1
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Vaz-Rodrigues R, Mazuecos L, Villar M, Contreras M, González-García A, Bonini P, Scimeca RC, Mulenga A, de la Fuente J. Tick salivary proteome and lipidome with low glycan content correlate with allergic type reactions in the zebrafish model. Int J Parasitol 2024:S0020-7519(24)00139-5. [PMID: 39074655 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Ticks, as hematophagous ectoparasites, can manipulate host immune and metabolic processes, causing tick-borne allergies such as α-Gal syndrome (AGS). Glycolipids with bound galactose-alpha-1-3-galactose (α-Gal) are potential allergenic molecules associated with AGS. Nevertheless, proteins and lipids lacking α-Gal modifications may contribute to tick salivary allergies and be linked to AGS. In this study, we characterized the effect of deglycosylated tick salivary proteins without lipids on treated zebrafish fed with dog food formulated with mammalian (beef, lamb, pork) meat by quantitative proteomics analysis of intestinal samples. The characterization and functional annotations of tick salivary lipids with low representation of glycolipids was conducted using a lipidomics approach. Results showed a significant effect of treatment with saliva and saliva deglycosylated protein fraction on zebrafish abnormal or no feeding (p < 0.005). Treatment with this fraction affected multiple metabolic pathways, defense responses to pathogens and protein metabolism, which correlated with abnormal or no feeding. Lipidomics analysis identified 23 lipid classes with low representation of glycolipids (0.70% of identified lipids). The lipid class with highest representation was phosphatidylcholine (PC; 26.66%) and for glycolipids it corresponded to diacylglycerol (DG; 0.48%). Qualitative analysis of PC antibodies revealed that individuals bitten by ticks were more likely to produce PC-IgG antibodies (p < 0.001). DG levels were significantly higher in tick salivary glands (p < 0.05) compared with tick saliva and salivary fractions. The α-Gal content was higher in tick saliva than in deglycosylated saliva and lipid fractions. These results support a possible role for tick salivary proteins and lipids without α-Gal modifications in AGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Vaz-Rodrigues
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo 12, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Lorena Mazuecos
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo 12, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Margarita Villar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo 12, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Marinela Contreras
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo 12, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Almudena González-García
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo 12, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Paolo Bonini
- oloBion SL, Av. Dr. Marañón 8, 08028Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ruth C Scimeca
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Albert Mulenga
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo 12, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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2
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Prenzler S, Rudrawar S, Waespy M, Kelm S, Anoopkumar-Dukie S, Haselhorst T. The role of sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like-lectin-1 (siglec-1) in immunology and infectious disease. Int Rev Immunol 2023; 42:113-138. [PMID: 34494938 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1931171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Siglec-1, also known as Sialoadhesin (Sn) and CD169 is highly conserved among vertebrates and with 17 immunoglobulin-like domains is Siglec-1 the largest member of the Siglec family. Expression of Siglec-1 is found primarily on dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages and interferon induced monocyte. The structure of Siglec-1 is unique among siglecs and its function as a receptor is also different compared to other receptors in this class as it contains the most extracellular domains out of all the siglecs. However, the ability of Siglec-1 to internalize antigens and to pass them on to lymphocytes by allowing dendritic cells and macrophages to act as antigen presenting cells, is the main reason that has granted Siglec-1's key role in multiple human disease states including atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, autoimmune diseases, cell-cell signaling, immunology, and more importantly bacterial and viral infections. Enveloped viruses for example have been shown to manipulate Siglec-1 to increase their virulence by binding to sialic acids present on the virus glycoproteins allowing them to spread or evade immune response. Siglec-1 mediates dissemination of HIV-1 in activated tissues enhancing viral spread via infection of DC/T-cell synapses. Overall, the ability of Siglec-1 to bind a variety of target cells within the immune system such as erythrocytes, B-cells, CD8+ granulocytes and NK cells, highlights that Siglec-1 is a unique player in these essential processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Prenzler
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Santosh Rudrawar
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mario Waespy
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Sørge Kelm
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Shailendra Anoopkumar-Dukie
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas Haselhorst
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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3
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Zhao L, Yang X. Cross Talk Between Natural Killer T and Dendritic Cells and Its Impact on T Cell Responses in Infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:837767. [PMID: 35185930 PMCID: PMC8850912 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.837767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Both innate and adaptive immunity is vital for host defense against infections. Dendritic cells (DCs) are critical for initiating and modulating adaptive immunity, especially for T-cell responses. Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a small population of innate-like T cells distributed in multiple organs. Many studies have suggested that the cross-talk between these two immune cells is critical for immunobiology and host defense mechanisms. Not only can DCs influence the activation/function of NKT cells, but NKT cells can feedback on DCs also, thus modulating the phenotype and function of DCs and DC subsets. This functional feedback of NKT cells on DCs, especially the preferential promoting effect on CD8α+ and CD103+ DC subsets in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues, significantly impacts the systemic and local adaptive CD4 and CD8 T cell responses in infections. This review focuses on the two-way interaction between NKT cells and DCs, emphasizing the importance of NKT cell feedback on DCs in bridging innate and adaptive immune responses for host defense purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Departments of Immunology and Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Laboratory of Basic Medical Science, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Departments of Immunology and Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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4
