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Lin CC, Law BF, Hettick JM. MicroRNA-mediated Krüppel-like factor 4 upregulation induces alternatively activated macrophage-associated marker and chemokine transcription in 4,4'-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate exposed macrophages. Xenobiotica 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38568505 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2024.2334329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
1. Occupational exposure to 4,4'-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) is associated with occupational asthma (OA) development. Alveolar macrophage-induced recruitment of immune cells to the lung microenvironment plays an important role during asthma pathogenesis. Previous studies identified that MDI/MDI-glutathione (GSH)-exposure downregulates endogenous hsa-miR-206-3p/hsa-miR-381-3p. Our prior report shows that alternatively activated (M2) macrophage-associated markers/chemokines are induced by MDI/MDI-GSH-mediated Krüppel-Like Factor 4 (KLF4) upregulation in macrophages and stimulates immune cell chemotaxis. However, the underlying molecular mechanism(s) by which MDI/MDI-GSH upregulates KLF4 remain unclear. 2. Following MDI-GSH exposure, microRNA(miR)-inhibitors/mimics or plasmid transfection, endogenous hsa-miR-206-3p/hsa-miR-381-3p, KLF4, or M2 macrophage-associated markers (CD206, TGM2), and chemokines (CCL17, CCL22, CCL24) were measured by either RT-qPCR, western blot, or luciferase assay. 3. MDI-GSH exposure downregulates hsa-miR-206-3p/hsa-miR-381-3p by 1.46- to 9.75-fold whereas upregulates KLF4 by 1.68- to 1.99-fold, respectively. In silico analysis predicts binding between hsa-miR-206-3p/hsa-miR-381-3p and KLF4. Gain- and loss-of-function, luciferase reporter assays and RNA-induced silencing complex-immunoprecipitation (RISC-IP) studies confirm the posttranscriptional regulatory roles of hsa-miR-206-3p/hsa-miR-381-3p and KLF4 in macrophages. Furthermore, hsa-miR-206-3p/hsa-miR-381-3p regulate the expression of M2 macrophage-associated markers and chemokines via KLF4. 4. In conclusion, hsa-miR-206-3p/hsa-miR-381-3p play a major role in regulation of MDI/MDI-GSH-induced M2 macrophage-associated markers and chemokines by targeting the KLF4 transcript, and KLF4-mediated regulation in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chung Lin
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Brandon F Law
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Justin M Hettick
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Lin CC, Law BF, Hettick JM. 4,4'-Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate exposure induces expression of alternatively activated macrophage-associated markers and chemokines partially through Krüppel-like factor 4 mediated signaling in macrophages. Xenobiotica 2023; 53:653-669. [PMID: 38014489 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2284867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Occupational exposure to the most widely used monomeric diisocyanate (dNCO), 4,4'-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), may lead to the development of occupational asthma (OA). Alveolar macrophages with alternatively activated (M2) phenotype have been implicated in allergic airway responses and the pathogenesis of asthma. Recent in vivo studies demonstrate that M2 macrophage-associated markers and chemokines are induced by MDI-exposure, however, the underlying molecular mechanism(s) by which this proceeds is unclear.Following MDI exposure (in vivo and in vitro) M2 macrophage-associated transcription factors (TFs), markers, and chemokines were determined by RT-qPCR, western blots, and ELISA.Expression of M2 macrophage-associated TFs and markers including Klf4/KLF4, Cd206/CD206, Tgm2/TGM2, Ccl17/CCL17, Ccl22/CCL22, and CCL24 were induced by MDI/MDI-GSH exposure in bronchoalveolar lavage cells (BALCs)/THP-1 macrophages. The expression of CD206, TGM2, CCL17, CCL22, and CCL24 are upregulated by 3.83-, 7.69-, 6.22-, 6.08-, and 1.90-fold in KLF4-overexpressed macrophages, respectively. Endogenous CD206 and TGM2 were downregulated by 1.65-5.17-fold, and 1.15-1.78-fold, whereas CCL17, CCL22, and CCL24 remain unchanged in KLF4-knockdown macrophages. Finally, MDI-glutathione (GSH) conjugate-treated macrophages show increased chemotactic ability to T-cells and eosinophils, which may be attenuated by KLF4 knockdown.Our data suggest that MDI exposure may induce M2 macrophage-associated markers partially through induction of KLF4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chung Lin
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Brandon F Law
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Justin M Hettick
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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Nguyen J, Nixon R, Lee A. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by polyurethane components in bulletproof glass manufacturing. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 86:325-326. [PMID: 34939202 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adriene Lee
- Skin Health Institute, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
