1
|
Davda LS, Radford DR, Scambler S, Gallagher JE. A typology of internationally qualified dentists in the United Kingdom. J Migr Health 2024; 9:100232. [PMID: 38826513 PMCID: PMC11141152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmh.2024.100232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Global Strategy for Human Resources for Health 2030, requires member states to half their dependency on an international workforce by 2030. In order to design policies towards that goal, country-specific research on migration motivations of the health workforce is required. The United Kingdom (UK) is a net importer of health professionals and whilst there is a body of research on doctors' and nurses' migration, there is no research on the migration motivations of migrant dentists in the UK. This research explored the migration motivations of internationally qualified dentists (IQDs) in the UK and presents a typology to understand the global migration of dentists in the context of oral health workforce. Methods The paper presents qualitative data from semi-structured interviews conducted between August 2014 and October 2017, of IQDs working in the United Kingdom. The topic guide for interviews was informed by the literature, with new themes added inductively. A phenomenological approach involving an epistemological stance of interpretivism, was used with framework analysis. Results A total of 38 internationally qualified dentists (M = 18, F = 20), migrating from the five World Health Organization regions, and working in general practice, NHS hospitals and in community dental services across the four nations of the UK were interviewed. Seven types of internationally qualified dentists were identified working in the UK. They were livelihood migrants, career-orientated migrants, dependant migrants, backpacker migrants, commuter migrants, undocumented migrants, and education-tourist migrant. The categories were based on their migration motivations, which were complex, multifactorial, and included personal, professional, national, and international drivers. The typology, based on their migration motivations, offered a structured, comprehensive understanding of the migrant dental workforce. This typology involving dentists provides additional dimensions to commuter and undocumented migrants described in the context of other health professionals. The education-tourist migrant is a new category proposed as an extension to existing typology in health professional migration. Conclusions The typology of internationally qualified dentists has congruency with other health professionals' typology in categories previously described and demonstrates that each of these categories are complex, fluid and change in response to policy changes. The new category of education-tourist migrant along with oral health dimensions of commuter and undocumented migrants adds to the existing typology in health professional migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Latha S Davda
- Ministry of Defence, Bulford SP4 9AD, UK
- University of Portsmouth Dental Academy, Portsmouth, PO1 2QG, UK
| | - David R Radford
- University of Portsmouth Dental Academy, Portsmouth, PO1 2QG, UK
- King's College London, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, Denmark Hill Campus, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Sasha Scambler
- King's College London, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, Denmark Hill Campus, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Jennifer E Gallagher
- King's College London, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, Denmark Hill Campus, London SE5 9RS, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lin GSS, Goh SM, Halil MHM. Unravelling the impact of dental workforce training and education programmes on policy evolution: a mixed-method study protocol. Health Res Policy Syst 2023; 21:95. [PMID: 37700266 PMCID: PMC10496306 DOI: 10.1186/s12961-023-01048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dental workforce plays a crucial role in delivering quality oral healthcare services, requiring continuous training and education to meet evolving professional demands. Understanding the impact of dental workforce training and education programmes on policy evolution is essential for refining existing policies, implementing evidence-based reforms and ensuring the growth of the dental profession. Therefore, this study protocol aims to assess the influence of dental workforce training and education programmes on policy evolution in Malaysia. METHODS A mixed-method research design will be employed, combining quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews. Stakeholder theory and policy change models will form the theoretical framework of the study. Participants from various stakeholder groups will be recruited using purposive sampling. Data collection will involve surveys and one-on-one semi-structured interviews. Descriptive statistics, inferential analysis and thematic analysis will be used to analyse the data. Integration of quantitative and qualitative data will be used to provide a comprehensive understanding of the data. DISCUSSION This study will shed light on factors influencing policy decisions related to dental education and workforce development in Malaysia. The findings will inform evidence-based decision-making, guide the enhancement of dental education programmes and improve the quality of oral healthcare services. Challenges related to participant recruitment and data collection should be considered, and the study's unique contribution to the existing body of knowledge in the Malaysian context will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Galvin Sim Siang Lin
- Department of Dental Materials, Faculty of Dentistry, Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology (AIMST) University, 08100, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia.