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Saad AA. Targeting cancer-associated glycans as a therapeutic strategy in leukemia. ALL LIFE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2022.2049901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Abdullah Saad
- Unit of Pediatric Hematologic Oncology and BMT, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
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5
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Bharadwaj NS, Gumperz JE. Harnessing invariant natural killer T cells to control pathological inflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:998378. [PMID: 36189224 PMCID: PMC9519390 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.998378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate T cells that are recognized for their potent immune modulatory functions. Over the last three decades, research in murine models and human observational studies have revealed that iNKT cells can act to limit inflammatory pathology in a variety of settings. Since iNKT cells are multi-functional and can promote inflammation in some contexts, understanding the mechanistic basis for their anti-inflammatory effects is critical for effectively harnessing them for clinical use. Two contrasting mechanisms have emerged to explain the anti-inflammatory activity of iNKT cells: that they drive suppressive pathways mediated by other regulatory cells, and that they may cytolytically eliminate antigen presenting cells that promote excessive inflammatory responses. How these activities are controlled and separated from their pro-inflammatory functions remains a central question. Murine iNKT cells can be divided into four functional lineages that have either pro-inflammatory (NKT1, NKT17) or anti-inflammatory (NKT2, NKT10) cytokine profiles. However, in humans these subsets are not clearly evident, and instead most iNKT cells that are CD4+ appear oriented towards polyfunctional (TH0) cytokine production, while CD4- iNKT cells appear more predisposed towards cytolytic activity. Additionally, structurally distinct antigens have been shown to induce TH1- or TH2-biased responses by iNKT cells in murine models, but human iNKT cells may respond to differing levels of TCR stimulation in a way that does not neatly separate TH1 and TH2 cytokine production. We discuss the implications of these differences for translational efforts focused on the anti-inflammatory activity of iNKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhila S Bharadwaj
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jenny E Gumperz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
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6
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Gegonne A, Chen QR, Dey A, Etzensperger R, Tai X, Singer A, Meerzaman D, Ozato K, Singer DS. Immature CD8 Single-Positive Thymocytes Are a Molecularly Distinct Subpopulation, Selectively Dependent on BRD4 for Their Differentiation. Cell Rep 2019; 24:117-129. [PMID: 29972774 PMCID: PMC6298745 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell differentiation in the thymus proceeds in an ordered sequence of developmental events characterized by variable expression of CD4 and CD8 coreceptors. Here, we report that immature single-positive (ISP) thymocytes are molecularly distinct from all other T cell populations in the thymus in their expression of a gene profile that is dependent on the transcription factor BRD4. Conditional deletion of BRD4 at various stages of thymic differentiation reveals that BRD4 selectively regulates the further differentiation of ISPs by targeting cell cycle and metabolic pathways, but it does not affect the extensive proliferation that results in the generation of ISPs. These studies lead to the conclusion that the ISP subpopulation is not a hybrid transitional state but a molecularly distinct subpopulation that is selectively dependent on BRD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gegonne
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Qing-Rong Chen
- Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anup Dey
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ruth Etzensperger
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xuguang Tai
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alfred Singer
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daoud Meerzaman
- Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Keiko Ozato
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dinah S Singer
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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7
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Noval Rivas M, Lee Y, Wakita D, Chiba N, Dagvadorj J, Shimada K, Chen S, Fishbein MC, Lehman TJA, Crother TR, Arditi M. CD8+ T Cells Contribute to the Development of Coronary Arteritis in the Lactobacillus casei Cell Wall Extract-Induced Murine Model of Kawasaki Disease. