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Djaoud Z, Guethlein LA, Horowitz A, Azzi T, Nemat-Gorgani N, Olive D, Nadal D, Norman PJ, Münz C, Parham P. Two alternate strategies for innate immunity to Epstein-Barr virus: One using NK cells and the other NK cells and γδ T cells. J Exp Med 2017; 214:1827-1841. [PMID: 28468758 PMCID: PMC5460997 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Djaoud et al. show that Epstein–Barr virus infection triggers two types of human innate immune response, one mediated by the combination of NK cells and γδ T cells and the other committed to a strong NK cell response with little involvement of γδ T cells. Most humans become infected with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), which then persists for life. Infrequently, EBV infection causes infectious mononucleosis (IM) or Burkitt lymphoma (BL). Type I EBV infection, particularly type I BL, stimulates strong responses of innate immune cells. Humans respond to EBV in two alternative ways. Of 24 individuals studied, 13 made strong NK and γδ T cell responses, whereas 11 made feeble γδ T cell responses but stronger NK cell responses. The difference does not correlate with sex, HLA type, or previous exposure to EBV or cytomegalovirus. Cohorts of EBV+ children and pediatric IM patients include both group 1 individuals, with high numbers of γδ T cells, and group 2 individuals, with low numbers. The even balance of groups 1 and 2 in the human population points to both forms of innate immune response to EBV having benefit for human survival. Correlating these distinctive responses with the progress of EBV infection might facilitate the management of EBV-mediated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakia Djaoud
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Lisbeth A Guethlein
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Amir Horowitz
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Tarik Azzi
- Experimental Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Neda Nemat-Gorgani
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Daniel Olive
- Team Immunity and Cancer, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1068; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes; Aix-Marseille University, UM 105, 13284 Marseille, France
| | - David Nadal
- Experimental Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul J Norman
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Parham
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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2
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Koçer SS, Djurić PM, Bugallo MF, Simon SR, Matic M. Transcriptional profiling of putative human epithelial stem cells. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:359. [PMID: 18667080 PMCID: PMC2536675 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human interfollicular epidermis is sustained by the proliferation of stem cells and their progeny, transient amplifying cells. Molecular characterization of these two cell populations is essential for better understanding of self renewal, differentiation and mechanisms of skin pathogenesis. The purpose of this study was to obtain gene expression profiles of alpha 6+/MHCI+, transient amplifying cells and alpha 6+/MHCI-, putative stem cells, and to compare them with existing data bases of gene expression profiles of hair follicle stem cells. The expression of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I, previously shown to be absent in stem cells in several tissues, and alpha 6 integrin were used to isolate MHCI positive basal cells, and MHCI low/negative basal cells. Results Transcriptional profiles of the two cell populations were determined and comparisons made with published data for hair follicle stem cell gene expression profiles. We demonstrate that presumptive interfollicular stem cells, alpha 6+/MHCI- cells, are enriched in messenger RNAs encoding surface receptors, cell adhesion molecules, extracellular matrix proteins, transcripts encoding members of IFN-alpha family proteins and components of IFN signaling, but contain lower levels of transcripts encoding proteins which take part in energy metabolism, cell cycle, ribosome biosynthesis, splicing, protein translation, degradation, DNA replication, repair, and chromosome remodeling. Furthermore, our data indicate that the cell signaling pathways Notch1 and NF-κB are downregulated/inhibited in MHC negative basal cells. Conclusion This study demonstrates that alpha 6+/MHCI- cells have additional characteristics attributed to stem cells. Moreover, the transcription profile of alpha 6+/MHCI- cells shows similarities to transcription profiles of mouse hair follicle bulge cells known to be enriched for stem cells. Collectively, our data suggests that alpha 6+/MHCI- cells may be enriched for stem cells. This study is the first comprehensive gene expression profile of putative human epithelial stem cells and their progeny that were isolated directly from neonatal foreskin tissue. Our study is important for understanding self renewal and differentiation of epidermal stem cells, and for elucidating signaling pathways involved in those processes. The generated data base may serve those working with other human epithelial tissue progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salih S Koçer
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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3
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Rosa F, Berissi H, Weissenbach J, Maroteaux L, Fellous M, Revel M. The beta2-microglobulin mRNA in human Daudi cells has a mutated initiation codon but is still inducible by interferon. EMBO J 2002; 2:239-43. [PMID: 11894933 PMCID: PMC555120 DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human Burkitt lymphoma cell line Daudi does not synthesize beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) and lacks the cell surface histocompatibility antigens. The cells, however, contain RNA hybridizing to a cloned human beta2m cDNA probe. cDNA from this Daudi beta2m RNA, was cloned and sequenced. By comparison with cDNA prepared from Ramos cells, which synthesized microglobulin, we determined the sequence of the 20 amino acid long leader peptide of pre-beta2m and show that in Daudi cells the initiator ATG has been mutated to ATC. Although Daudi beta2m RNA cannot be translated, interferon induces the beta2m RNA in Daudi cells as well as in normal human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rosa
