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Zhang L, Kossard S, Parsi K. Letter to the editor re: Assessment and grading of pigmentation in chronic venous insufficiency. Phlebology 2023; 38:417-418. [PMID: 37253657 DOI: 10.1177/02683555231175025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lois Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Dermatology, Phlebology and Fluid Mechanics Research Laboratory, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Steven Kossard
- Dermatopathology, Kossard Dermatopathologists, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kurosh Parsi
- Department of Dermatology, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Dermatology, Phlebology and Fluid Mechanics Research Laboratory, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW Australia
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Grimes JA, Matz BM, Christopherson PW, Koehler JW, Cappelle KK, Hlusko KC, Smith A. Agreement Between Cytology and Histopathology for Regional Lymph Node Metastasis in Dogs With Melanocytic Neoplasms. Vet Pathol 2017; 54:579-587. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985817698209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Melanocytic neoplasms are common in dogs and frequently occur within the oral cavity or in haired skin. The behavior of melanocytic neoplasms is variable and depends on tumor location, size, and histopathologic features. This study compared cytopathology and histopathology of 32 lymph nodes from 27 dogs diagnosed with melanocytic neoplasms. Agreement between the original cytology report, cytology slide review, original histopathology report, and histopathology slide review was determined for each lymph node. A subset of lymph nodes was subjected to immunohistochemistry (Melan-A) and additional histochemical stains/techniques (Prussian blue, bleach) to assist in differentiation of melanocytes and melanophages. Agreement ranged from slight to fair for each of the variables evaluated with weighted kappa (κw) or kappa (κ) analysis (original cytology vs cytology review κw = 0.24; original cytology vs original histopathology κw = 0.007; original cytology vs histopathology review κw = 0.23; cytology review vs original histopathology κw = 0.008; cytology review vs histopathology review κw = 0.006; and original histopathology vs histopathology review κ = 0.18). The diagnoses (metastatic, equivocal, or negative for metastasis) of the original report and slide review for both cytology and histopathology were not significantly correlated with survival in this population of patients. Overall, agreement between cytology and histopathology was poor even with a single clinical or anatomic pathologist performing slide review. Consensus between routine cytology and histopathology for staging of lymph nodes in patients with melanocytic neoplasms is poor and does not correlate with survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet A. Grimes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Brad M. Matz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Pete W. Christopherson
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Jey W. Koehler
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Kelsey K. Cappelle
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Katelyn C. Hlusko
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Annette Smith
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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Hutt JHC, Dunn KA, Scase TJ, Shipstone MA. Pigmentary incontinence in the skin of the planum nasale from normal dogs. Vet Dermatol 2016; 27:324-5. [PMID: 27279592 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John H C Hutt
- Dermatology for Animals, 263 Appleby Road, Stafford Heights, Queensland, 4053, Australia
| | - Karen A Dunn
- Focus EyePathLab, 24 Joelle Lane, Mount Glorious, Queensland, 4520, Australia
| | - Timothy J Scase
- Bridge Pathology Ltd, 637 Gloucester Road, Horfield, Bristol, BS7 0BJ, UK
| | - Michael A Shipstone
- Dermatology for Animals, 263 Appleby Road, Stafford Heights, Queensland, 4053, Australia
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Grossi AB, Hyttel P, Jensen HE, Leifsson PS. Porcine Melanotic Cutaneous Lesions and Lymph Nodes. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:83-91. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985814521637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Porcine melanomas have proven interesting in a wider biological perspective due to a common phenomenon of spontaneous regression, which is characterized by infiltration of macrophages, among others. Separation of neoplastic melanocytes from pigment-laden macrophages may, however, be challenging as the morphology of melanocytes varies considerably and sometimes resembles macrophages. The aim of this study was correspondingly to characterize and differentiate the cells in 20 porcine melanocytomas and regional lymph nodes by histologic examination and immunohistochemistry for melan A, PNL2, S100, lysozyme, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1). Grossly, the melanocytomas were divided into 2 distinct types: pigmented maculae ( n = 7) and raised tumors ( n = 13). In the maculae, the pigmented cells were mainly melanocytes reactive for melan A, PNL2 and S100. In contrast, the majority of the cells in the raised tumors were melanophages, which expressed Iba1, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and lysozyme. Yet, cells histomorphologically indistinguishable from the melanophages expressed melan A and PNL2. These cells were Iba1 and S100 negative, and ultrastructurally, they were devoid of lysosomal bodies and filled with stage III and IV melanosomes. In the regional lymph nodes, melanocytes were present in the trabecular sinuses. In focally or diffusely black lymph nodes, pigmentation was, however, mainly due to aggregates of melanophages, which were confined to the trabeculae, deep cortex, and peripheral lymphoreticular tissue. Normal and neoplastic porcine melanocytes express melan A and PNL2, and immunohistochemical staining for melan A, PNL2, and Iba1 was found useful to identify and distinguish melanocytes and melanophages in porcine melanotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. B. Grossi
