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Zhang M, Fu Z, Chen J, Zhu B, Cheng Y, Fu L. Low level expression of the Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling protein (MAVS) associated with long-term nonprogression in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. Virol J 2018; 15:159. [PMID: 30326919 PMCID: PMC6192151 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormally increased immune activation is one of the main pathological features of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This study aimed to determine whether long-term nonprogression (LTNP) suppresses the upregulation of immune activation and to elucidate the mechanisms whereby the LTNP state is maintained. METHODS For this study we selected 4 rhesus macaques(RMs) infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) that were long-term nonprogressors (LTNP); for comparison we chose 4 healthy RMs that were seronegative for SIV (hereafter referred to as the Control group), and 4 progressing infection (Progressive group) SIV RMs. We observed these animals for 6 months without intervention and explored the immunological and pathological differences among the 3 groups. A series of immune activation and inflammation markers-such as C- C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5), beta 2- microglobulin (β2-MG), Human Leukocyte Antigen - antigen D Related (HLA-DR), CD38, the levels of microbial translocation (LPS -binding protein), and MAVS-and histological features were monitored during this period. RESULTS Both SIV RNA and SIV DNA in the plasma and lymph nodes (LNs) of the LTNP group were at significantly lower levels than those of the Progressive group (P < 0.05). The CD4/CD8 ratio and CD4 cell count and proportion in the LTNP group were between those of the Progressive and Control groups (P < 0.05): that is, they were higher than in the Progressive group and lower than in the Control group. The LTNP macaques manifested slow progression and decreased immune activation and inflammation; they also had lower levels of CCR5, LPS-binding protein, and β2-MG than the Progressive RMs (P < 0.05). Activation of LTNP in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was significantly lower than in the Progressive group and closer to that in the Control group. The histological features of the LTNP macaques were also closer to those of the Control group, even though they had been infected with SIV 4 years earlier. These data point to low viral replication in the LTNP macaques but it is not static. The expression of MAVS in peripheral blood and LNs was lower in the LTNP group than that in the Progressive group (P < 0.01), and MAVS was positively correlated with SIV DNA in LNs (P < 0.05). This may reflect the low activation of T lymphocytes. It was speculated that MAVS may be the link between innate and acquired antiviral immunity in SIV infection. CONCLUSIONS The LTNP RMs in our study were in a relatively stable state of low activation and inflammation, some biological progression with no disease events. This may have been associated with their low levels of the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China. .,Tropical Medicine Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Zhuotao Fu
- The first Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiantao Chen
- Tropical Medicine Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Boqiang Zhu
- Tropical Medicine Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Ye Cheng
- Tropical Medicine Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Linchun Fu
- Tropical Medicine Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
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Zhang LT, Tian RR, Zheng HY, Pan GQ, Tuo XY, Xia HJ, Xia XS, Pang W, Zheng YT. Translocation of microbes and changes of immunocytes in the gut of rapid- and slow-progressor Chinese rhesus macaques infected with SIVmac239. Immunology 2016; 147:443-52. [PMID: 26725773 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human/simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV/SIV) infection can cause severe depletion of CD4(+) T cells in both plasma and mucosa; it also results in damage to the gut mucosa barrier, which makes the condition more conducive to microbial translocation. In this study, we used SIV-infected Chinese rhesus macaques to quantify the extent of microbial translocation and the function of immune cells in the entire gastrointestinal tract and to compare their differences between rapid and slow progressors. The results showed that in the slow progressors, microbial products translocated considerably and deeply into the lamina propria of the gut; the tissue macrophages had no significant differences compared with the rapid progressors, but there was a slightly higher percentage of mucosal CD8(+) T cells and a large amount of extracellular microbial products in the lamina propria of the intestinal mucosa of the slow progressors. The data suggested that although microbial translocation increased markedly, the mucosal macrophages and CD8(+) T cells were insufficient to clear the infiltrated microbes in the slow progressors. Also, therapies aimed at suppressing the translocation of microbial products in the mucosa could help to delay the progression of SIV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ren-Rong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hong-Yi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guo-Qing Pan
- The Pathology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Tuo
- The Pathology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hou-Jun Xia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xue-Shan Xia
