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Wang T, Li K, Xiao S, Xia Y. A Plausible Role for Collectins in Skin Immune Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:594858. [PMID: 33790889 PMCID: PMC8006919 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.594858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is a complex organ that faces the external environment and participates in the innate immune system. Skin immune homeostasis is necessary to defend against external microorganisms and to recover from stress to the skin. This homeostasis depends on interactions among a variety of cells, cytokines, and the complement system. Collectins belong to the lectin pathway of the complement system, and have various roles in innate immune responses. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), collectin kidney 1, and liver (CL-K1, CL-L1) activate the lectin pathway, while all have multiple functions, including recognition of pathogens, opsonization of phagocytosis, and modulation of cytokine-mediated inflammatory responses. Certain collectins are localized in the skin, and their expressions change during skin diseases. In this review, we summarize important advances in our understanding of how MBL, surfactant proteins A and D, CL-L1, and CL-K1 function in skin immune homeostasis. Based on the potential roles of collectins in skin diseases, we suggest therapeutic strategies for skin diseases through the targeting of collectins and relevant regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ke Li
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shengxiang Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yumin Xia
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Medvedeva IV, Stokes ME, Eisinger D, LaBrie ST, Ai J, Trotter MWB, Schafer P, Yang R. Large-scale Analyses of Disease Biomarkers and Apremilast Pharmacodynamic Effects. Sci Rep 2020; 10:605. [PMID: 31953524 PMCID: PMC6969165 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57542-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Finding biomarkers that provide shared link between disease severity, drug-induced pharmacodynamic effects and response status in human trials can provide number of values for patient benefits: elucidating current therapeutic mechanism-of-action, and, back-translating to fast-track development of next-generation therapeutics. Both opportunities are predicated on proactive generation of human molecular profiles that capture longitudinal trajectories before and after pharmacological intervention. Here, we present the largest plasma proteomic biomarker dataset available to-date and the corresponding analyses from placebo-controlled Phase III clinical trials of the phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor apremilast in psoriasis (PSOR), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) from 526 subjects overall. Using approximately 150 plasma analytes tracked across three time points, we identified IL-17A and KLK-7 as biomarkers for disease severity and apremilast pharmacodynamic effect in psoriasis patients. Combined decline rate of KLK-7, PEDF, MDC and ANGPTL4 by Week 16 represented biomarkers for the responder subgroup, shedding insights into therapeutic mechanisms. In ankylosing spondylitis patients, IL-6 and LRG-1 were identified as biomarkers with concordance to disease severity. Apremilast-induced LRG-1 increase was consistent with the overall lack of efficacy in ankylosing spondylitis. Taken together, these findings expanded the mechanistic knowledge base of apremilast and provided translational foundations to accelerate future efforts including compound differentiation, combination, and repurposing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Medvedeva
- Celgene Corporation, Informatics&Predictive Sciences, Cambridge, 02140, USA.
| | - Matthew E Stokes
- Celgene Corporation, Informatics&Predictive Sciences, Cambridge, 02140, USA
| | | | | | - Jing Ai
- Celgene Corporation, Informatics&Predictive Sciences, Cambridge, 02140, USA
| | - Matthew W B Trotter
- Celgene Corporation, Celgene Institute for Translational Research Europe (CITRE), Sevilla, 41092, Spain
| | - Peter Schafer
- Celgene Corporation, Translational Development, Summit, 07901, USA
| | - Robert Yang
- Celgene Corporation, Informatics&Predictive Sciences, Cambridge, 02140, USA
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Sorensen GL. Surfactant Protein D in Respiratory and Non-Respiratory Diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:18. [PMID: 29473039 PMCID: PMC5809447 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactant protein D (SP-D) is a multimeric collectin that is involved in innate immune defense and expressed in pulmonary, as well as non-pulmonary, epithelia. SP-D exerts antimicrobial effects and dampens inflammation through direct microbial interactions and modulation of host cell responses via a series of cellular receptors. However, low protein concentrations, genetic variation, biochemical modification, and proteolytic breakdown can induce decomposition of multimeric SP-D into low-molecular weight forms, which may induce pro-inflammatory SP-D signaling. Multimeric SP-D can decompose into trimeric SP-D, and this process, and total SP-D levels, are partly determined by variation within the SP-D gene, SFTPD. SP-D has been implicated in the development of respiratory diseases including respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, allergic asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Disease-induced breakdown or modifications of SP-D facilitate its systemic leakage from the