| | - Shu Meng Goh
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Sabah Malaysia, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Haikal Muhamad Halil
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Swann BJ, Feimster TD, Young DD, Chamut S. Perspectives on Justice, Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion (JEDI): A call for oral health care policy. J Dent Educ 2022; 86:1055-1062. [PMID: 36165249 DOI: 10.1002/jdd.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Educational Institutions in the U.S. have responded to government policies that called for more inclusive educational systems. The goal is to reduce the oppression created by "racism" and enhance the environmental trajectory toward equity and justice. Although significant social and economic advances have been made, these have not been sustainable, and disparities remain. As educational systems have not kept pace with the demographics and economic trends, there is a call to action to affirm the need to establish policies that support diversity within pipeline pathways, faculty recruitment, and retention. Leveraging knowledge and networking across institutions with communities can transform academic cultures, reduce unconscious/implicit bias, and microaggression. As racism exists in every segment of our culture, building sustainable capacity and a system proportional to the populations' relative needs can help chart a direction forward for policies that support justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion among dental institutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Swann
- Diversity, Equity, Inclusion and Belonging Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tawana D Feimster
- Endodontist Health Policy and Management, Harvard Chan T. H. School of Public Health Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Deirdre D Young
- Institutional Equity and Inclusion College for Creative Studies, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Steffany Chamut
- Department of Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology and Office of Global and Community Health, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Daud A, Matoug-Elwerfelli M, Du X, Ali K. A qualitative enquiry into dental students' perceptions of dentistry as a career choice in the State of Qatar. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 22:452. [PMID: 35690749 PMCID: PMC9188034 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-022-03522-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Career choice is a complex, multifaceted process affecting all aspects of life. Motivational factors of aspiring dentists are crucial to inform institutions and aid with the admission process. The aim of this study was to explore undergraduate dental students' perceived motivation for their career choice in the first dental institution in the State of Qatar to bridge the gap in knowledge in this area. METHODS Homogeneous purposive sampling technique was employed to collect data from all year 2 and year 3 undergraduate dental students to gain a deeper insight into their motivation of career choice. An explorative qualitative method using face-to-face focus group sessions were utilized. All focus groups were conducted in English and contained a moderator and observer. A topic guide was used to ensure data collection standardization. Participants' views were recorded and filed notes obtained. Data was transcribed and analysis performed utilizing an inductive thematic approach. RESULTS A total of 34 students (89.5%) from year 2 and 3 participated in the focus groups. Data analysis revealed six main themes emerging from this study namely; altruism and patient care, family influence factors, childhood aspirations, hands-on practical skills, professional and social status, and the opportunity to reconsider and transfer. Based on frequency, altruism, opportunities to learn hands-on practical skills and professional status appeared to be the main drivers influencing students' choice of dentistry as a professional career. CONCLUSION This qualitative study presents the first national study providing insightful information regarding current undergraduate dental students' decision process in relation to their profession selection, and shows that opportunities to provide patient care seems to be the key to motivation. There was also a strong inclination towards performing hands-on practical tasks as a dentist, and developing a professional status. Interestingly, financial reward did not feature as a motivational factor in this study. The study highlights the influence of socio-cultural and economic factors on choosing dentistry as a career. This data could help dental institutions better understand future applicant's motivations to join dentistry and assist with the academic recruitment/admission process and targeting students with a potential to excel in the profession.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Daud
- College of Dental Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Xiangyun Du
- Aalborg UNESCO Center for Problem-Based Learning, Department of Planning, Aalborg University, Rendsburggade 14, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kamran Ali
- College of Dental Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shahid M, Shum JH, Tadakamadla SK, Kroon J, Peres MA. Theoretical evidence explaining the relationship between socio-demographic and psychosocial barriers on access to oral health care among adults: A scoping review. J Dent 2021; 107:103606. [PMID: 33582113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2021.103606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Current global models for oral health care are outdated. Out of pocket payments and exclusion from most national health systems has created a gap for access of services by socio-economically vulnerable adults. Our objective is to understand barriers to access and the causal associations between barriers to care. DATA All study designs with a theoretical/conceptual framework to explain access and barriers among adults were included. SOURCES 6 electronic databases (PubMed, Medline (EBSCO), CINAHL, Embase, Web of Science) including grey literature searches (ProQuest) and expert consultation. The identified studies were