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 69:410-421. [PMID: 27696768 DOI: 10.1002/art.39939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Kawasaki disease (KD) is the leading cause of acquired heart disease among children in developed countries. Coronary lesions in KD in humans are characterized by an increased presence of infiltrating CD3+ T cells; however, the specific contributions of the different T cell subpopulations in coronary arteritis development remain unknown. Therefore, we sought to investigate the function of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, Treg cells, and natural killer (NK) T cells in the pathogenesis of KD. METHODS We addressed the function of T cell subsets in KD development by using a well-established murine model of Lactobacillus casei cell wall extract (LCWE)-induced KD vasculitis. We determined which T cell subsets were required for development of KD vasculitis by using several knockout murine strains and depleting monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS LCWE-injected mice developed coronary lesions characterized by the presence of inflammatory cell infiltrates. Frequently, this chronic inflammation resulted in complete occlusion of the coronary arteries due to luminal myofibroblast proliferation (LMP) as well as the development of coronary arteritis and aortitis. We found that CD8+ T cells, but not CD4+ T cells, NK T cells, or Treg cells, were required for development of KD vasculitis. CONCLUSION The LCWE-induced murine model of KD vasculitis mimics many histologic features of the disease in humans, such as the presence of CD8+ T cells and LMP in coronary artery lesions as well as epicardial coronary arteritis. Moreover, CD8+ T cells functionally contribute to the development of KD vasculitis in this murine model. Therapeutic strategies targeting infiltrating CD8+ T cells might be useful in the management of KD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Youngho Lee
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Daiko Wakita
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Norika Chiba
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | - Shuang Chen
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Thomas J A Lehman
- Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | | | - Moshe Arditi
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and University of California, Los Angeles
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8
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Felley L, Gumperz JE. Are human iNKT cells keeping tabs on lipidome perturbations triggered by oxidative stress in the blood? Immunogenetics 2016; 68:611-22. [PMID: 27393663 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0936-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The central paradigm of conventional MHC-restricted T cells is that they respond specifically to foreign peptides, while displaying tolerance to self-antigens. In contrast, it is now becoming clear that a number of innate-like T cell subsets-CD1-restricted T cells, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, and MAIT cells-may operate by different rules: rather than focusing on the recognition of specific foreign antigens, these T cells all appear to respond to alterations to lipid-related pathways. By monitoring perturbations to the "lipidome," these T cells may be able to spring into action to deal with physiological situations that are of self as well as microbial origin. iNKT cells are a prime example of this type of lipidome-reactive T cell. As a result of their activation by self lyso-phospholipid species that are generated downstream of blood lipid oxidation, human iNKT cells in the vasculature may respond sensitively to a variety of oxidative stresses. Some of the cytokines produced by activated iNKT cells have angiogenic effects (e.g., GM-CSF, IL-8), whereas others (e.g., IFN-γ) are pro-inflammatory factors that can propagate vascular pathology by influencing the functions of macrophages and dendritic cells. Consistent with this, evidence is accumulating that iNKT cells contribute to atherosclerosis, which is one of the most common inflammatory pathologies, and one that is integrally related to characteristics of the lipidome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Felley
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jenny E Gumperz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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9
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Thakur MS, Khurana A, Kronenberg M, Howell AR. Synthesis of a 2"-deoxy-β-GalCer. Molecules 2014; 19:10090-102. [PMID: 25014535 PMCID: PMC4409828 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190710090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural studies of ternary complexes of CD1d/glycosyl ceramides/iNKT cells and CD1d/sulfatide/sulfatide reactive Type II NKT cells have shown how the polar moieties on the glycolipids interact with both the antigen presenting protein (CD1d) and the T cell receptors. However, these structures alone do not reveal the relative importance of these interactions. This study focuses on the synthesis of the previously unknown 2"-deoxy-β-galactosyl ceramide 2. This glycolipid is also evaluated for its ability to stimulate iNKT cells and sulfatide-reactive Type II NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena S Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 N. Eagleville Rd., Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Archana Khurana
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Amy R Howell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 N. Eagleville Rd., Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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10
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Kinjo Y, Kitano N, Kronenberg M. The role of invariant natural killer T cells in microbial immunity. J Infect Chemother 2013; 19:560-70. [PMID: 23846426 PMCID: PMC3822041 DOI: 10.1007/s10156-013-0638-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) are unique lymphocytes with characteristic features, such as expression of an invariant T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) α-chain, recognition of glycolipid antigens presented by CD1d molecules, and ability to rapidly produce large amounts of cytokines, including interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin 4 (IL-4) upon TCR stimulation. Many studies have demonstrated that iNKT cells participate in immune response against diverse microbes, including bacteria, fungi, protozoan parasites, and viruses. Generally, these cells play protective roles in host defense against infections. However, in some contexts they play pathogenic roles, by inducing or augmenting inflammation. Recent reports show that iNKT cells recognize glycolipid antigens from pathogenic bacteria including Streptococcus pneumoniae, and they contribute to host defense against infection. iNKT cell responses to these microbial glycolipid antigens are highly conserved between rodents and humans, suggesting that iNKT cells are evolutionally conserved because their invariant TCR is useful in detecting certain pathogens. Furthermore, glycolipid-mediated iNKT cell activation during immunization has adjuvant activity, enhancing humoral and cell-mediated responses. Therefore, iNKT cell activation is an attractive target for developing new vaccines for infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kinjo
- Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.
