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Kuźbicki Ł, Brożyna AA. The markers auxiliary in differential diagnosis of early melanomas and benign nevi sharing some similar features potentially leading to misdiagnosis - a review of immunohistochemical studies. Cancer Invest 2022; 40:852-867. [PMID: 36214582 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2022.2134415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Although most melanocytic skin lesions are correctly diagnosed, numerous studies have shown interobserver disagreement. This review analyzes 20 molecules as immunohistochemical markers for distinguishing dysplastic and/or Spitz nevi from early melanomas (in situ, Clark level I or II and/or Breslow thickness at most 1 mm). The detected presence and/or level of tested molecules was significantly different in early melanomas than in dysplastic and Spitz nevi for six and seven potential markers, respectively. The most promising results were obtained for 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, cyclooxygenase-2 and PReferentially expressed Antigen in MElanoma whose levels were different in dysplastic and Spitz nevi compared to early melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Kuźbicki
- Department of Human Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Anna A Brożyna
- Department of Human Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
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2
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Melanocytic nevi and melanoma: unraveling a complex relationship. Oncogene 2017; 36:5771-5792. [PMID: 28604751 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 33% of melanomas are derived directly from benign, melanocytic nevi. Despite this, the vast majority of melanocytic nevi, which typically form as a result of BRAFV600E-activating mutations, will never progress to melanoma. Herein, we synthesize basic scientific insights and data from mouse models with common observations from clinical practice to comprehensively review melanocytic nevus biology. In particular, we focus on the mechanisms by which growth arrest is established after BRAFV600E mutation. Means by which growth arrest can be overcome and how melanocytic nevi relate to melanoma are also considered. Finally, we present a new conceptual paradigm for understanding the growth arrest of melanocytic nevi in vivo termed stable clonal expansion. This review builds upon the canonical hypothesis of oncogene-induced senescence in growth arrest and tumor suppression in melanocytic nevi and melanoma.
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3
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De Cicco P, Panza E, Ercolano G, Armogida C, Sessa G, Pirozzi G, Cirino G, Wallace JL, Ianaro A. ATB-346, a novel hydrogen sulfide-releasing anti-inflammatory drug, induces apoptosis of human melanoma cells and inhibits melanoma development in vivo. Pharmacol Res 2016; 114:67-73. [PMID: 27777130 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a key role in tumor promotion and development. Indeed, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression is strongly associated with different types of cancer. An emerging class of compounds with significant anti-inflammatory properties is the hydrogen sulfide-releasing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (H2S-NSAIDs). They consist of a traditional NSAID to which an H2S-releasing moiety is covalently attached. We have recently demonstrated that H2S donors inhibit melanoma cell proliferation. In the current study, we evaluated the potential beneficial effects of a new H2S-releasing derivative of naproxen, ATB-346 [2-(6-methoxynapthalen-2-yl)-propionic acid 4-thiocarbamoyl phenyl ester] which inhibits COX activity but also releases H2S. We used cell culture and a mouse melanoma model to evaluate the effect of ATB-346 on: i) in vitro growth of human melanoma cells; ii) in vivo melanoma development in mice. Cell culture studies demonstrated that ATB-346 reduced the in vitro proliferation of human melanoma cells and this effect was associated to induction of apoptosis and inhibition of NF-κB activation. Moreover, ATB-346 had novel Akt signaling inhibitory properties. Daily oral dosing of ATB-346 (43μmol/kg) significantly reduced melanoma development in vivo. This study shows that ATB-346, a novel H2S-NSAID, inhibits human melanoma cell proliferation by inhibiting pro-survival pathways associated with NF-κB and Akt activation. Furthermore, oral treatment with ATB-346 inhibits melanoma growth in mice. In conclusion, the combination of inhibition of cyclooxygenase and delivery of H2S by ATB-346 may offer a promising alternative to existing therapies for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola De Cicco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Panza
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ercolano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Armogida
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sessa
- Department of Experimental Oncology, National Cancer Institute, G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pirozzi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, National Cancer Institute, G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cirino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - John L Wallace
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Angela Ianaro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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4
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Botti G, Marra L, Anniciello A, Scognamiglio G, Gigantino V, Cantile M. Immune-phenotypical markers for the differential diagnosis of melanocytic lesions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:9742-9751. [PMID: 26617684 PMCID: PMC4637769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