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wei Pang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Pandrea I, Xu C, Stock JL, Frank DN, Ma D, Policicchio BB, He T, Kristoff J, Cornell E, Haret-Richter GS, Trichel A, Ribeiro RM, Tracy R, Wilson C, Landay AL, Apetrei C. Antibiotic and Antiinflammatory Therapy Transiently Reduces Inflammation and Hypercoagulation in Acutely SIV-Infected Pigtailed Macaques. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005384. [PMID: 26764484 PMCID: PMC4713071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased chronic immune activation and inflammation are hallmarks of HIV/SIV infection and are highly correlated with progression to AIDS and development of non-AIDS comorbidities, such as hypercoagulability and cardiovascular disease. Intestinal dysfunction resulting in microbial translocation has been proposed as a lead cause of systemic immune activation and hypercoagulability in HIV/SIV infection. Our goal was to assess the biological and clinical impact of a therapeutic strategy designed to reduce microbial translocation through reduction of the microbial content of the intestine (Rifaximin-RFX) and of gut inflammation (Sulfasalazine-SFZ). RFX is an intraluminal antibiotic that was successfully used in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. SFZ is an antiinflammatory drug successfully used in patients with mild to moderate inflammatory bowel disease. Both these clinical conditions are associated with increased microbial translocation, similar to HIV-infected patients. Treatment was administered for 90 days to five acutely SIV-infected pigtailed macaques (PTMs) starting at the time of infection; seven untreated SIVsab-infected PTMs were used as controls. RFX+SFZ were also administered for 90 days to three chronically SIVsab-infected PTMs. RFX+SFZ administration during acute SIVsab infection of PTMs resulted in: significantly lower microbial translocation, lower systemic immune activation, lower viral replication, better preservation of mucosal CD4+ T cells and significantly lower levels of hypercoagulation biomarkers. This effect was clear during the first 40 days of treatment and was lost during the last stages of treatment. Administration of RFX+SFZ to chronically SIVsab–infected PTMs had no discernible effect on infection. Our data thus indicate that early RFX+SFZ administration transiently improves the natural history of acute and postacute SIV infection, but has no effect during chronic infection. We report that administration of the intraluminal antibiotic Rifaximin and the gut-focused anti-inflammatory drug Sulfasalazine to acutely SIV-infected pigtailed macaques is associated with a transient disruption of the vicious circle of inflammation-microbial translocation-immune activation which is pathognomonic to pathogenic HIV/SIV infection and drives HIV disease progression and non-AIDS comorbidities in HIV-infected patients. This therapeutic approach resulted in transient lower microbial translocation, lower systemic immune activation, lower viral replication, better preservation of mucosal CD4+ T cells and lower levels of hypercoagulation biomarkers throughout acute SIV infection. Our results thus support the use of therapeutic approaches to reduce microbial translocation, improve the clinical outcome of HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy and prevent non-AIDS comorbidities. Our results also reinforce the importance of early therapeutic management of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Pandrea
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Penssylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Cuiling Xu
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Stock
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daniel N. Frank
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Dongzhu Ma
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Penssylvania, United States of America
| | - Benjamin B. Policicchio
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tianyu He
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jan Kristoff
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Elaine Cornell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - George S. Haret-Richter
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anita Trichel
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ruy M. Ribeiro
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Russell Tracy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Cara Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Alan L. Landay
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Penssylvania, United States of America
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Wang W, Wu F, Cong Z, Liu K, Qin C, Wei Q. The secretion of IL-22 from mucosal NKp44⁺ NK cells is associated with microbial translocation and virus infection in SIV/SHIV-infected Chinese macaques. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:387950. [PMID: 25759828 PMCID: PMC4352435 DOI: 10.1155/2014/387950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial translocation (MT) causes systemic immune activation in chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The role of a novel subtype of innate lymphoid cells, the NKp44(+) NK cells, in HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus- (SIV-) induced MT remains unknown. In this study, 12 simian-human immunodeficiency virus- (SHIV-) infected macaques were chosen and split into two groups based on the MT level. Blood and Peripheral lymphoid tissue were sampled for flow cytometric analysis, viral load detection, and interleukin testing. Then, six naive Chinese macaques were used to determine the dynamics of cytokine secretion from mucosal NKp44(+) NK cells in different