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11
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Monzavi-Karbassi B, Pashov A, Kieber-Emmons T. Tumor-Associated Glycans and Immune Surveillance. Vaccines (Basel) 2013; 1:174-203. [PMID: 26343966 PMCID: PMC4515579 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines1020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in cell surface glycosylation are a hallmark of the transition from normal to inflamed and neoplastic tissue. Tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) challenge our understanding of immune tolerance, while functioning as immune targets that bridge innate immune surveillance and adaptive antitumor immunity in clinical applications. T-cells, being a part of the adaptive immune response, are the most popular component of the immune system considered for targeting tumor cells. However, for TACAs, T-cells take a back seat to antibodies and natural killer cells as first-line innate defense mechanisms. Here, we briefly highlight the rationale associated with the relative importance of the immune surveillance machinery that might be applicable for developing therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behjatolah Monzavi-Karbassi
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Anastas Pashov
- Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, BAS, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Thomas Kieber-Emmons
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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12
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Targeted delivery of lipid antigen to macrophages via the CD169/sialoadhesin endocytic pathway induces robust invariant natural killer T cell activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:7826-31. [PMID: 23610394 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1219888110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells induce a protective immune response triggered by foreign glycolipid antigens bound to CD1d on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). A limitation of using glycolipid antigens to stimulate immune responses in human patients has been the inability to target them to the most effective APCs. Recent studies have implicated phagocytic CD169(+) macrophages as major APCs in lymph nodes for priming iNKT cells in mice immunized with glycolipid antigen in particulate form. CD169 is known as sialoadhesin (Sn), a macrophage-specific adhesion and endocytic receptor of the siglec family that recognizes sialic acid containing glycans as ligands. We have recently developed liposomes decorated with glycan ligands for CD169/Sn suitable for targeted delivery to macrophages via CD169/Sn-mediated endocytosis. Here we show that targeted delivery of a lipid antigen to CD169(+) macrophages in vivo results in robust iNKT cell activation in liver and spleen using nanogram amounts of antigen. Activation of iNKT cells is abrogated in Cd169(-/-) mice and is macrophage-dependent, demonstrating that targeting CD169(+) macrophages is sufficient for systemic activation of iNKT cells. When pulsed with targeted liposomes, human monocyte-derived dendritic cells expressing CD169/Sn activated human iNKT cells, demonstrating the conservation of the CD169/Sn endocytic pathway capable of presenting lipid antigens to iNKT cells.
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13
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Rhost S, Sedimbi S, Kadri N, Cardell SL. Immunomodulatory type II natural killer T lymphocytes in health and disease. Scand J Immunol 2012; 76:246-55. [PMID: 22724893 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2012.02750.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) lymphocytes are αβ T cells activated by lipid-based ligands presented on the non-polymorphic CD1d-molecule. Type I NKT cells that carry an invariant Vα14 (in the mouse) or Vα24 (in humans) T cell receptor α-chain rearrangement have received significant attention for their involvement in a diversity of immune reactions. Their sister population, CD1d-restricted type II NKT cells, has been more difficult to study because of the lack of molecular markers that specify these cells. In the last few years, however, significant progress has been made, demonstrating that type II NKT cells have unique functions in immune responses to tumours and infections, in autoimmunity, obesity and graft-versus-host disease. Type II NKT cells appear more frequent than type I NKT cells in humans and accumulate in certain diseases such as ulcerative colitis, hepatitis and multiple myeloma. Recently, novel type II NKT cell ligands have been identified, and it is becoming clear that the type II NKT cell population may be oligoclonal. Here, we review the recent progress in the study of type II NKT cells, supporting the view that type II NKT cells may be attractive targets for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rhost
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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14
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Structure-activity relationship studies of novel glycosphingolipids that stimulate natural killer T-cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2012; 76:1055-67. [PMID: 22790924 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
KRN7000, an anticancer drug candidate developed by Kirin Brewery Co. in 1995, is an α-galactosyl ceramide. It is a ligand making a complex with CD1d protein, and it stimulates invariant natural killer T (NKT) cells, which are one of the lineages of immunocytes. NKT cells activated by recognition of the CD1d/KRN7000 complex with its invariant T-cell receptor (TCR) can induce both protective and regulatory immune responses. To determine the recognition and activation mechanisms of NKT cells and to develop drug candidates more effective than KRN7000, a large number of analogs of KRN7000 have been synthesized. Some of them show potent bioactivities and have the potential of being utilized as therapeutic agents. In this review, structure-activity relationship studies of novel glycolipids which stimulate NKT cells efficiently are summarized.