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section for Experimental Animal Models, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P. Hyttel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H. E. Jensen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section for Experimental Animal Models, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P. S. Leifsson
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section for Experimental Animal Models, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Orchard GE, Calonje E. The effect of melanin bleaching on immunohistochemical staining in heavily pigmented melanocytic neoplasms. Am J Dermatopathol 1998; 20:357-61. [PMID: 9700373 DOI: 10.1097/00000372-199808000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of excessive amounts of melanin in melanocytic lesions can obscure cellular morphology and can further hinder immunocytochemical procedures. We have used a modification of the potassium permanganate/oxalic acid melanin-bleaching technique, involving much reduced bleaching times, in order to remove melanin granules prior to incubation with primary antibody. We have assessed a panel of antibodies applicable to the evaluation of melanocytic lesions and in addition have also assessed antibodies that may be more useful in research. The study attempts to determine which antigens may be affected by bleaching and which are not. Antigens S100, HMB 45, NKIC3, CD34, and L26 are relatively unaffected by this procedure. Factor-VIII-related antigen and vimentin and CD68 antigens produced enhanced staining. In contrast, antigens CD3, CD31, and CD45RO were abolished. In addition, smooth muscle actin and desmin antigens demonstrated considerable nonspecific background staining and were not reliable in this study. This technique demonstrates that a fairly wide range of antigens are preserved after bleaching and that distinction between melanocytes and melanophages can reliably be performed using the conventional immunocytochemical chromogen 3,3-diaminobenzidine and without the need for elaborate counterstaining.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/drug effects
- Actins/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/drug effects
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD20/drug effects
- Antigens, CD20/metabolism
- Antigens, CD34/drug effects
- Antigens, CD34/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/drug effects
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- Antigens, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- CD3 Complex/drug effects
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Desmin/drug effects
- Desmin/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry/methods
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/drug effects
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/metabolism
- Melanins/metabolism
- Melanoma/chemistry
- Melanoma/immunology
- Melanoma-Specific Antigens
- Neoplasm Proteins/drug effects
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Oxalates/pharmacology
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Pigmentation/drug effects
- Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/drug effects
- Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- Potassium Permanganate/pharmacology
- Reproducibility of Results
- S100 Proteins/drug effects
- S100 Proteins/metabolism
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Skin/chemistry
- Skin/drug effects
- Skin/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/chemistry
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Vimentin/drug effects
- Vimentin/metabolism
- von Willebrand Factor/drug effects
- von Willebrand Factor/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Orchard
- Department of Dermatopathology, St. John's Dermatology Centre, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, U.K
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Elston DM, Bergfeld WF, McMahon JT. Aluminum tattoo: a phenomenon that can resemble parasitized histiocytes. J Cutan Pathol 1993; 20:326-9. [PMID: 8227609 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.1993.tb01270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We present a study of aluminum tattoos that resulted from aluminum chloride cauterization of biopsy sites. The stippled macrophages were studied by light and electron microscopy and by means of X-ray energy spectroscopy (XES) analysis. The light microscopic appearance may be striking, and may mimic the appearance of parasitized histiocytes, although the particles are larger and vary in size and shape. The basophilic particles are electron dense by electron microscopy. XES analysis demonstrated distinct emission peaks corresponding to aluminum, calcium, and phosphorus. Only a minor chloride emission peak was identified. The particles may represent an inorganic precipitate or an organic compound in which aluminum, calcium, and phosphate form a complex with protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Elston
- Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio
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Kamino H, Tam ST. Immunoperoxidase technique modified by counterstain with azure B as a diagnostic aid in evaluating heavily pigmented melanocytic neoplasms. J Cutan Pathol 1991; 18:436-9. [PMID: 1723081 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.1991.tb01381.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Heavily-pigmented melanocytic neoplasms are difficult to evaluate on routine hematoxylin and eosin stained slides because pigmented melanocytes are difficult to distinguish from the numerous melanophages that are usually seen in the background of these lesions. Immunoperoxidase staining for S100 protein or HMB-45 antibody using diaminobenzidine (DAB) as chromogen, which forms a brown product, does not adequately distinguish melanocytes from melanophages. We modified this technique by replacing hematoxylin as the counterstain with azure B, which stains melanin green-blue. Thus, positive melanocytes appear brown while melanin granules in their cytoplasm are green-blue. However, negative melanophages only stain green-blue. This technique is useful in evaluating heavily pigmented melanocytic lesions such as malignant melanomas, melanosis of regressing malignant melanoma, residual malignant melanoma in areas of granulation tissue with melanophages, blue nevi, pigmented spindle cell variant of Spitz's nevi and combined nevi.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kamino
- Department of Dermatology, New York University Medical Center
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