then analysed using narrative synthesis and NVivo. STUDY SELECTION/RESULTS 40 studies using a theoretical framework to explain access among adults were identified. Andersen's behavioural model was most used. Cost was the primary causal factor that perpetuated the effect of other barriers. Associations were found between age and education level, cost and need, cost and dental anxiety. Study design and analysis used to identify these associations had limitations in determining causality. CONCLUSION Oral health access research is based in theory, leading to the identification of socio-demographic and psychosocial barriers and their relationships. However, a lack of explanation of causal associations persists. This review recognises the importance of understanding the cause of barriers in addition to their nature. Appropriate study designs and analysis considering the impact of time varying factors on access is required. Empirical analysis needs to focus on the role of confounders and mediators to determine causality successfully. To achieve this a theory driven causal model has been proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mishel Shahid
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Jeremy H Shum
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, Australia
| | - Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla
- National Health and Medical Research Council Early Career Fellow, School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, Australia; Menzies Health Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeroen Kroon
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marco A Peres
- National Dental Research Institute, Oral Health ACP, Health Services and Systems Research Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Tiong Bahru, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kodama T, Ida Y, Miura H. A Nationwide Survey on Working Hours and Working Environment among Hospital Dentists in Japan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17239048. [PMID: 33291636 PMCID: PMC7730468 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17239048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sustainable human resource is one of the main issues in healthcare delivery and the way hospital dentists work has a significant impact on oral and dental healthcare services. This study is the first large-scale nationwide survey aiming to investigate the working hours including the working environment among hospital dentists in Japan. A total of 2914 hospital dentists responded to self-administered questionnaires from general hospitals (GHs) and medical educational institutions (MEIs) across the country. Among full-time dentists, the younger generation (i.e., those in their 20s and 30s) of both male and female dentists working in GHs engage in over 40 h of in-hospital clinical practice per week, apart from their self-learning hours. In contrast, the middle-aged dentists (i.e., those in their 40s and 50s) at MEIs work for more than 50 h on average due to the added teaching and research responsibilities. In a multiple logistic regression model using "more than 60 h of work per week" as the dependent variable, higher ORs (Odds Ratios) were found in males (OR = 1.83, 95%CI 1.50-2.22), MEIs (OR = 1.92, 1.52-2.42), and individuals specializing in dental and oral surgery (OR = 1.85, 1.47-2.32). Task-shifting was requested by 22.6% of the respondents for preventive care and dental guidance. Only a few male dentists experienced taking a parental leave and the peak distribution of working hours was shorter for females working in GHs. The support for child-rearing in the work environment is still insufficient and a consensus on the involvement of male dentists in childcare is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Kodama
- Department of International Health and Collaboration, National Institute of Public Health, Wako 351-0197, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-48-458-6150
| | - Yusuke Ida
- Healthcare Executive Program, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
| | - Hiroko Miura
- Division of Disease Control and Epidemiology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Howell SEI. Attitudes and behaviors regarding public health of dental school graduates from A. T. Still University. J Dent Educ 2020; 84:681-687. [PMID: 32068258 DOI: 10.1002/jdd.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To survey A. T. Still University, Arizona School of Dentistry & Oral Health (ATSU-ASDOH) graduates and evaluate the impact of completing a Master of Public Health (MPH) degree during dental school on a dentist's practice behaviors, volunteerism, and attitudes toward dental education, practice preparedness, and the dental profession. METHODS In 2018, a 35-question survey was emailed to 637 (ATSU-ASDOH) graduates from 2007 to 2017. Questions were related to demographics, obtaining an MPH, postgraduate education, practice setting, and attitudes regarding dental education on practice preparedness and the dental profession. RESULTS One hundred and seven dentists completed the survey for a response rate of 16.8%. Of those, 40 respondents received an MPH from (ATSU-ASDOH) at the same time as graduating with a DMD or within 5 years following graduation. Dentists with an MPH were more likely to practice in public health settings (P = 0.028). However, the MPH did not appear to influence attitudes toward the dental profession. CONCLUSION Dentists from (ATSU-ASDOH) who obtained an MPH and those who entered dental school wanting to work with the underserved are more likely to practice within public health settings. This study begins to paint a picture of a dual degree graduate. Future studies should explore which variables are more likely to result in a graduate working within a public health setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott E I Howell