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15
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Subramanian L, Blumenfeld H, Tohn R, Ly D, Aguilera C, Maricic I, Mansson JE, Buschard K, Kumar V, Delovitch TL. NKT cells stimulated by long fatty acyl chain sulfatides significantly reduce the incidence of type 1 diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice [corrected]. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37771. [PMID: 22649557 PMCID: PMC3359325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfatide-reactive type II NKT cells have been shown to regulate autoimmunity and anti-tumor immunity. Although, two major isoforms of sulfatide, C16:0 and C24:0, are enriched in the pancreas, their relative role in autoimmune diabetes is not known. Here, we report that sulfatide/CD1d-tetramer+ cells accumulate in the draining pancreatic lymph nodes, and that treatment of NOD mice with sulfatide or C24:0 was more efficient than C16:0 in stimulating the NKT cell-mediated transfer of a delay in onset from T1D into NOD.Scid recipients. Using NOD.CD1d−/− mice, we show that this delay of T1D is CD1d-dependent. Interestingly, the latter delay or protection from T1D is associated with the enhanced secretion of IL-10 rather than IFN-g by C24:0-treated CD4+ T cells and the deviation of the islet-reactive diabetogenic T cell response. Both C16:0 and C24:0 sulfatide isoforms are unable to activate and expand type I iNKT cells. Collectively, these data suggest that C24:0 stimulated type II NKT cells may regulate protection from T1D by activating DCs to secrete IL-10 and suppress the activation and expansion of type I iNKT cells and diabetogenic T cells. Our results raise the possibility that C24:0 may be used therapeutically to delay the onset and protect from T1D in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmimathy Subramanian
- Laboratory of Autoimmune Diabetes, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hartley Blumenfeld
- Laboratory of Autoimmune Diabetes, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Tohn
- Laboratory of Autoimmune Diabetes, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dalam Ly
- Laboratory of Autoimmune Diabetes, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Carlos Aguilera
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Igor Maricic
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Jan-Eric Mansson
- Department of Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | - Vipin Kumar
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TLD); (VK)
| | - Terry L. Delovitch
- Laboratory of Autoimmune Diabetes, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (TLD); (VK)
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Nonprotein structures from mycobacteria: emerging actors for tuberculosis control. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:917860. [PMID: 22611423 PMCID: PMC3352260 DOI: 10.1155/2012/917860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causal agent of tuberculosis, is critical for protection. For many decades, consistent to classical biochemistry, most studies regarding immunity to the tubercle bacilli focused mainly on protein structures. But the atypical, highly impermeable and waxy coat of mycobacteria captured the interest of structural biologists very early, allowing the description of amazing molecules, such as previously unknown carbohydrates or fatty acids of astonishing lengths. From their discovery, cell wall components were identified as important structural pillars, but also as molecular motifs able to alter the human immune response. Recently, as new developments have emerged, classical conceptions of mycobacterial immune modulators have been giving place to unexpected discoveries that, at the turn of the last century, completely changed our perception of immunity vis-à-vis fat compounds. In this paper, current knowledge about chemical and ultrastructural features of mycobacterial cell-wall is overviewed, with an emphasis on the relationships between cell-wall nonpeptide molecules and immune response. Remarks regarding the potential of these molecules for the development of new tools against tuberculosis are finally discussed.
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of truncated α-galactosylceramide derivatives focusing on cytokine induction profile. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:2850-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Di Brisco R, Ronchetti F, Mangoni A, Costantino V, Compostella F. Development of a fluorescent probe for the study of the sponge-derived simplexide immunological properties. Carbohydr Res 2012; 348:27-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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19
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Kerzerho J, Yu ED, Barra CM, Alari-Pahissa E, Alari-Pahisa E, Girardi E, Harrak Y, Lauzurica P, Llebaria A, Zajonc DM, Akbari O, Castaño AR. Structural and functional characterization of a novel nonglycosidic type I NKT agonist with immunomodulatory properties. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:2254-65. [PMID: 22301545 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Activation of type I NKT (iNKT) cells by CD1d-presented agonists is a potent immunotherapeutic tool. α-Galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) is the prototypic agonist, but its excessive potency with simultaneous production of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines hampers its potential therapeutic use. In search for novel agonists, we have analyzed the structure and function of HS44, a synthetic aminocyclitolic ceramide analog designed to avoid unrestrained iNKT cell activation. HS44 is a weaker agonist compared with α-GalCer in vitro, although in vivo it induces robust IFN-γ production, and highly reduced but still functional Th2 response. The characteristic cytokine storm produced upon α-GalCer activation was not induced. Consequently, HS44 induced a very efficient iNKT cell-dependent antitumoral response in B16 animal model. In addition, intranasal administration showed the capacity to induce lung inflammation and airway hyperreactivity, a cardinal asthma feature. Thus, HS44 is able to elicit functional Th1 or Th2 responses. Structural studies show that HS44 binds to CD1d with the same conformation as α-GalCer. The TCR binds to HS44 similarly as α-GalCer, but forms less contacts, thus explaining its weaker TCR affinity and, consequently, its weaker recognition by iNKT cells. The ability of this compound to activate an efficient, but not massive, tailored functional immune response makes it an attractive reagent for immune manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Kerzerho
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Frank S, van Die I, Geyer R. Structural characterization of Schistosoma mansoni adult worm glycosphingolipids reveals pronounced differences with those of cercariae. Glycobiology 2012; 22:676-95. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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21