lung, and circulatory SP-D is a promising biomarker for lung injury. Moreover, studies in preclinical animal models have demonstrated that local pulmonary treatment with recombinant SP-D is beneficial in these diseases. In recent years, SP-D has been shown to exert antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects in various non-pulmonary organs and to have effects on lipid metabolism and pro-inflammatory effects in vessel walls, which enhance the risk of atherosclerosis. A common SFTPD polymorphism is associated with atherosclerosis and diabetes, and SP-D has been associated with metabolic disorders because of its effects in the endothelium and adipocytes and its obesity-dampening properties. This review summarizes and discusses the reported genetic associations of SP-D with disease and the clinical utility of circulating SP-D for respiratory disease prognosis. Moreover, basic research on the mechanistic links between SP-D and respiratory, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases is summarized. Perspectives on the development of SP-D therapy are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grith L Sorensen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Wu P, Ma G, Zhu X, Gu T, Zhang J, Sun Y, Xu H, Huo R, Wang B, Shen B, Chen X, Li N. Cyr61/CCN1 is involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis vulgaris via promoting IL-8 production by keratinocytes in a JNK/NF-κB pathway. Clin Immunol 2017; 174:53-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Bratcher PE, Gaggar A. Factors influencing the measurement of plasma/serum surfactant protein D levels by ELISA. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111466. [PMID: 25365324 PMCID: PMC4218753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extensive variations in human surfactant protein D (SP-D) levels in circulation as measured by ELISA exist in the published literature. In order to determine the source of these variations, factors influencing the measurement by ELISA were explored. Materials and Methods Peripheral blood from healthy individuals was collected into various vacutainers during the same blood draw. Recombinant SP-D was diluted into different matrices and used for a standard curve. Samples were analyzed by capture ELISA using one of two distinct detection antibodies. Results The type of matrix had some effects on detection of recombinant SP-D. The type of anticoagulant used and dilution factor had very little effect, except for in plasma collected in EDTA vacutainers. The extent of variation in published values seemed to be due to the ELISA configuration employed, and, in agreement with this, we found that by switching the detection antibody, there was a 50% decrease in the extrapolated SP-D value of serum and plasma samples. Storage of samples resulted in slight changes in measured SP-D levels. Conclusions The ELISA configuration employed to measure circulating levels of SP-D has a significant effect on the extrapolated values. In both configurations tested, the use of EDTA as a coagulant resulted in inconsistent values, and we, therefore, suggest the avoidance of this anticoagulant when assaying for SP-D by ELISA. While the demonstrated effects of several factors on measurement of SP-D may not account for all the disparities amongst the previous studies, they stress that variations in methodologies for measuring the same protein can result in very inconsistent results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preston E. Bratcher
- Department of Medicine and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Amit Gaggar
- Department of Medicine and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, UAB Lung Health Center, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Medicine Service, United States Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
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Bao L, Shi VY, Chan LS. IL-4 up-regulates epidermal chemotactic, angiogenic, and pro-inflammatory genes and down-regulates antimicrobial genes in vivo and in vitro: relevant in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Cytokine 2012. [PMID: 23207180 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease. Although the pathogenesis of AD is not fully understood, we and others have shown that IL-4 plays a key role. In this study we aimed to identify keratinocyte genes regulated by IL-4 that may play important roles in the pathophysiology of AD. HaCat cells were treated with IL-4 at various concentrations for 24h, and PCR gene array on inflammation/autoimmunity was performed three times for analysis of differential gene expression. Of all the 370 genes examined, 32 and 53 genes are up- and down-regulated, respectively. Specifically related to AD, chemokines CCL3L1, CCL8, CCL24, CCL25, CCL26, CXCL6 and CXCL16 are up-regulated by IL-4. Pro-inflammatory factors, such as IL-19, IL-20, IL-1α, IL-12Rβ2, IL-25, IL-31RA, OSMR and nitric oxide synthase 2, are also up-regulated. In addition, IL-4 up-regulates VEGFA, a pro-angiogenic factor. In contrast, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) or factors involved in APM production, such as IFN-κ, S100s, Toll-like receptors, and several chemokines are down-regulated. Similarly IL-4 also down-regulates TNF-α, lymphotoxin-β, an IgE suppressor, TNFSF18, a T-cells function regulator, and the glucocorticoid receptor. On the in vivo level, real-time RT-PCR on the selected genes confirmed that IL-4 up-regulates chemokines, proinflammatory cytokines while it suppresses AMP production related genes in the skin obtained from IL-4 Tg mice. Detailed examination of these genes will delineate their specific roles in chemotaxis, inflammation, angiogenesis and AMP production, all of which may contribute to the development and progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Bao
- Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Aiad HAS, El-Farargy SM, Soliman MM, El-Wahed Gaber MA, El-Aziz Othman SA. Immunohistochemical staining of surfactant proteins A and B in skin of psoriatic patients before and after narrow-band UVB phototherapy. Am J Clin Dermatol 2012; 13:341-8. [PMID: 22621659 DOI: 10.2165/11630720-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that is mediated by elements of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Surfactant proteins (SPs) play an important role in host defense mechanisms. They are thought to have a potential role in some inflammatory skin diseases including psoriasis. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate SP-A and SP-B immunohistochemical staining in skin of psoriatic patients before and after narrow-band UV radiation type B (NB-UVB) phototherapy. STUDY DESIGN Immunohistochemical staining for SP-A and SP-B was performed on tissues from 20 psoriatic patients before and after NB-UVB. Results were compared with the degree of improvement assessed by the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) and duration of treatment. RESULTS In unaffected skin, SP-A and SP-B were restricted to the basal layer; however, in psoriatic skin, they appeared in suprabasal layers in 80% and 85% of cases, respectively. Dermal inflammatory cells showed SP-A in 11 cases (55%) and SP-B in only one case (5%). After treatment by NB-UVB, SP-A and SP-B staining showed predilection to the basal layer. Absence of SP-A staining in suprabasal layers after NB-UVB therapy was correlated to better response to therapy (p=0.003) and shorter duration of treatment (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS SP-A and SP-B positivity is increased in psoriatic skin and reduced after NB-UVB therapy. Absence of SP-A in suprabasal layers after NB-UVB therapy is associated with better response and shorter duration of treatment.
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Nayak A, Dodagatta-Marri E, Tsolaki AG, Kishore U. An Insight into the Diverse Roles of Surfactant Proteins, SP-A and SP-D in Innate and Adaptive Immunity. Front Immunol 2012; 3:131. [PMID: 22701116 PMCID: PMC3369187 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-D are hydrophilic, collagen-containing calcium-dependent lectins, which appear to have a range of innate immune functions at pulmonary as well as extrapulmonary sites. These proteins bind to target ligands on pathogens, allergens, and apoptotic cells, via C-terminal homotrimeric carbohydrate recognition domains, while the collagen region brings about the effector functions via its interaction with cell surface receptors. SP-A and SP-D deal with various pathogens, using a range of innate immune mechanisms such as agglutination/aggregation, enhancement of phagocytosis, and killing mechanisms by phagocytic cells and direct growth inhibition. SP-A and SP-D have also been shown to be involved in the control of pulmonary inflammation including allergy and asthma. Emerging evidence suggest that SP-A and SP-D are capable of linking innate immunity with adaptive immunity that includes modulation of dendritic cell function and helper T cell polarization. This review enumerates immunological properties of SP-A and SP-D inside and outside lungs and discusses their importance in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annapurna Nayak
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, School of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University London, UK
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Duvoix A, Mackay RM, Henderson N, McGreal E, Postle A, Reid K, Clark H. Physiological concentration of calcium inhibits elastase-induced cleavage of a functional recombinant fragment of surfactant protein D. Immunobiology 2011; 216:72-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Akman A, Kankavi O, Ciftcioglu MA, Alpsoy E. Surfactant proteins in inflammatory skin diseases: controlled study. Arch Dermatol Res 2008; 300:353-6. [PMID: 18386026 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-008-0846-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Surfactant proteins (SP) have recently been reported to be expressed in human skin tissue. SP is thought to play an essential role in the firstline defense of skin. In this study, we aimed to investigate if the SP may play a role in inflammatory skin diseases. Seven volunteers with psoriasis (n = 3), atopic dermatitis (n = 2), lichen planus (n = 1) and Behcet's disease (n = 1) participated in the study. Biopsies from each lesion and adjacent (approximately 2 cm distant) normal-appearing skin in patients were performed. Expression and localization of the SP-A, -B, -C, and -D in fresh tissues were studied by an immunohistochemical technique. In all patients, there was a weak cytoplasmic staining with SP-A and SP-D and nuclear staining with SP-B and SP-C in the epidermis of normal-appearing skin samples. However, epidermal staining with SP was observed to be stronger in all lesional samples. In addition, there was a prominent staining in inflammatory cells infiltrating dermis. This expression represents a previously unknown immunologic response in the inflammatory skin diseases and may represent an important step in the pathogenesis of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Akman
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey.