phases of SIV infection. As a result, the degranulation capacity and IL-22 production of mucosal NKp44(+) NK cells were associated with the MT level in the SHIV-infected macaques. And the number of mucosal NKp44(+) NK cells and IL-22 secretion by these cells were lower in the chronic phase than in the early acute phase of SIV infection. The number of mucosal NKp44(+) NK cells and interleukin-22 (IL-22) secretion by these cells increased before MT occurred. Therefore, we conclude that a decline in IL-22 production from mucosal NKp44(+) NK cells induced by virus infection may be one of the causes of microbial translocation in HIV/SIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Models, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Fangxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Models, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Zhe Cong
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Models, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Kejian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Models, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Models, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Models, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China
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5
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Immune activation is associated with increased gut microbial translocation in treatment-naive, HIV-infected children in a resource-limited setting. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2014; 66:16-24. [PMID: 24378729 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut damage resulting in microbial translocation (MT) is considered a major cause of immune activation (IA) in HIV infection, but data in children are limited, particularly in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. METHODS Sixty perinatally HIV-infected, antiretroviral therapy-naive children, aged 2-12 years, were evaluated for plasma levels of lipopolysaccharide, DNA sequences encoding bacterial 16 second ribosomal DNA (16S rDNA) and soluble CD14 concurrently with markers of CD4 and CD8 T-cell IA and immune exhaustion (IE), CD4 counts, and plasma viral load. At study entry, participants were classified into immune categories (ICs): IC1 (CD4% > 25), IC2 (CD4% 15-25), and IC3 (CD4% < 15). Age-matched HIV-uninfected children served as controls. Data were evaluated at study entry and at 12 months. RESULTS Levels of MT, IA, and IE were increased in patients as compared with controls, were highest in patients in IC3 group, and did not change over 12 months. MT products lipopolysaccharide and 16S rDNA correlated with each other and each correlated with plasma viral load, soluble CD14, and T-cell IA and IE. There was a correlation of IA with IE. CD4 counts and percentage were inversely correlated with MT products and underlying CD4 activation. CONCLUSIONS In a natural history cohort of HIV-infected children not on therapy, MT was more pronounced in the most severely immunocompromised patients and was associated with IA. Strategies to reduce MT may help to reduce IA and prevent CD4 depletion.
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Canary LA, Vinton CL, Morcock DR, Pierce JB, Estes JD, Brenchley JM, Klatt NR. Rate of AIDS progression is associated with gastrointestinal dysfunction in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected pigtail macaques. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 190:2959-65. [PMID: 23401593 PMCID: PMC3665608 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
During HIV/SIV infection, mucosal immune system dysfunction and systemic immune activation are associated with progression to AIDS; however, it is unclear to what extent pre-existing gastrointestinal damage relates to disease progression postinfection. Pigtail macaques (PTM) are an excellent model in which to assess mucosal dysfunction in relation to HIV/SIV pathogenesis, as the majority of these animals have high levels of gastrointestinal damage, immune activation, and microbial translocation prior to infection, and rapidly progress to AIDS upon SIV infection. In this study, we characterized the mucosal immune environment prior to and throughout SIV infection in 13 uninfected PTM and 9 SIV-infected PTM, of which 3 were slow progressors. This small subset of slow progressors had limited innate immune activation in mucosal tissues in the periphery, which was associated with a more intact colonic epithelial barrier. Furthermore, we found that preinfection levels of microbial translocation, as measured by LPS-binding protein, in PTM correlated with the rate of progression to AIDS. These data suggest that pre-existing levels of microbial translocation and gastrointestinal tract dysfunction may influence the rate of HIV disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Canary
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Program in Barrier Immunity and Repair, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carol L. Vinton
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Program in Barrier Immunity and Repair, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David R. Morcock
- AIDS and Cancer and Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jordan B. Pierce
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Program in Barrier Immunity and Repair, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- AIDS and Cancer and Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jason M. Brenchley
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Program in Barrier Immunity and Repair, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nichole R. Klatt