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Chen L, Jay DC, Fairbanks JD, He X, Jensen PE. An MHC class Ib-restricted CD8+ T cell response to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:6463-72. [PMID: 22084437 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Conventional MHC class Ia-restricted CD8(+) T cells play a dominant role in the host response to virus infections, but recent studies indicate that T cells with specificity for nonclassical MHC class Ib molecules may also participate in host defense. To investigate the potential role of class Ib molecules in anti-viral immune responses, K(b-/-)D(b-/-)CIITA(-/-) mice lacking expression of MHC class Ia and class II molecules were infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). These animals have a large class Ib-selected CD8(+) T cell population and they were observed to mediate partial (but incomplete) virus clearance during acute LCMV infection as compared with K(b-/-)D(b-/-)β(2)-microglobulin(-/-) mice that lack expression of both MHC class Ia and class Ib molecules. Infection was associated with expansion of splenic CD8(+) T cells and induction of granzyme B and IFN-γ effector molecules in CD8(+) T cells. Partial virus clearance was dependent on CD8(+) cells. In vitro T cell restimulation assays demonstrated induction of a population of β(2)-microglobulin-dependent, MHC class Ib-restricted CD8(+) T cells with specificity for viral Ags and yet to be defined nonclassical MHC molecules. MHC class Ib-restricted CD8(+) T cell responses were also observed after infection of K(b-/-)D(b-/-)mice despite the low number of CD8(+) T cells in these animals. Long-term infection studies demonstrated chronic infection and gradual depletion of CD8(+) T cells in K(b-/-)D(b-/-)CIITA(-/-) mice, demonstrating that class Ia molecules are required for viral clearance. These findings demonstrate that class Ib-restricted CD8(+) T cells have the potential to participate in the host immune response to LCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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22
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Girardi E, Yu ED, Li Y, Tarumoto N, Pei B, Wang J, Illarionov P, Kinjo Y, Kronenberg M, Zajonc DM. Unique interplay between sugar and lipid in determining the antigenic potency of bacterial antigens for NKT cells. PLoS Biol 2011; 9:e1001189. [PMID: 22069376 PMCID: PMC3206013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural and biophysical studies reveal the induced-fit mechanism underlying the stringent specificity of invariant natural killer T cells for unique glycolipid antigens from the pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are an evolutionary conserved T cell population characterized by features of both the innate and adaptive immune response. Studies have shown that iNKT cells are required for protective responses to Gram-positive pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, and that these cells recognize bacterial diacylglycerol antigens presented by CD1d, a non-classical antigen-presenting molecule. The combination of a lipid backbone containing an unusual fatty acid, vaccenic acid, as well as a glucose sugar that is weaker or not stimulatory when linked to other lipids, is required for iNKT cell stimulation by these antigens. Here we have carried out structural and biophysical studies that illuminate the reasons for the stringent requirement for this unique combination. The data indicate that vaccenic acid bound to the CD1d groove orients the protruding glucose sugar for TCR recognition, and it allows for an additional hydrogen bond of the glucose with CD1d when in complex with the TCR. Furthermore, TCR binding causes an induced fit in both the sugar and CD1d, and we have identified the CD1d amino acids important for iNKT TCR recognition and the stability of the ternary complex. The studies show also how hydrogen bonds formed by the glucose sugar can account for the distinct binding kinetics of the TCR for this CD1d-glycolipid complex. Therefore, our studies illuminate the mechanism of glycolipid recognition for antigens from important pathogens. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are an evolutionarily conserved population of immune cells that recognize lipid antigens. A protein called a T cell receptor for antigen (TCR) on the surface of these iNKT cells recognizes lipids bound to a protein called CD1d on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. Here we describe the three-dimensional structure of the complex that forms between CD1d and the iNKT TCR together with a glycolipid antigen from the infectious bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, which is a common cause of bacterial meningitis in adults and is responsible for many other pneumococcal infections. We determined the three-dimensional structure of the complex by X-ray crystallography. The data obtained allow us to understand the structural requirements that make this glycolipid a potent antigen for iNKT cells, and why the TCR of these cells recognizes a particular combination of hexose sugar and diacylglycerol lipid. Moreover, by mutating CD1d and using biophysical methods to study the mutant protein complexes, we analyzed the role of the protein–protein interface between CD1d and the TCR and found that it plays an important role in the stability, but not the formation, of the trimolecular complex containing glycolipid antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Girardi
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Esther Dawen Yu
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yali Li
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Norihito Tarumoto
- Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Infectious Disease and Infection Control, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Bo Pei
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jing Wang
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Petr Illarionov
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Yuki Kinjo
- Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Dirk M. Zajonc
