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Sukhai MA, Prabha S, Hurren R, Rutledge AC, Lee AY, Sriskanthadevan S, Sun H, Wang X, Skrtic M, Seneviratne A, Cusimano M, Jhas B, Gronda M, MacLean N, Cho EE, Spagnuolo PA, Sharmeen S, Gebbia M, Urbanus M, Eppert K, Dissanayake D, Jonet A, Dassonville-Klimpt A, Li X, Datti A, Ohashi PS, Wrana J, Rogers I, Sonnet P, Ellis WY, Corey SJ, Eaves C, Minden MD, Wang JC, Dick JE, Nislow C, Giaever G, Schimmer AD. Lysosomal disruption preferentially targets acute myeloid leukemia cells and progenitors. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:315-28. [PMID: 23202731 PMCID: PMC3533286 DOI: 10.1172/jci64180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite efforts to understand and treat acute myeloid leukemia (AML), there remains a need for more comprehensive therapies to prevent AML-associated relapses. To identify new therapeutic strategies for AML, we screened a library of on- and off-patent drugs and identified the antimalarial agent mefloquine as a compound that selectively kills AML cells and AML stem cells in a panel of leukemia cell lines and in mice. Using a yeast genome-wide functional screen for mefloquine sensitizers, we identified genes associated with the yeast vacuole, the homolog of the mammalian lysosome. Consistent with this, we determined that mefloquine disrupts lysosomes, directly permeabilizes the lysosome membrane, and releases cathepsins into the cytosol. Knockdown of the lysosomal membrane proteins LAMP1 and LAMP2 resulted in decreased cell viability, as did treatment of AML cells with known lysosome disrupters. Highlighting a potential therapeutic rationale for this strategy, leukemic cells had significantly larger lysosomes compared with normal cells, and leukemia-initiating cells overexpressed lysosomal biogenesis genes. These results demonstrate that lysosomal disruption preferentially targets AML cells and AML progenitor cells, providing a rationale for testing lysosomal disruption as a novel therapeutic strategy for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahadeo A. Sukhai
- Princess Margaret Hospital/the Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratoire des Glucides, CNRS FRE 3517, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, Amiens, France.
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Informatics, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Swayam Prabha
- Princess Margaret Hospital/the Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratoire des Glucides, CNRS FRE 3517, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, Amiens, France.
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Informatics, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rose Hurren
- Princess Margaret Hospital/the Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratoire des Glucides, CNRS FRE 3517, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, Amiens, France.
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Informatics, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angela C. Rutledge
- Princess Margaret Hospital/the Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratoire des Glucides, CNRS FRE 3517, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, Amiens, France.
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Informatics, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna Y. Lee
- Princess Margaret Hospital/the Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratoire des Glucides, CNRS FRE 3517, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, Amiens, France.
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Informatics, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shrivani Sriskanthadevan
- Princess Margaret Hospital/the Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratoire des Glucides, CNRS FRE 3517, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, Amiens, France.
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Informatics, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hong Sun
- Princess Margaret Hospital/the Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratoire des Glucides, CNRS FRE 3517, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, Amiens, France.
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Informatics, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Princess Margaret Hospital/the Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratoire des Glucides, CNRS FRE 3517, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, Amiens, France.
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Informatics, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marko Skrtic
- Princess Margaret Hospital/the Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratoire des Glucides, CNRS FRE 3517, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, Amiens, France.
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Informatics, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ayesh Seneviratne
- Princess Margaret Hospital/the Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratoire des Glucides, CNRS FRE 3517, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, Amiens, France.
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Informatics, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Cusimano
- Princess Margaret Hospital/the Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratoire des Glucides, CNRS FRE 3517, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, Amiens, France.
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Informatics, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bozhena Jhas
- Princess Margaret Hospital/the Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratoire des Glucides, CNRS FRE 3517, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, Amiens, France.
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Informatics, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcela Gronda
- Princess Margaret Hospital/the Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratoire des Glucides, CNRS FRE 3517, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, Amiens, France.