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Lin CC, Law BF, Hettick JM. MicroRNA-mediated calcineurin signaling activation induces CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, IL8, and chemotactic activities in 4,4'-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate exposed macrophages. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:1436-1452. [PMID: 34775880 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.2005851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Occupational exposure to 4,4'-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), the most widely used monomeric diisocyanate, is one of the leading causes of occupational asthma (OA). Previously, we identified microRNA (miR)-206-3p/miR-381-3p-mediated PPP3CA/calcineurin signalling regulated iNOS transcription in macrophages and bronchoalveolar lavage cells (BALCs) after acute MDI exposure; however, whether PPP3CA/calcineurin signalling participates in regulation of other asthma-associated mediators secreted by macrophages/BALCs after MDI exposure is unknown.Several asthma-associated, macrophage-secreted mediator mRNAs from MDI exposed murine BALCs and MDI-glutathione (GSH) conjugate treated differentiated THP-1 macrophages were analysed using RT-qPCR.Endogenous IL1B, TNF, CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, and TGFB1 were upregulated in MDI or MDI-GSH conjugate exposed BALCs and macrophages, respectively. Calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus (FK506) attenuated the MDI-GSH conjugate-mediated induction of CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, and CXCL8/IL8 but not others. Transfection of either miR-inhibitor-206-3p or miR-inhibitor-381-3p in macrophages induced chemokine CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, and CXCL8 transcription, whereas FK506 attenuated the miR-inhibitor-206-3p or miR-inhibitor-381-3p-mediated effects. Finally, MDI-GSH conjugate treated macrophages showed increased chemotactic ability to various immune cells, which may be attenuated by FK506.In conclusion, these results indicate that MDI exposure to macrophages/BALCs may recruit immune cells into the airway via induction of chemokines by miR-206-3p and miR-381-3p-mediated calcineurin signalling activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chung Lin
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Brandon F Law
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Justin M Hettick
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Raghavan S, Tiwari RR, Doctor PB, RekhaKashyap, Mahamad AM, Mansuri PR. Exposure to Toluene Di-isocyanate and Respiratory Effects in Flexible Polyurethane Foam Industries in Western India. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2021; 25:106-110. [PMID: 34421247 PMCID: PMC8341414 DOI: 10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_158_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Flexible foam industry largely uses 2,4 and 2,6 Toluene di-isocyanate as main raw materials and chronic exposure to its result in occupational asthma. The exposure to di-isocyanates might be higher due to the usage of obsolete technology, hand-mixing methods and working in confined spaces with insufficient local exhaust ventilation systems in developing countries. Exposure studies in flexible foam industries have not been done in developing countries. Objective: The present cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate toluene di-isocyanate (TDI) exposures and respiratory health of the workers working in the seven flexible polyurethane foam industries located in Western India during 2010-2013. Method: A total of 128 personal air samples collected and evaluated for total TDI concentration using improved Occupational Safety and Head Administration method number 42. Then 194 workers were covered for complete clinical examination and spirometry for assessing respiratory health. Results: In all, 17.83% of air samples exceeded the ACGIH TWA-TLV of 0.005 ppm for TDI. Though only 11 (5.6%) workers had respiratory complaints, the spirometry revealed that 19 (9.8%) and four (2.1%) had restrictive and obstructive type of pulmonary function impairment, respectively. Conclusion: The TWA concentration of TDI exceeded at raw material storage, mixing, foaming, block cutting and curing areas in four out of seven industries even in the presence of local exhaust systems. The respiratory health effect is less when compared to exposure to TDI, suitable preventive and control measures were suggested based on the study findings to the stakeholders to prevent the increase of respiratory health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Raghavan
- Department of Occupational Hygiene, ICMR-Regional Occupational Health Center-Southern (NIOH), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajnarayan R Tiwari
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health (ICMR), Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Pankaj B Doctor
- ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health (ICMR), Meghaninagar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - RekhaKashyap
- ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health (ICMR), Meghaninagar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Asif M Mahamad
- ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health (ICMR), Meghaninagar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Parveen R Mansuri
- ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health (ICMR), Meghaninagar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Lin CC, Law BF, Hettick JM. Acute 4,4'-Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate Exposure-Mediated Downregulation of miR-206-3p and miR-381-3p Activates Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Transcription by Targeting Calcineurin/NFAT Signaling in Macrophages. Toxicol Sci 2021; 173:100-113. [PMID: 31609387 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to 4,4'-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) in the occupational setting may lead to development of occupational asthma (OA), and the underlying molecular mechanisms of MDI-induced disease pathogenesis remain an active area of research. Using a nose-only mouse inhalation model, we find that circulating microRNA (miR)-206-3p and miR-381-3p are downregulated after MDI exposure; however, cellular miR-206-3p and miR-381-3p responses after MDI aerosol exposure and their pathophysiological roles in MDI-OA are unknown. We hypothesize that miR-206-3p and miR-381-3p-regulated mechanisms cause increased expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) after MDI aerosol exposure. We examined cellular miR-206-3p and miR-381-3p, calcineurins, nuclear factors of activated T cells (NFATs), and iNOS levels from both nose-only exposed murine bronchoalveolar lavage cells (BALCs) and differentiated THP-1 macrophages treated with MDI-glutathione (GSH) conjugates. Both in vivo murine MDI aerosol exposure and in vitro MDI-GSH exposures in THP-1 macrophages result in downregulation of endogenous miR-206-3p and miR-381-3p and upregulation of PPP3CA and iNOS expression. Transfection of THP-1 macrophages with miR-inhibitor-206-3p and miR-inhibitor-381-3p resulted in the upregulation of PPP3CA and iNOS. Using RNA-induced silencing complex immunoprecipitation and translational reporter assays, we verified that PPP3CA, but not iNOS, is directly targeted by both miR-206-3p and miR-381-3p. Downregulation of miR-206-3p and miR-381-3p following by MDI exposure induces calcineurin/NFAT signaling-mediated iNOS transcription in macrophages and BALCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chung Lin
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Brandon F Law
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Justin M Hettick
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
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Antelmi A, Sukakul T, Mowitz M, Svedman C. Occupational contact dermatitis due to “bath bombs”. Contact Dermatitis 2020; 83:247-249. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annarita Antelmi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental DermatologySkåne University Hospital, Lund University Malmö Sweden
| | - Thanisorn Sukakul
- Department of Occupational and Environmental DermatologySkåne University Hospital, Lund University Malmö Sweden
| | - Martin Mowitz
- Department of Occupational and Environmental DermatologySkåne University Hospital, Lund University Malmö Sweden
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental DermatologySkåne University Hospital, Lund University Malmö Sweden
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Antelmi A, Hopkins K, Svedman C, Dahlin J. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis to tetrahydroxypropyl ethylenediamine in hand sanitizers. Contact Dermatitis 2020; 83:220-221. [PMID: 32281656 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annarita Antelmi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Katharine Hopkins
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jakob Dahlin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Mellette MP, Bello D, Xue Y, Yost M, Bello A, Woskie S. Testing of Disposable Protective Garments Against Isocyanate Permeation From Spray Polyurethane Foam Insulation. Ann Work Expo Health 2019; 62:754-764. [PMID: 29762654 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxy030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diisocyanates (isocyanates), including methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), are the primary reactive components of spray polyurethane foam (SPF) insulation. They are potent immune sensitizers and a leading cause of occupational asthma. Skin exposure to isocyanates may lead to both irritant and allergic contact dermatitis and possibly contribute to systemic sensitization. More than sufficient evidence exists to justify the use of protective garments to minimize skin contact with aerosolized and raw isocyanate containing materials during SPF applications. Studies evaluating the permeation of protective garments following exposure to SPF insulation do not currently exist. Objectives To conduct permeation testing under controlled conditions to assess the effectiveness of common protective gloves and coveralls during SPF applications using realistic SPF product formulations. Methods Five common disposable garment materials [disposable latex gloves (0.07 mm thickness), nitrile