For specific subsets of melanocytic proliferations, there are morphologic limitations in the histological diagnosis, especially for borderline melanocytic tumors. In particular, Spitzoid proliferations can be difficult to diagnose. For these reasons, in the last years, clinic research has focused attention on discovery of new diagnostic markers. Published gene expression and proteomic profiling data indicate new candidate molecules involved in melanoma pathogenesis, and useful in differential diagnosis of difficult melanocytic lesions. Recently, the diagnostic power of galectin-3 was demonstrated in series of melanocytic lesions, with a strong increasing of expression in malignant lesions compared with benign lesions. Similarly, the accumulation of Collagen XVII antibody was detected in vertical melanoma fronts and associated with invasive phenotype. Moreover, overexpression of cyclin D1 and p21 was detected in Spitz nevi compared with non-spitzoid melanomas; Ki-67 appears highly expressed in deep areas of non-spitzoid melanomas. In this review, we overview of the main molecular markers that a useful tool for the differential diagnosis of benign, borderline and malignant melanocytic lesions, related to their biological behavior, useful also for predicting the evolution of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Botti
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione "G. Pascale", via Mariano Semmola Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Laura Marra
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione "G. Pascale", via Mariano Semmola Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Annamaria Anniciello
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione "G. Pascale", via Mariano Semmola Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Giosuè Scognamiglio
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione "G. Pascale", via Mariano Semmola Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Gigantino
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione "G. Pascale", via Mariano Semmola Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Monica Cantile
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione "G. Pascale", via Mariano Semmola Naples 80131, Italy
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5
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Andersen RK, Hammer K, Hager H, Christensen JN, Ludvigsen M, Honoré B, Thomsen MBH, Madsen M. Melanoma tumors frequently acquire LRP2/megalin expression, which modulates melanoma cell proliferation and survival rates. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 28:267-80. [PMID: 25585665 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We show that the multiligand receptor megalin, known to mediate uptake and trafficking of nutrients and signaling molecules, is frequently expressed in malignant melanoma samples. Expression of megalin-encoding mRNA was investigated in 65 samples of nevi, melanomas, and melanoma metastases and was observed in more than 60% of the malignant samples, while only in 20% of the benign counterparts. Megalin expression in nevus and melanoma samples was additionally investigated by immunohistochemistry, which confirmed our mRNA-based observations. We furthermore show that a panel of tumor-derived melanoma cell lines express LRP2/megalin endogenously. In these cells, megalin is internalized from the cell surface and localizes extensively to intracellular vesicles, confirming receptor activity and pointing toward association with the endocytic apparatus. Groundbreaking, our results indicate that sustained megalin expression in melanoma cells is crucial for cell maintenance, as siRNA-mediated reduction in melanoma cell expression of LRP2/megalin significantly decreases melanoma cell proliferation and survival rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke K Andersen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
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6
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Damsky W, Micevic G, Meeth K, Muthusamy V, Curley DP, Santhanakrishnan M, Erdelyi I, Platt JT, Huang L, Theodosakis N, Zaidi MR, Tighe S, Davies MA, Dankort D, McMahon M, Merlino G, Bardeesy N, Bosenberg M. mTORC1 activation blocks BrafV600E-induced growth arrest but is insufficient for melanoma formation. Cancer Cell 2015; 27:41-56. [PMID: 25584893 PMCID: PMC4295062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Braf(V600E) induces benign, growth-arrested melanocytic nevus development, but also drives melanoma formation. Cdkn2a loss in Braf(V600E) melanocytes in mice results in rare progression to melanoma, but only after stable growth arrest as nevi. Immediate progression to melanoma is prevented by upregulation of miR-99/100, which downregulates mTOR and IGF1R signaling. mTORC1 activation through Stk11 (Lkb1) loss abrogates growth arrest of Braf(V600E) melanocytic nevi, but is insufficient for complete progression to melanoma. Cdkn2a loss is associated with mTORC2 and Akt activation in human and murine melanocytic neoplasms. Simultaneous Cdkn2a and Lkb1 inactivation in Braf(V600E) melanocytes results in activation of both mTORC1 and mTORC2/Akt, inducing rapid melanoma formation in mice. In this model, activation of both mTORC1/2 is required for Braf-induced melanomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Damsky
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Goran Micevic
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Katrina Meeth
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | | | - David P Curley
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | | | - Ildiko Erdelyi
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - James T Platt
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Laura Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | | | - M Raza Zaidi
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Scott Tighe
- NextGen Sequencing Facility, Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Michael A Davies
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David Dankort
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G OB1, Canada
| | - Martin McMahon
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Glenn Merlino
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nabeel Bardeesy
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Marcus Bosenberg
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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7
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Panza E, De Cicco P, Armogida C, Scognamiglio G, Gigantino V, Botti G, Germano D, Napolitano M, Papapetropoulos A, Bucci M, Cirino G, Ianaro A. Role of the cystathionineγlyase/hydrogen sulfide pathway in human melanoma progression. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 28:61-72. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Panza