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Duwaerts CC, Gregory SH. Targeting the diverse immunological functions expressed by hepatic NKT cells. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 15:973-88. [PMID: 21564001 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.584874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION NKT cells comprise approximately 30% of the hepatic lymphoid population in mice (∼ 50% in humans). Most mouse hepatic NKT cells [invariant (i)NKT cells] express T cell receptors, composed of invariant Vα14Jα18 chains. Unlike conventional T cells, iNKT cells recognize glycolipids presented in association with MHC class Ib (CD1d) molecules. Purportedly, iNKT cells serve key functions in several immunological events; the nature of these is often unclear. The consequences of hepatic iNKT cell activation can be beneficial or detrimental. α-Galactosylceramide stimulates the production of IFN-γ and IL-4. The reciprocal suppression exhibited by these cytokines limits the potential therapeutic value of α-galactosylceramide. Efforts are ongoing to develop α-galactosylceramide analogs that modulate iNKT cell activity and selectively promote IFN-γ or IL-4. AREAS COVERED An overview of hepatic iNKT cells and their purported role in liver disease. Efforts to develop therapeutic agents that promote their beneficial contributions. EXPERT OPINION While a growing body of literature documents the differential effects of α-GalCer analogs on IFN-γ and IL-4 production, the effects of these analogs on other iNKT cell activities remain to be determined. An exhaustive examination of the effects of these analogs on inflammation and liver injury in animal models remains prior to considering their utility in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C Duwaerts
- Rhode Island Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Department of Medicine, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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Van Kaer L, Parekh VV, Wu L. Invariant NK T cells: potential for immunotherapeutic targeting with glycolipid antigens. Immunotherapy 2011; 3:59-75. [PMID: 21174558 DOI: 10.2217/imt.10.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant NK T (iNKT) cells are a subset of T lymphocytes that recognize glycolipid antigens bound with the antigen-presenting molecule CD1d. iNKT cells have potent immunoregulatory activities that can promote or suppress immune responses during different pathological conditions. These immunoregulatory properties can be harnessed for therapeutic purposes with cognate glycolipid antigens, such as the marine sponge-derived glycosphingolipid α-galactosylceramide. Preclinical studies have shown substantial promise for iNKT cell-based treatments of infections, cancer and autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Translation of these preclinical studies to the clinic, while faced with some obstacles, has already had some initial success. In this article, we review the immunodulatory activities of iNKT cells and the potential for developing iNKT cell-based prophylactic and curative therapies of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Medical Center North, Room A-5301, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232-32363, USA.
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25
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Tohn R, Blumenfeld H, Haeryfar SMM, Veerapen N, Besra GS, Porcelli SA, Delovitch TL. Stimulation of a shorter duration in the state of anergy by an invariant natural killer T cell agonist enhances its efficiency of protection from type 1 diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol 2011; 164:26-41. [PMID: 21361909 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04323.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We have reported previously that treatment of non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice with the invariant natural killer T (iNK T) cell agonist α-galactosylceramide C26:0 (α-GalCer) or its T helper type 2 (Th2)-biasing derivative α-GalCer C20:2 (C20:2) protects against type 1 diabetes (T1D), with C20:2 yielding greater protection. After an initial response to α-GalCer, iNK T cells become anergic upon restimulation. While such anergic iNK T cells can induce tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs) that mediate protection from T1D, chronic administration of α-GalCer also results in long-lasting anergy accompanied by significantly reduced iNK T cell frequencies, which raises concerns about its long-term therapeutic use. In this study, our objective was to understand more clearly the roles of anergy and induction of tolerogenic DCs in iNK T cell-mediated protection from T1D and to circumvent potential complications associated with α-GalCer. We demonstrate that NOD iNK T cells activated during multi-dose (MD) treatment in vivo with C20:2 enter into and exit from anergy more rapidly than after activation by α-GalCer. Importantly, this shorter duration of iNK T cells in the anergic state promotes the more rapid induction of tolerogenic DCs and reduced iNK T cell death, and enables C20:2 stimulated iNK T cells to elicit enhanced protection from T1D. Our findings further that suggest C20:2 is a more effective therapeutic drug than α-GalCer for protection from T1D. Moreover, the characteristics of C20:2 provide a basis of selection of next-generation iNK T cell agonists for the prevention of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tohn
- Laboratory of Autoimmune Diabetes, Robarts Research Institute Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Α-galactosylceramide analogs with weak agonist activity for human iNKT cells define new candidate anti-inflammatory agents. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14374. [PMID: 21179412 PMCID: PMC3003687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
CD1d-restricted natural killer T cells with invariant T cell receptor α chains (iNKT cells) are a unique lymphocyte subset that responds to recognition of specific lipid and glycolipid antigens. They are conserved between mice and humans and exert various immunoregulatory functions through their rapid secretion of a variety of cytokines and secondary activation of dendritic cells, B cells and NK cells. In the current study, we analyzed the range of functional activation states of human iNKT cells using a library of novel analogs of α-galactosylceramide (αGalCer), the prototypical iNKT cell antigen. Measurement of cytokines secreted by human iNKT cell clones over a wide range of glycolipid concentrations revealed that iNKT cell ligands could be classified into functional groups, correlating with weak versus strong agonistic activity. The findings established a hierarchy for induction of different cytokines, with thresholds for secretion being consistently lowest for IL-13, higher for interferon-γ (IFNγ), and even higher for IL-4. These findings suggested that human iNKT cells can be intrinsically polarized to selective production of IL-13 by maintaining a low level of activation using weak agonists, whereas selective polarization to IL-4 production cannot be achieved through modulating the strength of the activating ligand. In addition, using a newly designed in vitro system to assess the ability of human iNKT cells to transactivate NK cells, we found that robust secondary induction of interferon-γ secretion by NK cells was associated with strong but not weak agonist ligands of iNKT cells. These results indicate that polarization of human iNKT cell responses to Th2-like or anti-inflammatory effects may best be achieved through selective induction of IL-13 and suggest potential discrepancies with findings from mouse models that may be important in designing iNKT cell-based therapies in humans.