gloves (0.07 mm), vinyl gloves (0.07 mm), polypropylene coveralls (0.13 mm) and Tyvek coveralls (0.13 mm)] were selected for testing. These materials were cut into small pieces and assembled into a permeation test cell system and coated with a two-part slow-rise spray polyurethane foam insulation. Glass fiber filters (GFF) pretreated with 1-(9-anthracenylmethyl)piperazine) (MAP) were used underneath the garment to collect permeating isocyanates. GFF filters were collected at predetermined test intervals between 0.75 and 20.00 min and subsequently analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. For each garment material, we assessed (i) the cumulative concentration of total isocyanate, including phenyl isocyanate and three MDI isomers, that effectively permeated the material over the test time; (ii) estimated breakthrough detection time, average permeation rate, and standardized breakthrough time; from which (iii) recommendations were developed for the use of similar protective garments following contamination by two-component spray polyurethane foam systems and the limitations of such protective garments were identified. Results Each type of protective garment material demonstrated an average permeation rate well below the ASTM method F-739 standardized breakthrough rate threshold of 100.0 ng/cm2 min-1. Disposable latex gloves displayed the greatest total isocyanate permeation rate (4.11 ng/cm2 min-1), followed by the vinyl and nitrile gloves, respectively. The Tyvek coverall demonstrated a greater average rate of isocyanate permeation than the polypropylene coveralls. Typical isocyanate loading was in the range of 900 to 15,000 ng MDI/cm2. Conclusion Permeation test data collected during this study indicated that each type of protective garment evaluated, provided a considerable level of protection (i.e. 10-110-fold reduction from the level of direct exposure) against the isocyanate component of the SPF insulation mixture. Nitrile gloves and polypropylene coveralls demonstrated the lowest rate of permeation and the lowest cumulative permeation of total isocyanate for each garment type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Mellette
- Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Dhimiter Bello
- Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Yalong Xue
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Michael Yost
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anila Bello
- Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Susan Woskie
- Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA, USA
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Mellette MP, Bello D, Xue Y, Yost M, Bello A, Woskie S. Evaluation of Disposable Protective Garments against Isocyanate Permeation and Penetration from Polyurethane Anticorrosion Coatings. Ann Work Expo Health 2019; 63:592-603. [DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxz032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Mellette
- Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Dhimiter Bello
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Yalong Xue
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Michael Yost
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anila Bello
- Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Susan Woskie
- Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA, USA
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Lin CC, Law BF, Siegel PD, Hettick JM. Circulating miRs-183-5p, -206-3p and -381-3p may serve as novel biomarkers for 4,4'-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate exposure. Biomarkers 2018; 24:76-90. [PMID: 30074411 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2018.1508308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occupational exposure to the most widely used diisocyanate, 4,4'-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), is a cause of occupational asthma (OA). Early recognition of MDI exposure and sensitization is essential for the prevention of MDI-OA. OBJECTIVE Identify circulating microRNAs (miRs) as novel biomarkers for early detection of MDI exposure and prevention of MDI-OA. MATERIALS AND METHODS Female BALB/c mice were exposed to one of three exposure regimens: dermal exposure to 1% MDI in acetone; nose-only exposure to 4580 ± 1497 μg/m3 MDI-aerosol for 60 minutes; or MDI dermal exposure/sensitization followed by MDI-aerosol inhalation challenge. Blood was collected and miRCURY™ miRs qPCR Profiling Service was used to profile circulate miRs from dermally exposed mice. Candidate miRs were identified and verified from mice exposed to three MDI-exposure regimens by TaqMan® miR assays. RESULTS Up/down-regulation patterns of circulating mmu-miRs-183-5p, -206-3p and -381-3p were identified and verified. Circulating mmu-miR-183-5p was upregulated whereas mmu-miRs-206-3p and -381-3p were downregulated in mice exposed via all three MDI exposure regimens. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Upregulation of circulating miR-183-5p along with downregulation of circulating miRs-206-3p and -381-3p may serve as putative biomarkers of MDI exposure and may be considered as potential candidates for validation in exposed human worker populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chung Lin