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Sin DD, Man SFP, Marciniuk DD, Ford G, FitzGerald M, Wong E, York E, Mainra RR, Ramesh W, Melenka LS, Wilde E, Cowie RL, Williams D, Gan WQ, Rousseau R. The effects of fluticasone with or without salmeterol on systemic biomarkers of inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177:1207-14. [PMID: 18310480 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200709-1356oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Small studies have suggested that inhaled corticosteroids can suppress systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of inhaled corticosteroids with or without long-acting beta(2)-adrenergic agonist on systemic biomarkers of inflammation. METHODS We conducted a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial across 11 centers (n = 289 patients with FEV(1) of 47.8 +/- 16.2% of predicted) to compare the effects of inhaled fluticasone alone or in combination with salmeterol against placebo on circulating biomarkers of systemic inflammation over 4 weeks. The primary endpoint was C-reactive protein (CRP) level. Secondary molecules of interest were IL-6 and surfactant protein D (SP-D). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Neither fluticasone nor the combination of fluticasone/salmeterol had a significant effect on CRP or IL-6 levels. There was, however, a significant reduction in SP-D levels with fluticasone and fluticasone/salmeterol compared with placebo (P = 0.002). Health status also improved significantly in both the fluticasone and fluticasone/salmeterol groups compared with placebo, driven mostly by improvements in the symptom scores. Changes in the circulating SP-D levels were related to changes in health status scores. FEV(1) improved significantly only in the fluticasone/salmeterol group compared with placebo. CONCLUSIONS ICS in conjunction with long-acting beta(2)-adrenergic agonist do not reduce CRP or IL-6 levels in serum of patients with COPD over 4 weeks. They do, however, significantly reduce serum SP-D levels. These data suggest that these drugs reduce lung-specific but not generalized biomarkers of systemic inflammation in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don D Sin
- Department of Medicine, Respiratory Division, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Ohtsuki Y, Nakanishi N, Fujita J, Yoshinouchi T, Kobayashi M, Ueda N, Lee GH, Furihata M. Immunohistochemical distribution of SP-D, compared with that of SP-A and KL-6, in interstitial pneumonias. Med Mol Morphol 2007; 40:163-7. [PMID: 17874049 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-007-0360-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The immunohistochemical distribution of SP-D was compared with that of SP-A and KL-6 using a monoclonal antibody in lung tissues of 15 cases of collagen vascular disease-associated interstitial pneumonia (CVD-IP), 4 cases of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (CHP), and 6 cases of other diseases to determine their differences in distribution. In this study, the main targets were alveolar epithelial cells, especially those in the regenerating stage, as well as lymph vessels and stroma. The cytoplasm of type II alveolar epithelial cells and Clara cells was positive for SP-D, with sharp margins; interestingly, however, during the process of regeneration large positive cells were intermingled with relatively small negative cells, even in the same row of cells. In sharp contrast, staining for SP-A and KL-6 was positive in the cytoplasm of all the regenerating alveolar epithelial cells, as well as Clara cells. Staining for KL-6 was usually positive in the surface of air spaces in linear fashion. Staining for SP-A was also positive in elastic fibers in vascular walls. In areas of destruction of pulmonary structures, loose stroma and the endothelial cells of lymph vessels as well as their contents were distinctly positive for SP-A and/or KL-6 but not SP-D. Judging from these results in pulmonary tissues of CVD-IP and HP, SP-D might be a marker for maturity of regenerating epithelial cells. Both SP-A and KL-6 were detected in intimate relationship to the stage of regeneration of alveolar epithelial cells and were expressed before SP-D. In addition, the lymph vessels play a very important role in transfer of KL-6 into the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ohtsuki
- Division of Pathology, Matsuyama-shimin Hospital, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-0067, Japan.
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