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris VII, France
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4
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Tortorella D, Story CM, Huppa JB, Wiertz EJ, Jones TR, Bacik I, Bennink JR, Yewdell JW, Ploegh HL. Dislocation of type I membrane proteins from the ER to the cytosol is sensitive to changes in redox potential. J Cell Biol 1998; 142:365-76. [PMID: 9679137 PMCID: PMC2133060 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.142.2.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/1997] [Revised: 05/28/1998] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) gene products US2 and US11 dislocate major histocompatibility class I heavy chains from the ER and target them for proteasomal degradation in the cytosol. The dislocation reaction is inhibited by agents that affect intracellular redox potential and/or free thiol status, such as diamide and N-ethylmaleimide. Subcellular fractionation experiments indicate that this inhibition occurs at the stage of discharge from the ER into the cytosol. The T cell receptor alpha (TCR alpha) chain is also degraded by a similar set of reactions, yet in a manner independent of virally encoded gene products. Diamide and N-ethylmaleimide likewise inhibit the dislocation of the full-length TCR alpha chain from the ER, as well as a truncated, mutant version of TCR alpha chain that lacks cysteine residues. Cytosolic destruction of glycosylated, ER-resident type I membrane proteins, therefore, requires maintenance of a proper redox potential for the initial step of removal of the substrate from the ER environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tortorella
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Pathology, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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5
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Ashton-Key M, Singh N, Pan LX, Smith ME. HLA antigen expression in enteropathy associated T cell lymphoma. J Clin Pathol 1996; 49:545-8. [PMID: 8813950 PMCID: PMC500566 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.49.7.545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the occurrence of abnormal patterns of HLA-ABC and HLA-DR expression in enteropathy associated T cell lymphoma and to relate such abnormalities to the Epstein Barr virus (EBV) status of the tumours. METHODS Eleven enteropathy associated T cell lymphomas were immunostained with HC10 (HLA-ABC heavy chain) and TAL 1B5 (HLA-DR alpha chain) monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal anti-beta 2 microglobulin (beta 2m, the HLA-ABC light chain) antibodies. In situ hybridisation for EBV using EBER probes was performed on all cases. RESULTS Tumour cells of two of 11 patients were EBER positive. One of these showed partial, and the other, complete loss of beta 2m. HLA-DR expression was undetectable in both patients. Of the remaining nine EBER negative tumours, two were HLA-ABC heavy chain negative or showed only occasional positive cells and five of nine showed partial or complete loss of the HLA-ABC light chain, beta 2m. Seven of the nine cases were either negative for HLA-DR or showed weak expression in a proportion of tumour cells. CONCLUSIONS These data show that low or absent HLA-ABC and HLA-DR antigen expression occurs commonly in enteropathy associated T cell lymphoma. These abnormal patterns of HLA expression may be associated with escape from immune attack which, in a minority of patients, could be directed against EBV antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ashton-Key
- Department of Histopathology, University College London Medical School, London
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6
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Abstract
The present study undertook to investigate the biological significance of human leucocyte antigen expression in hepatocellular carcinoma and to elucidate the role of potential modulating agents on human leucocyte antigen expression. These studies used several hepatic tumour-derived cell lines as in vitro model systems. The cell lines included PLC/PRF/5 (Alexander cell line), Hep3B, HepG2, TONG PHC, HA22T/VGH, HA59T/VGH and Mahlavu. The cell lines K562 and Raji were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. K562, a B lymphoid-derived cell line, was shown to express negligible amounts of human leucocyte antigens, while Raji, an erythromyeloid-derived cell line, expressed both class I and class II human leucocyte antigens as well as their respective invariant chains, beta 2-microglobulin and Ii. Using an ELISA, experiments performed on these cell lines confirmed the natural expression of class I and class II antigens by the HA22T/VGH and HA59T/VGH cell lines, whereas PLC/PRF/5 displayed class II surface antigens only. The effects of modulating agents such as interferon-gamma sodium butyrate and clofazimine on human leucocyte antigen expression were investigated using the HA22T/VGH, HA59T/VGH and TONG PHC cell lines. These agents increased class II and class II human leucocyte antigen expression on HA22T/VGH and TONG PHC cells, but had no effect on the HA59T/VGH cell line. The results suggest a potential use for these agents as modulators of human leucocyte antigen expression by human heptocellular cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Wadee
- Department of Immunology, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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7
