklasson IB, Delaine T, Luthman K, Karlberg AT. Impact of a Heteroatom in a Structure−Activity Relationship Study on Analogues of Phenyl Glycidyl Ether (PGE) from Epoxy Resin Systems. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:542-8. [DOI: 10.1021/tx100417r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ida B. Niklasson
- Department of Chemistry, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tamara Delaine
- Department of Chemistry, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Luthman
- Department of Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Niklasson IB, Broo K, Jonsson C, Luthman K, Karlberg AT. Reduced sensitizing capacity of epoxy resin systems: a structure-activity relationship study. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:1787-94. [PMID: 19725531 DOI: 10.1021/tx900193s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Epoxy resins can be prepared from numerous chemical compositions. Until recently, alternatives to epoxy resins based on diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A (DGEBA) or bisphenol F (DGEBF) monomers have not received commercial interest, but are presently doing so, as epoxy resins with various properties are desired. Epoxy resin systems are known to cause allergic contact dermatitis because of contents of uncured monomers, reactive diluents, and hardeners. Reactive diluents, for example, glycidyl ethers, which also contain epoxide moieties, are added to reduce viscosity and improve polymerization. We have investigated the contact allergenic properties of a series of six analogues to phenyl glycidyl ether (PGE), all with similar basic structures but with varying carbon chain lengths and degrees of saturation. The chemical reactivity of the compounds in the test series toward the hexapeptide H-Pro-His-Cys-Lys-Arg-Met-OH was investigated. All epoxides were shown to bind covalently to both cysteine and proline residues. The percent depletion of nonreacted peptide was also studied resulting in 88% depletion when using PGE and 46% when using butyl glycidyl ether (5) at the same time point, thus revealing a large difference between the fastest and the slowest reacting epoxide. The skin sensitization potencies of the epoxides using the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) were evaluated in relation to the observed physicochemical and reactivity properties. To enable determination of statistical significance between structurally closely related compounds, a nonpooled LLNA was performed. It was found that the compounds investigated ranged from strong to weak sensitizers, congruent with the reactivity data, indicating that even small changes in chemical structure result in significant differences in sensitizing capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida B Niklasson
- Department of Chemistry, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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