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - Paola De Cicco
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - Chiara Armogida
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - Giosuè Scognamiglio
- Unit of Pathology; Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la cura dei tumori Fondazione G. Pascale IRCCS; Naples Italy
| | - Vincenzo Gigantino
- Unit of Pathology; Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la cura dei tumori Fondazione G. Pascale IRCCS; Naples Italy
| | - Gerardo Botti
- Unit of Pathology; Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la cura dei tumori Fondazione G. Pascale IRCCS; Naples Italy
| | | | - Maria Napolitano
- Department of Oncological Immunology; Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la cura dei tumori Fondazione Giovanni Pascale IRCCS; Naples Italy
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Cirino
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - Angela Ianaro
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
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8
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McCormack CJ, Conyers RK, Scolyer RA, Kirkwood J, Speakman D, Wong N, Kelly JW, Henderson MA. Atypical Spitzoid neoplasms: a review of potential markers of biological behavior including sentinel node biopsy. Melanoma Res 2014; 24:437-47. [PMID: 24892957 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Atypical cutaneous melanocytic lesions, including those with Spitzoid features, can be difficult to categorize as benign or malignant. This can lead to suboptimal management, with potential adverse patient outcomes. Recent studies have enhanced knowledge of the molecular and genetic biology of these lesions and, combined with clinicopathological findings, is further defining their biological spectrum, classification, and behavior. Sentinel node biopsy provides important prognostic information in patients with cutaneous melanoma, but its role in the management of melanocytic lesions of uncertain malignant potential (MELTUMP) is controversial. This paper examines the role of molecular testing and sentinel node biopsy in MELTUMPs, particularly atypical Spitzoid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J McCormack
- aPeter Macallum Cancer Institute, East Melbourne bVictorian Melanoma Service, Alfred Hospital, Prahran cDepartment of Paediatrics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville dThe Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria eMelanoma Institute Australia , Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia fDepartment of Medicine, Melanoma and Skin Cancer Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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9
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Boyd AS, Su PF, Shyr Y, Tang YW. Squamous cell carcinomasin situarising in seborrheic keratoses: an association with concomitant immunosuppression? Int J Dermatol 2014; 53:1346-50. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan S. Boyd
- Department of Medicine (Dermatology); Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN USA
- Department of Pathology; Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN USA
| | - Pei F. Su
- Department of Biostatistics; Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN USA
| | - Yu Shyr
- Department of Biostatistics; Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN USA
| | - Yi W. Tang
- Department of Clinical Microbiology Service; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; New York NY USA
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10
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Kwong LN, Davies MA. Navigating the therapeutic complexity of PI3K pathway inhibition in melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 19:5310-9. [PMID: 24089444 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is entering into an era of combinatorial approaches to build upon recent clinical breakthroughs achieved by novel single-agent therapies. One of the leading targets to emerge from the growing understanding of the molecular pathogenesis, heterogeneity, and resistance mechanisms of melanomas is the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT pathway. Multiple genetic and epigenetic aberrations that activate this pathway have been identified in melanomas de novo and in acquired resistance models. These developments have been paralleled by the establishment of models for preclinical testing and the availability of compounds that target various effectors in the pathway. Thus, in addition to having a strong rationale for targeting, the PI3K-AKT pathway presents an immediate clinical opportunity. However, the development of effective strategies against this pathway must overcome several key challenges, including optimizing patient selection, overcoming feedback loops, and pathway cross-talk that can mediate resistance. This review discusses the current understanding and ongoing research about the PI3K-AKT pathway in melanoma and emerging strategies to achieve clinical benefit in patients by targeting it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence N Kwong
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Genomic Medicine, Melanoma Medical Oncology, and Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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11