- A. T. Still University, Arizona School of Dentistry & Oral Health, Mesa, Arizona, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Davidson PL, Maccalla NMG, Afifi AA, Guerrero L, Nakazono TT, Zhong S, Wallace SP. A participatory approach to evaluating a national training and institutional change initiative: the BUILD longitudinal evaluation. BMC Proc 2017; 11:15. [PMID: 29375658 PMCID: PMC5773880 DOI: 10.1186/s12919-017-0082-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The National Institutes of Health (NIH) funds training programs to increase the numbers and skills of scientists who obtain NIH research grants, but few programs have been rigorously evaluated. The sizeable recent NIH investment in developing programs to increase the diversity of the NIH-funded workforce, implemented through the Diversity Program Consortium (DPC), is unusual in that it also funds a Consortium-wide evaluation plan, which spans the activities of the 10 BUilding Infrastructure Leading to Diversity (BUILD) awardees and the National Research Mentoring Network (NRMN). The purpose of this article is to describe the evaluation design and innovations of the BUILD Program on students, faculty, and institutions of the 10 primarily undergraduate BUILD sites. KEY HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PROJECT Our approach to this multi-methods quasi-experimental longitudinal evaluation emphasizes stakeholder participation and collaboration. The evaluation plan specifies the major evaluation questions and key short- to long-term outcome measures (or Hallmarks of Success). The Coordination and Evaluation Center (CEC) embarked on a comprehensive evaluation strategy by developing a set of logic models that incorporate the Hallmarks of Success and other outcomes that were collaboratively identified by the DPC. Data were collected from each BUILD site through national surveys from the Higher Education Research Institute at UCLA (HERI), annual followup surveys that align with the HERI instruments, site visits and case studies, program encounter data ("tracker" data), and institutional data. The analytic approach involves comparing changes in Hallmarks (key outcomes) within institutions for biomedical students who participated versus those who did not participate in the BUILD program at each institution, as well as between institution patterns of biomedical students at the BUILD sites, and matched institutions that were not BUILD grantees. Case studies provide insights into the institutionalization of these new programs and help to explain the processes that lead to the observed outcomes. IMPLICATIONS Ultimately, the results of the consortium-wide evaluation will be used to inform national policy in higher education and will provide relevant examples of institutional and educational programmatic changes required to diversify the biomedical workforce in the USA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L. Davidson
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Fielding School of Public Health, and the UCLA Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Nicole M. G. Maccalla
- Department of Education, Graduate School of Education and Information Studies, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Abdelmonem A. Afifi
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health and Department of Biomathematics, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Lourdes Guerrero
- Division of General Internal Medicine/Health Services Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Terry T. Nakazono
- Division of General Internal Medicine/Health Services Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Shujin Zhong
- Department of Education, Graduate School of Education and Information Studies, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Steven P. Wallace
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, and UCLA Center for Health Policy Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The relationship between education debt and career choices in professional programs. J Am Dent Assoc 2017; 148:825-833. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2017.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
10
|
Olowo-Ofayoku A, John Moxham B. Comparisons between the attitudes of medical and dental students toward the clinical importance of gross anatomy and physiology. Clin Anat 2014; 27:976-87. [PMID: 24903861 DOI: 10.1002/ca.22417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Olowo-Ofayoku
- King's College London Dental Institute, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital; London SE1 9RT United Kingdom
| | - Bernard John Moxham
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University; Museum Avenue Cardiff CF10 3AX Wales United Kingdom
- Department of Anatomy; St George's University; Grenada West Indies
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Educational debt and intended employment choice among dental school seniors. J Am Dent Assoc 2014; 145:428-34. [DOI: 10.14219/jada.2014.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
12
|
The contributions of Dr. Gies. J Am Dent Assoc 2013; 144 Spec No:20S-23S. [DOI: 10.14219/jada.archive.2013.0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
13
|
Toassi RFC, Baumgarten A, Warmling CM, Rossoni E, Rosa ARD, Slavutzky SMB. Teaching at primary healthcare services within the Brazilian national health system (SUS) in Brazilian healthcare professionals' training. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1414-32832013005000008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the role of teaching at primary healthcare services within the Brazilian National Health System (SUS) in dentists' training, at a public university in the south of Brazil. A qualitative methodological approach (case study) was used. Interviews were conducted with 12 dentistry students, six dentists who were preceptors working in public primary healthcare services and three teachers connected with this curricular training. Our findings showed that the curricular training in SUS primary healthcare services had an impact on the dentists' education through establishment of bonds, autonomy in problem-solving and multiprofessional teamwork. It was seen that they learned about how healthcare services function, about healthcare and about development of cultural competence. There is a need to maintain constant questioning regarding these practices, and to ensure the presence of infrastructure and qualified professionals for teaching at these services.
Collapse
|
14
|
The Contributions of Dr. Gies. J Am Dent Assoc 2013; 144:248-51. [DOI: 10.14219/jada.archive.2013.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|