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Romero Z, Urbinati F, Geiger S, Cooper AR, Wherley J, Kaufman ML, Hollis RP, Ruiz de Assin R, Senadheera S, Sahagian A, Jin X, Gellis A, Wang X, Gjertson D, DeOliveira S, Kempert P, Shupien S, Abdel-Azim H, Walters MC, Meiselman HJ, Wenby RB, Gruber T, Marder V, Coates TD, Kohn DB. β-globin gene transfer to human bone marrow for sickle cell disease. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:67930. [PMID: 23863630 PMCID: PMC4011030 DOI: 10.1172/jci67930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autologous hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy is an approach to treating sickle cell disease (SCD) patients that may result in lower morbidity than allogeneic transplantation. We examined the potential of a lentiviral vector (LV) (CCL-βAS3-FB) encoding a human hemoglobin (HBB) gene engineered to impede sickle hemoglobin polymerization (HBBAS3) to transduce human BM CD34+ cells from SCD donors and prevent sickling of red blood cells produced by in vitro differentiation. The CCL-βAS3-FB LV transduced BM CD34+ cells from either healthy or SCD donors at similar levels, based on quantitative PCR and colony-forming unit progenitor analysis. Consistent expression of HBBAS3 mRNA and HbAS3 protein compromised a fourth of the total β-globin-like transcripts and hemoglobin (Hb) tetramers. Upon deoxygenation, a lower percentage of HBBAS3-transduced red blood cells exhibited sickling compared with mock-transduced cells from sickle donors. Transduced BM CD34+ cells were transplanted into immunodeficient mice, and the human cells recovered after 2-3 months were cultured for erythroid differentiation, which showed levels of HBBAS3 mRNA similar to those seen in the CD34+ cells that were directly differentiated in vitro. These results demonstrate that the CCL-βAS3-FB LV is capable of efficient transfer and consistent expression of an effective anti-sickling β-globin gene in human SCD BM CD34+ progenitor cells, improving physiologic parameters of the resulting red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulema Romero
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics,
Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program,
Department of Medicine Statistics Core,
Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and
Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Research Immunology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Children’s Hospital and Research Center, Oakland, California, USA.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Fabrizia Urbinati
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics,
Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program,
Department of Medicine Statistics Core,
Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and
Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Research Immunology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Children’s Hospital and Research Center, Oakland, California, USA.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sabine Geiger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics,
Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program,
Department of Medicine Statistics Core,
Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and
Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Research Immunology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Children’s Hospital and Research Center, Oakland, California, USA.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Aaron R. Cooper
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics,
Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program,
Department of Medicine Statistics Core,
Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and
Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Research Immunology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Children’s Hospital and Research Center, Oakland, California, USA.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Wherley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics,
Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program,
Department of Medicine Statistics Core,
Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and
Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Research Immunology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Children’s Hospital and Research Center, Oakland, California, USA.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael L. Kaufman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics,
Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program,
Department of Medicine Statistics Core,
Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and
Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Research Immunology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Children’s Hospital and Research Center, Oakland, California, USA.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Roger P. Hollis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics,
Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program,
Department of Medicine Statistics Core,
Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and
Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Research Immunology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Children’s Hospital and Research Center, Oakland, California, USA.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rafael Ruiz de Assin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics,
Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program,
Department of Medicine Statistics Core,
Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and
Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Research Immunology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Children’s Hospital and Research Center, Oakland, California, USA.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shantha Senadheera
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics,
Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program,
Department of Medicine Statistics Core,
Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and
Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Research Immunology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Children’s Hospital and Research Center, Oakland, California, USA.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Arineh Sahagian
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics,
Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program,
Department of Medicine Statistics Core,
Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and
Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Research Immunology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Children’s Hospital and Research Center, Oakland, California, USA.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xiangyang Jin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics,
Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program,
Department of Medicine Statistics Core,
Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and
Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Research Immunology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Children’s Hospital and Research Center, Oakland, California, USA.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alyse Gellis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics,
Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program,
Department of Medicine Statistics Core,
Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and
Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Research Immunology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Children’s Hospital and Research Center, Oakland, California, USA.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics,
Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program,
Department of Medicine Statistics Core,
Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and
Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Research Immunology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Children’s Hospital and Research Center, Oakland, California, USA.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David Gjertson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics,
Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program,
Department of Medicine Statistics Core,
Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and
Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Research Immunology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Children’s Hospital and Research Center, Oakland, California, USA.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Satiro DeOliveira
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics,
Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program,
Department of Medicine Statistics Core,
Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and
Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Research Immunology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Children’s Hospital and Research Center, Oakland, California, USA.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pamela Kempert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics,
Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program,
Department of Medicine Statistics Core,
Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and
Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Research Immunology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Children’s Hospital and Research Center, Oakland, California, USA.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sally Shupien
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics,
Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program,
Department of Medicine Statistics Core,
Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and
Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Research Immunology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Children’s Hospital and Research Center, Oakland, California, USA.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hisham Abdel-Azim
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics,
Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program,
Department of Medicine Statistics Core,
Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and
Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Research Immunology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Children’s Hospital and Research Center, Oakland, California, USA.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mark C. Walters
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics,
Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program,
Department of Medicine Statistics Core,
Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and
Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Research Immunology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Children’s Hospital and Research Center, Oakland, California, USA.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Herbert J. Meiselman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics,
Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program,
Department of Medicine Statistics Core,
Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and
Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Research Immunology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Children’s Hospital and Research Center, Oakland, California, USA.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rosalinda B. Wenby
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics,
Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program,
Department of Medicine Statistics Core,
Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and
Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Research Immunology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Children’s Hospital and Research Center, Oakland, California, USA.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Theresa Gruber
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics,
Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program,
Department of Medicine Statistics Core,
Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and
Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Research Immunology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Children’s Hospital and Research Center, Oakland, California, USA.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Victor Marder
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics,
Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program,
Department of Medicine Statistics Core,
Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and
Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Research Immunology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Children’s Hospital and Research Center, Oakland, California, USA.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Thomas D. Coates
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics,
Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program,
Department of Medicine Statistics Core,
Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and
Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Research Immunology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Children’s Hospital and Research Center, Oakland, California, USA.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Donald B. Kohn
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics,
Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program,
Department of Medicine Statistics Core,
Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and
Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Research Immunology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Children’s Hospital and Research Center, Oakland, California, USA.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
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