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Wagenseller AG, Shada A, D'Auria KM, Murphy C, Sun D, Molhoek KR, Papin JA, Dutta A, Slingluff CL. MicroRNAs induced in melanoma treated with combination targeted therapy of Temsirolimus and Bevacizumab. J Transl Med 2013; 11:218. [PMID: 24047116 PMCID: PMC3853033 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Targeted therapies directed at commonly overexpressed pathways in melanoma have clinical activity in numerous trials. Little is known about how these therapies influence microRNA (miRNA) expression, particularly with combination regimens. Knowledge of miRNAs altered with treatment may contribute to understanding mechanisms of therapeutic effects, as well as mechanisms of tumor escape from therapy. We analyzed miRNA expression in metastatic melanoma tissue samples treated with a novel combination regimen of Temsirolimus and Bevacizumab. Given the preliminary clinical activity observed with this combination regimen, we hypothesized that we would see significant changes in miRNA expression with combination treatment. Methods Using microarray analysis we analyzed miRNA expression levels in melanoma samples from a Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program-sponsored phase II trial of combination Temsirolimus and Bevacizumab in advanced melanoma, which elicited clinical benefit in a subset of patients. Pre-treatment and post-treatment miRNA levels were compared using paired t-tests between sample groups (patients), using a p-value < 0.01 for significance. Results microRNA expression remained unchanged with Temsirolimus alone; however, expression of 15 microRNAs was significantly upregulated (1.4 to 2.5-fold) with combination treatment, compared to pre-treatment levels. Interestingly, twelve of these fifteen miRNAs possess tumor suppressor capabilities. We identified 15 putative oncogenes as potential targets of the 12 tumor suppressor miRNAs, based on published experimental evidence. For 15 of 25 miRNA-target mRNA pairings, changes in gene expression from pre-treatment to post-combination treatment samples were inversely correlated with changes in miRNA expression, supporting a functional effect of those miRNA changes. Clustering analyses based on selected miRNAs suggest preliminary signatures characteristic of clinical response to combination treatment and of tumor BRAF mutational status. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study analyzing miRNA expression in pre-treatment and post-treatment human metastatic melanoma tissue samples. This preliminary investigation suggests miRNAs that may be involved in the mechanism of action of combination Temsirolimus and Bevacizumab in metastatic melanoma, possibly through inhibition of oncogenic pathways, and provides the preliminary basis for further functional studies of these miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey G Wagenseller
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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12
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Tissue microarray analysis of ezrin, KBA.62, CD166, nestin, and p-Akt in melanoma versus banal and atypical nevi, and nonmelanocytic lesions. Am J Dermatopathol 2012; 33:663-8. [PMID: 21915031 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e318214ae8a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple melanocytic markers are useful for differentiating between melanoma and nonmelanocytic lesions but generally do not distinguish melanoma from nevi and atypical melanocytic lesions. We sought to determine if several immunohistochemical markers recently described in the literature, including ezrin, KBA.62, p-Akt, CD166, and nestin, may be helpful in distinguishing these lesions. One hundred ten tissue microarray samples were scored for nestin and CD166 and 220 samples for ezrin, KBA.62, and p-Akt. We found that putative stem cell markers nestin and CD166 were both expressed in most melanomas (86% and 65% of samples, respectively), including desmoplastic melanoma, but were also expressed at similar levels in nevi (79% and 74%, respectively). In addition, these markers were not specific for melanocytic lesions. Ezrin was also expressed in both nevi and melanoma (81% each), including desmoplastic melanoma (75%), and in neural tumors. KBA.62 stained more cases of nevi versus melanoma (93% and 65%, respectively) and was positive in 53% of desmoplastic melanoma. However, it was also positive in several nonmelanocytic tumors. P-Akt expression was generally weak but was increased in nevi (75%) versus melanoma (43%), and was lost in desmoplastic melanomas (5%). Overall, only KBA.62 and p-Akt expression differed between melanoma and nevi, and none of these markers were completely specific for melanocytic tumors versus nonmelanocytic lesions.
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13
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Potentially Useful Markers for Desmoplastic Melanoma: An Analysis of KBA.62, p-AKT, and Ezrin. Am J Dermatopathol 2011; 33:333-7; quiz 338-40. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e3181e5a2b4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Pharmacodynamic characterization of the efficacy signals due to selective BRAF inhibition with PLX4032 in malignant melanoma. Neoplasia 2010; 12:637-49. [PMID: 20689758 DOI: 10.1593/neo.10414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE About 65% to 70% of melanomas harbor a mutation in v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) that causes the steady-state activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). We sought to investigate the efficacy of PLX4032 (BRAF inhibitor) to identify patterns/predictors of response/resistance and to study the effects of BRAF in melanoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Well-characterized melanoma cell lines, including several with acquired drug resistance, were exposed to PLX4032. Growth inhibition, phosphosignaling, cell cycle, apoptosis, and gene expression analyses were performed before and after exposure to drug. RESULTS Using a growth-adjusted inhibitory concentration of 50% cutoff of 1 microM, 13 of 35 cell lines were sensitive to PLX4032, 16 resistant, and 6 intermediate (37%, 46%, and 17% respectively). PLX4032 caused growth inhibition, G(0)/G(1) arrest, and restored apoptosis in the sensitive cell lines. A BRAF mutation predicted for but did not guarantee a response, whereas a neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog mutation or wild-type BRAF conferred resistance. Cells with concurrent BRAF mutations and melanocortin 1 receptor germ line variants and/or a more differentiated melanocyte genotype had a preferential response. Acquired PLX4032 resistance reestablishes ERK signaling, promotes a nonmelanocytic genotype, and is associated with an increase in the gene expression of certain metallothioneins and mediators of angiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS PLX4032 has robust activity in BRAF mutated melanoma. The preclinical use of this molecule identifies criteria for its proper clinical application, describes patterns of and reasons for response/resistance, and affords insight into the role of a BRAF mutation in melanoma.