- a Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , 26505 , USA
| | - Brandon F Law
- a Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , 26505 , USA
| | - Paul D Siegel
- a Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , 26505 , USA
| | - Justin M Hettick
- a Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , 26505 , USA
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Hamada H, Bruze M, Zimerson E, Isaksson M, Engfeldt M. Sensitization and cross-reactivity patterns of contact allergy to diisocyanates and corresponding amines: investigation of diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate, diphenylmethane-4,4'-diamine, dicyclohexylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate, and dicylohexylmethane-4,4'-diamine. Contact Dermatitis 2017; 77:231-241. [PMID: 28555927 PMCID: PMC5599955 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Isocyanates are used in polyurethane production. Dermal exposure to isocyanates can induce contact allergy. The most common isocyanate is diphenylmethane diisocyanate used for industrial purposes. The isomer diphenylmethane‐4,4′‐diisocyanate (4,4′‐MDI) is used in patch testing. Diphenylmethane‐4,4′‐diamine (4,4′‐MDA) is its corresponding amine. Concurrent reactions to 4,4′‐MDI and 4,4′‐MDA have been reported, as have concurrent reactions to 4,4′‐MDI and dicyclohexylmethane‐4,4′‐diisocyanate (4,4′‐DMDI). Objectives To investigate the sensitization capacities and the cross‐reactivity of 4,4′‐MDI, 4,4′‐MDA, 4,4′‐DMDI, and dicyclohexylmethane‐4,4′‐diamine (4,4′‐DMDA). Methods The guinea‐pig maximization test (GPMT) was used. Results The GPMT showed sensitizing capacities for all investigated substances: 4,4′‐MDI, 4,4′‐MDA, 4,4′‐DMDI, and 4,4′‐DMDA (all p < 0.001). 4,4′‐MDI‐sensitized animals showed cross‐reactivity to 4,4′‐MDA (p < 0.001) and 4,4′‐DMDI (all p < 0.05). 4,4′‐MDA‐sensitized animals showed cross‐reactivity to 4,4′‐DMDA (p = 0.008). Conclusion All of the investigated substances were shown to be strong sensitizers. Animals sensitized to 4,4′‐MDI showed cross‐reactivity to 4,4′‐MDA and 4,4′‐DMDI, supporting previous findings in the literature. The aromatic amine 4,4′‐MDA showed cross‐reactivity to the aliphatic amine 4,4′‐DMDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneen Hamada
- Lund University, Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Lund University, Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Erik Zimerson
- Lund University, Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marléne Isaksson
- Lund University, Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Malin Engfeldt
- Lund University, Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
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Henriks-Eckerman ML, Mäkelä EA, Laitinen J, Ylinen K, Suuronen K, Vuokko A, Sauni R. Role of dermal exposure in systemic intake of methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) among construction and boat building workers. Toxicol Lett 2014; 232:595-600. [PMID: 25542146 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The causal relationship between inhalation exposure to methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and the risk of occupational asthma is well known, but the role of dermal exposure and dermal uptake of MDI in this process is still unclear. The aims of this study were to measure dermal exposure to and the dermal uptake of MDI among workers (n=24) who regularly handle MDI-urethanes. Dermal exposure was measured by the tape-strip technique from four sites on the dominant hand and arm. The workers with the highest exposure (n=5) were biomonitored immediately after their work shift, in the evening and the next morning, using urinary 4,4´methylenedianiline (MDA) as a marker. Dermal uptake was evaluated by comparing workers' MDA excretions both when they were equipped with respiratory protective devices (RPDs) and when they did not use them. The measured amounts of MDI on their hands varied from below 0.1 to 17 μg/10 cm(2) during the test. MDI concentrations were in the range of 0.08 to 27 μg m(-3) in the breathing zone outside the RPDs. MDA concentrations varied from 0.1 to 0.2 μmol mol(-1) creatinine during the test period. The decreasing effect of RPDs on inhalation exposure was absent in the next morning urine samples; this excretion pattern might be an indication of dermal uptake of MDI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erja A Mäkelä
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Laitinen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Katri Suuronen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aki Vuokko
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riitta Sauni
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Tampere, Finland
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Isaksson M, Engfeldt M, Zimerson E, Bruze M. Contact allergy to two synthetic plastics in an orthopaedic engineer. Contact Dermatitis 2013; 69:257-9. [PMID: 24028786 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marléne Isaksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden
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