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Informatics, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neil MacLean
- Princess Margaret Hospital/the Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratoire des Glucides, CNRS FRE 3517, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, Amiens, France.
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Informatics, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eunice E. Cho
- Princess Margaret Hospital/the Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratoire des Glucides, CNRS FRE 3517, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, Amiens, France.
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Informatics, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul A. Spagnuolo
- Princess Margaret Hospital/the Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratoire des Glucides, CNRS FRE 3517, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, Amiens, France.
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Informatics, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sumaiya Sharmeen
- Princess Margaret Hospital/the Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratoire des Glucides, CNRS FRE 3517, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, Amiens, France.
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Informatics, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marinella Gebbia
- Princess Margaret Hospital/the Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratoire des Glucides, CNRS FRE 3517, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, Amiens, France.
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Informatics, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Malene Urbanus
- Princess Margaret Hospital/the Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratoire des Glucides, CNRS FRE 3517, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, Amiens, France.
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Informatics, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kolja Eppert
- Princess Margaret Hospital/the Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratoire des Glucides, CNRS FRE 3517, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, Amiens, France.
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Informatics, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dilan Dissanayake
- Princess Margaret Hospital/the Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratoire des Glucides, CNRS FRE 3517, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, Amiens, France.
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Informatics, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexia Jonet
- Princess Margaret Hospital/the Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratoire des Glucides, CNRS FRE 3517, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, Amiens, France.
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Informatics, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandra Dassonville-Klimpt
- Princess Margaret Hospital/the Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratoire des Glucides, CNRS FRE 3517, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, Amiens, France.
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Informatics, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Princess Margaret Hospital/the Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratoire des Glucides, CNRS FRE 3517, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, Amiens, France.
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Informatics, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alessandro Datti
- Princess Margaret Hospital/the Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratoire des Glucides, CNRS FRE 3517, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, Amiens, France.
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Informatics, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pamela S. Ohashi
- Princess Margaret Hospital/the Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratoire des Glucides, CNRS FRE 3517, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, Amiens, France.
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Informatics, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeff Wrana
- Princess Margaret Hospital/the Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratoire des Glucides, CNRS FRE 3517, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, Amiens, France.
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Informatics, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian Rogers
- Princess Margaret Hospital/the Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratoire des Glucides, CNRS FRE 3517, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, Amiens, France.
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Informatics, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pascal Sonnet
- Princess Margaret Hospital/the Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratoire des Glucides, CNRS FRE 3517, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, Amiens, France.
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Informatics, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - William Y. Ellis
- Princess Margaret Hospital/the Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratoire des Glucides, CNRS FRE 3517, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, Amiens, France.
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Informatics, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Seth J. Corey
- Princess Margaret Hospital/the Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratoire des Glucides, CNRS FRE 3517, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, Amiens, France.
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Informatics, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Connie Eaves
- Princess Margaret Hospital/the Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratoire des Glucides, CNRS FRE 3517, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, Amiens, France.
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Informatics, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark D. Minden
- Princess Margaret Hospital/the Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratoire des Glucides, CNRS FRE 3517, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, Amiens, France.
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Informatics, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean C.Y. Wang
- Princess Margaret Hospital/the Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratoire des Glucides, CNRS FRE 3517, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, Amiens, France.
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Informatics, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John E. Dick
- Princess Margaret Hospital/the Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratoire des Glucides, CNRS FRE 3517, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, Amiens, France.
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Informatics, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Corey Nislow
- Princess Margaret Hospital/the Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratoire des Glucides, CNRS FRE 3517, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, Amiens, France.
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Informatics, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guri Giaever
- Princess Margaret Hospital/the Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratoire des Glucides, CNRS FRE 3517, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, Amiens, France.
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Informatics, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron D. Schimmer
- Princess Margaret Hospital/the Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Laboratoire des Glucides, CNRS FRE 3517, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, Amiens, France.
Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Informatics, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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