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15
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Laquer V, Hoang V, Nguyen A, Kelly KM. Angiogenesis in cutaneous disease: part II. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009; 61:945-58; quiz 959-60. [PMID: 19925925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This review will discuss the role of angiogenesis in specific cutaneous diseases. Scientific evidence now points to the role of angiogenesis in tumor development and many other cutaneous disorders. Angiogenesis is a complex process that involves angiogenic growth factors and inhibitors, many of which could be a potential target for pharmacologic intervention. Antiangiogenic agents have recently been applied to dermatologic diseases with promising efficacy. LEARNING OBJECTIVES After completing this learning activity, participants should be able to recognize cutaneous diseases where angiogenesis is likely to be an important factor, recognize scenarios where angiogenic therapy may be useful in conjunction with traditional therapies, and be able to use angiogenic-mediating agents in the treatment of dermatologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Laquer
- Columbia University College of Physicians, New York, New York, USA
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16
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Paradela S, Fonseca E, Pita S, Kantrow SM, Goncharuk VN, Diwan H, Prieto VG. Spitzoid melanoma in children: clinicopathological study and application of immunohistochemistry as an adjunct diagnostic tool. J Cutan Pathol 2009; 36:740-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2008.01153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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Cheung M, Sharma A, Madhunapantula SV, Robertson GP. Akt3 and mutant V600E B-Raf cooperate to promote early melanoma development. Cancer Res 2008; 68:3429-39. [PMID: 18451171 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-5867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
B-Raf is the most mutated gene in melanoma; however, the mechanism through which it promotes early melanomas remains uncertain. Most nevi contain activated (V600E)B-Raf but few develop into melanoma, and expression in melanocytes is inhibitory with low protein levels present in surviving cells, suggesting unknown cooperative oncogenic events are necessary for melanoma development. Because many melanomas have (V600E)B-Raf and active Akt3, it is possible that these proteins cooperatively facilitate melanocyte transformation. In this study, Akt3 is shown to phosphorylate (V600E)B-Raf to lower its activity as well as that of the downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway to levels promoting early melanoma development. Expression of active Akt3 in early melanoma cells containing (V600E)B-Raf reduced MAPK signaling and promoted anchorage-independent growth. Furthermore, expression of both (V600E)B-Raf and active Akt3 in melanocytes promoted a transformed phenotype. Mechanistically, aberrant Akt3 activity in early melanomas serves to phosphorylate Ser(364) and Ser(428) on (V600E)B-Raf to reduce activity of (V600E)B-Raf to levels that promote rather than inhibit proliferation, which aids melanocytic transformation. Inhibition of (V600E)B-Raf or Akt3 in advanced melanoma cells in which both pathways were active reduced anchorage-independent growth and tumor development in a cooperatively acting manner. Inhibition of Akt3 alone in these cells led to increased MAPK signaling. In summary, these results suggest that activating B-Raf mutations initially promote nevi development, but the resulting high, intense activation of the MAPK pathway inhibits further tumor progression requiring Akt3 activation to bypass this barrier and aid melanoma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Cheung
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Abstract
Understanding regulatory pathways involved in melanoma development and progression has advanced significantly in recent years. It is now appreciated that melanoma is the result of complex changes in multiple signaling pathways that affect growth control, metabolism, motility and the ability to escape cell death programs. Here we review the major signaling pathways currently known to be deregulated in melanoma with an implication to its development and progression. Among these pathways are Ras, B-Raf, MEK, PTEN, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3Ks) and Akt which are constitutively activated in a significant number of melanoma tumors, in most cases due to genomic change. Other pathways discussed in this review include the [Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), transforming growth factor-beta pathways which are also activated in melanoma, although the underlying mechanism is not yet clear. As a paradigm for remodeled signaling pathways, melanoma also offers a unique opportunity for targeted drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Lopez-Bergami
- Signal Transduction Program, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
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