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Li Y, Girardi E, Wang J, Yu ED, Painter GF, Kronenberg M, Zajonc DM. The Vα14 invariant natural killer T cell TCR forces microbial glycolipids and CD1d into a conserved binding mode. J Exp Med 2010; 207:2383-93. [PMID: 20921281 PMCID: PMC2964572 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20101335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) rapidly produce effector cytokines. In this study, we report the first crystal structures of the iNKT cell T cell receptor (TCR) bound to two natural, microbial glycolipids presented by CD1d. Binding of the TCR induced CDR3-α-dependent structural changes in the F' roof of CD1d; these changes resemble those occurring in the absence of TCR engagement when the highly potent synthetic antigen α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) binds CD1d. Furthermore, in the Borrelia burgdorferi α-galactosyl diacylglycerol-CD1d complex, TCR binding caused a marked repositioning of the galactose sugar into an orientation that closely resembles α-GalCer. The TCR-dependent reorientation of the sugar, together with the induced CD1d fit, may explain the weaker potency of the microbial antigens compared with α-GalCer. We propose that the TCR of iNKT cells binds with a conserved footprint onto CD1d, regardless of the bound glycolipid antigen, and that for microbial antigens this unique binding mode requires TCR-initiated conformational changes.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Bacterial/chemistry
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, CD1d/chemistry
- Antigens, CD1d/immunology
- Borrelia burgdorferi/chemistry
- Borrelia burgdorferi/immunology
- Galactosylceramides/chemistry
- Galactosylceramides/immunology
- Humans
- Natural Killer T-Cells/chemistry
- Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology
- Protein Structure, Quaternary
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Li
- Division of Cell Biology and Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Enrico Girardi
- Division of Cell Biology and Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jing Wang
- Division of Cell Biology and Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Esther Dawen Yu
- Division of Cell Biology and Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Gavin F. Painter
- Carbohydrate Chemistry Team, Industrial Research Limited, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- Division of Cell Biology and Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Dirk M. Zajonc
- Division of Cell Biology and Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Fox L, Hegde S, Gumperz JE. Natural killer T cells: innate lymphocytes positioned as a bridge between acute and chronic inflammation? Microbes Infect 2010; 12:1125-33. [PMID: 20850561 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer T cells are an innate population of T lymphocytes that recognize antigens derived from host lipids and glycolipids. In this review, we focus on how these unique T cells are positioned to influence both acute and chronic inflammatory processes through their early recruitment to sites of inflammation, interactions with myeloid antigen presenting cells, and recognition of lipids associated with inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Fox
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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Tashiro T, Mori K. Fifteen Years since the Development of KRN7000 – Structure-Activity Relationship Studies on Novel Glycosphingolipids Which Stimulate Natural Killer T Cells. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2010. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.22.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Jang GC. Natural killer T cell and pathophysiology of asthma. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2010. [DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2010.53.2.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lipid binding orientation within CD1d affects recognition of Borrelia burgorferi antigens by NKT cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 107:1535-40. [PMID: 20080535 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0909479107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) respond to CD1d-presented glycolipids from Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease. Although mouse and human iNKT cells respond to different antigens based on subtle differences in their fatty acids, the mechanism by which fatty acid structure determines antigenic potency is not well understood. Here we show that the mouse and human CD1d present glycolipids having different fatty acids, based in part upon a difference at a single amino acid position that is involved in positioning the sugar epitope. CD1d also can bind nonantigenic lipids, however, but unexpectedly, mouse CD1d orients the two aliphatic chains of a nonantigenic lipid rotated 180 degrees, causing a dramatic repositioning of the exposed sugar. Therefore, our data reveal the biochemical basis for the high degree of antigenic specificity of iNKT cells for certain fatty acids, and they suggest how microbes could alter fatty acid biosynthesis as an immune evasion mechanism.
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