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Mellins E, Kempin S, Smith L, Monji T, Pious D. A gene required for class II-restricted antigen presentation maps to the major histocompatibility complex. J Exp Med 1991; 174:1607-15. [PMID: 1744588 PMCID: PMC2119029 DOI: 10.1084/jem.174.6.1607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously described a set of mutants (16.23-selected mutants) of a B lymphoblastoid cell line that are defective in the presentation of intact proteins to class II-restricted T cells, but effectively present immunogenic peptides. The mutations in these mutants are recessive in somatic cell hybrids and are not in Class II structural genes. Here, we report on a unique mutant, 5.2.4, in which a similar defect in class II-restricted antigen presentation has occurred in association with a one-megabase homozygous deletion in the class II region of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The defects in class II presentation among three of the 16.23-selected mutants, and between these mutants and 5.2.4, are noncomplementary in somatic cell hybrids. This suggests that the class II presentation-defective phenotype in all four mutants results from lesions in a single MHC-linked gene, a conclusion strengthened by the finding that in a hybrid made with a second, unrelated MHC deletion mutant, T2, the class II presentation defect in a 16.23-selected mutant is also not complemented. Mutant 5.2.4, in addition to its class II presentation defect, is also defective in surface expression of MHC class I molecules, most likely because its deletion encompasses the peptide supply factor 1 gene, whose function is known to be required for normal abundance of cell surface class I molecules. However, the surface abundance of class I molecules is normal in the 16.23-selected mutants, suggesting that the lesions affecting class I surface abundance and class II presentation result from mutations in different genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mellins
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington 98105
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8
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Jones RA, Drexler HG, Gignac SM, Child JA, Scott CS. In vitro beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m) secretion by normal and leukaemic B-cells: effects of recombinant cytokines and evidence for a differential response to the combined stimulus of phorbol ester and calcium ionophore. Br J Cancer 1990; 61:675-80. [PMID: 2110813 PMCID: PMC1971599 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1990.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the increasing therapeutic use of immunoregulatory agents and the potential effects on cellular function, we examined the modulation of in vitro beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m) production rates by 'normal' tonsil and leukaemic B-cells in response to a number of these agents. Tonsil B-cells responded to phorbol ester (TPA) by an increased beta 2m production rate, which was further enhanced by the combined stimuli of TPA plus the calcium ionophore A23187. In marked contrast, however, lymphocytes from a majority (8/11) of B-cell malignancies showed a suppression of the TPA-induced beta 2m production rate in response to the combined TPA/A23187 stimulus. These different responses of 'normal' and malignant B-cells were not apparent when IgM production rates were examined. The recombinant cytokines IL-1, IL-2, IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma and TNF also enhanced beta 2m production rates of both normal and leukaemic B-cells, but to a considerably lesser extent than did TPA. Bryostatin-1 increased beta 2m production to a level intermediate between that obtained by TPA and the cytokines. It is suggested that beta 2m production rates may correspond to the degree of B-cell differentiation, and/or to the degree of cellular 'activation'. The results further indicate that the in vitro measurement of beta 2m production provides a different index of the cellular response than that obtained by the conventional measurement of IgM production.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Jones
- Department of Haematology, Cookridge Hospital, Leeds, UK
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9
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Severinsson L, Peterson PA. Beta 2-microglobulin induces intracellular transport of human class I transplantation antigen heavy chains in Xenopus laevis oocytes. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1984; 99:226-32. [PMID: 6429156 PMCID: PMC2275618 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.99.1.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Human class I transplantation antigens are cell-surface-expressed molecules composed of one glycosylated, membrane-integrated heavy chain and one nonglycosylated, water-soluble subunit, beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m). We have examined the intracellular transport of the two subunits by microinjecting mRNA into Xenopus laevis oocytes. Beta 2m, translated in oocytes, was transported and secreted into the medium in the absence of heavy chains whereas heavy chains were retained in the endoplasmic reticulum if not cotranslated with beta 2m. In the presence of beta 2m, heavy chains resisted digestion by endoglycosidase H (Endo H), suggesting that beta 2m promotes the transport of heavy chains from endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi compartment. Pulse-chase experiments confirmed this notion. The possibility that heavy chains aggregate irreversibly when synthesized in the absence of beta 2m was ruled out and it is demonstrated that performed heavy chains will become transported once beta 2m is available. It is suggested that intracellular transport is controlled by structural features that are part of the transported polypeptide. If so, beta 2m but not heavy chains may possess such features.
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10
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de Préval C, Mach B. The absence of beta 2-microglobulin in Daudi cells: active gene but inactive messenger RNA. Immunogenetics 1983; 17:133-40. [PMID: 6186604 DOI: 10.1007/bf00364753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The Daudi cell line is characterized by an absence of HLA antigen on its surface. This has been attributed to a lack of beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m) while the heavy chain of HLA is present intracellularly. Karyotype analysis of Daudi cells has shown a deletion involving one of the beta 2-microglobulin alleles. It was generally believed that the absence of beta 2-microglobulin in that cell line resulted from an absence of expression of the remaining gene. We report here the unexpected finding of a normal amount of beta 2-microglobulin messenger RNA in Daudi cells. This was demonstrated by "Northern blot" hybridization with cDNA plasmid clones as a probe. This mRNA, however, when purified by hybridization-selection with beta 2-microglobulin plasmid DNA, is unable to function as messenger in protein synthesis and is therefore an inactive mRNA. The finding of a translationally inactive beta 2-microglobulin mRNA provides a new explanation for the absence of beta 2-microglobulin and therefore of HLA antigens in Daudi cells.
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11
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Mordasini C, Riesen W, Morell A. Serum beta 2-microglobulin and other "tumor associated" antigens in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. Lung 1982; 160:187-94. [PMID: 6180259 DOI: 10.1007/bf02719292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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12
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Parrish RW, Williams JD, Davies BH. Serum beta-2-microglobulin and angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in sarcoidosis. Thorax 1982; 37:936-40. [PMID: 6189232 PMCID: PMC459462 DOI: 10.1136/thx.37.12.936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in sarcoidosis is regarded both as a diagnostic feature and as an index of disease activity. Increased activity of this enzyme is thought to parallel macrophage and epithelioid cell activity. Beta-2-microglobulin, a low-molecular-weight protein associated with the histocompatibility antigens, is thought to reflect activation of immunocompetent cells, particularly lymphocytes. In 132 patients with known sarcoidosis no close association was found to exist between the results of the two assays (r = 0.53). Angiotensin-converting enzyme activity was raised in 33% and beta 2-microglobulin concentrations in 63% of patients with sarcoidosis. When analysed prospectively, the results of the two assays showed no correlation in 29 patients over periods of up to 19 months. Stage, duration of disease, and corticosteroid treatment showed no significant effect on levels of either angiotensin-converting enzyme or beta 2-microglobulin. The disparity between indices of macrophage and lymphocyte activation requires further study in sarcoidosis.
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Fellous M, Nir U, Wallach D, Merlin G, Rubinstein M, Revel M. Interferon-dependent induction of mRNA for the major histocompatibility antigens in human fibroblasts and lymphoblastoid cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:3082-6. [PMID: 6179076 PMCID: PMC346357 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.10.3082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In human cells treated with interferons, there is an increase in the amount of HLA-A,B,C and beta 2-microglobulin exposed on the cell surface. We have used a cloned HLA-A,B,C cDNA probe to demonstrate by molecular hybridization that this effect of interferon is preceded by a large increase in the amount of HLA mRNA in the cell. This effect was found in five different human cell lines, with purified leukocyte and fibroblast interferons. The increase in HLA mRNA is comparable in its kinetics and dose-response to the induction of (2'-5') oligo(A) synthetase mRNA by interferons. Therefore, interferons seem to activate at least two cellular genes which have different biochemical functions.
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14
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Goodfellow PN, Banting G, Trowsdale J, Chambers S, Solomon E. Introduction of a human X-6 translocation chromosome into a mouse teratocarcinoma: investigation of control of HLA-A, B, C expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:1190-4. [PMID: 6951167 PMCID: PMC345927 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.4.1190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed an approach to human developmental biology which exploits somatic cell genetics. With this system we have examined the production of the HLA-A,B,C antigens, A human-mouse somatic cell hybrid was constructed which contained a human X-7 chromosome translocation carrying the HLA region; this hybrid was used as a donor of the X-6 translocation in the technique of microcell transfer. The X-6 chromosome recipient was the mouse embryonal carcinoma cell line PCC4. The microcell hybrid MCP-6 retained the embryonal carcinoma phenotype as judged by shape and absence of H-2 expression. Nonetheless, the expression of the HLA-A,B,C genes was not extinguished. HLA-A,B,C antigen production of the cell surface, however, was not detected because this hybrid apparently could not make beta 2-microglobulin.
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15
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Manicourt D, Brauman H, Orloff S. Synovial fluid beta 2 microglobulin and hydroxyproline fractions in rheumatoid arthritis and nonautoimmune arthropathies. Ann Rheum Dis 1980; 39:207-16. [PMID: 6158297 PMCID: PMC1000518 DOI: 10.1136/ard.39.3.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Fourteen patients with classical and definite seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 5 patients with microcrystalline arthritis, and 7 patients with osteoarthrosis were studied with respect to markers of newly synthesised collagen (synovial NDOH pro levels); markers of connective tissue resorption (synovial DOH pro and NBH levels); markers of lymphoid tissue activity (synovial and plasma beta 2m levels). Higher amounts of NDOH pro in RA synovial fluid are compatible with the hypothesis of a local connective tissue production as suggested by Uitto et al. on basis of a higher protocollagen proline hydroxylase activity in RA synovial tissue. DOH pro and NBH do not differ significantly in synovial fluid from RA or gouty patients, but the correlations between these forms of OH pro and, respectively, synovial lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leucocytes are indicative of different processes of connective tissue remodelling in the 2 conditions. Synovial beta 2m levels are a direct function of total synovial lymphocyte counts independently of the type of arthropathy being explored. The ratio of synovial to plasma beta 2m is systematically above unity in RA patients only.
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16
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Billing R, Rafizadeh B, Drew I, Hartman G, Gale R, Terasaki P. Human B-lymphocyte antigens expressed by lymphocytic and myelocytic leukemia cells. I. Detection by rabbit antisera. J Exp Med 1976; 144:167-78. [PMID: 778323 PMCID: PMC2190370 DOI: 10.1084/jem.144.1.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A previously uncharacterized human B-lymphocyte antigen has been detected by rabbit antisera raised to papain digests of spleen cell membranes. The unabsorbed sera reacted in both cytotoxicity and immunofluorescent tests with normal B lymphocytes and cultured B-cell lines but not with normal T lymphocytes or cultured T-cell lines. The cytotoxicity titers against B cells were as high as 1:32,000, whereas the same sera undiluted were negative against T cells. By immunofluorescent staining 6-14% of unfractionated normal lymphocytes and 48-85% of B-rich lymphocyte preparations were positive. Normal peripheral blood granulocytes, platelets, erythrocytes, and phytohemagglutinin blasts were negative. The antisera reacted with the same high titers against leukemia cells from approximately 70% of the patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia, and seven of eight cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. From absorption studies it appeared that the same antigen was being expressed by leukemia cells and normal B lymphocytes. Using immunofluorescent staining the anti-B-cell antisera were able to detect positive leukemia cells in the bone marrow of patients with advanced leukemia and to monitor the elimination of these cells after chemotherapy. Soluble B-cell antigen was found in the serum of some leukemia and lymphoma patients do but not in normal serum.
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