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Program in Barrier Immunity and Repair, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Klatt NR, Funderburg NT, Brenchley JM. Microbial translocation, immune activation, and HIV disease. Trends Microbiol 2013; 21:6-13. [PMID: 23062765 PMCID: PMC3534808 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The advent of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has significantly improved the prognosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. However, individuals treated long-term with cART still manifest increased mortality compared to HIV-uninfected individuals. This increased mortality is closely associated with inflammation, which persists in cART-treated HIV-infected individuals despite levels of plasma viremia below detection limits. Chronic, pathological immune activation is a key factor in progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in untreated HIV-infected individuals. One contributor to immune activation is microbial translocation, which occurs when microbial products traverse the tight epithelial barrier of the gastrointestinal tract. Here we review the mechanisms underlying microbial translocation and its role in contributing to immune activation and disease progression in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole R. Klatt
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Program in Program in Barrier Immunity and Repair, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas T. Funderburg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Jason M. Brenchley
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Program in Program in Barrier Immunity and Repair, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Myeloid dendritic cells isolated from tissues of SIV-infected Rhesus macaques promote the induction of regulatory T cells. AIDS 2012; 26:263-73. [PMID: 22095196 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32834ed8df] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the ability of primary myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) to induce regulatory T cells (Treg) is affected by chronic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection. DESIGN Modulation of dendritic cell activity with the aim of influencing Treg frequency may lead to new treatment options for HIV and strategies for vaccine development. METHODS Eleven chronically infected SIV(+) Rhesus macaques were compared with four uninfected animals. Immature and mature mDCs were isolated from mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen by cell sorting and cultured with purified autologous non-Treg (CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells). CD25 and FOXP3 up-regulation was used to assess Treg induction. RESULTS The frequency of splenic mDC and plasmacytoid dendritic cell was lower in infected animals than in uninfected animals; their frequency in the mesenteric lymph nodes was not significantly altered, but the percentage of mature mDCs was increased in the mesenteric lymph nodes of infected animals. Mature splenic or mesenteric mDCs from infected animals were significantly more efficient at inducing Treg than mDCs from uninfected animals. Mature mDCs from infected macaques induced more conversion than immature mDCs. Splenic mDCs were as efficient as mesenteric mDCs in this context and CD103 expression by mDCs did not appear to influence the level of conversion. CONCLUSIONS Tissue mDCs from SIV-infected animals exhibit an enhanced capability to induce Treg and may contribute to the accumulation of Treg in lymphoid tissues during progressive infection. The activation status of dendritic cell impacts this process but the capacity to induce Treg was not restricted to mucosal dendritic cells in infected animals.
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Hutchison AT, Schmitz JE, Miller CJ, Sastry KJ, Nehete PN, Major AM, Ansari AA, Tatevian N, Lewis DE. Increased inherent intestinal granzyme B expression may be associated with SIV pathogenesis in Asian non-human primates. J Med Primatol 2011; 40:414-26. [PMID: 21732950 PMCID: PMC3193863 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2011.00482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unlike Asian non-human primates, chronically SIV-infected African non-human primates (NHP) display a non-pathogenic disease course. The different outcomes may be related to the development of an SIV-mediated breach of the intestinal mucosa in the Asian species that is absent in the African animals. METHODS To examine possible mechanisms that could lead to the gut breach, we determined whether the colonic lamina propria (LP) of SIV-naïve Asian monkeys contained more granzyme B (GrB) producing CD4 T cells than did that of the African species. GrB is a serine protease that may disrupt mucosal integrity by damaging tight junction proteins. RESULTS We found that the colonic LP of Asian NHP contain more CD4(+) /GrB(+) cells than African NHP. We also observed reduced CD4 expression on LP T cells in African green monkeys. CONCLUSION Both phenotypic differences could protect against SIV-mediated damage to the intestinal mucosa and could lead to future therapies in HIV(+) humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Hutchison
- University of Texas Health Science Center-Medical School at Houston, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Houston, 77030, USA.
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Blocking type I interferon production: a new therapeutic option to reduce the HIV-1-induced immune activation. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2012:534929. [PMID: 22203858 PMCID: PMC3235520 DOI: 10.1155/2012/534929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy has dramatically improved the morbidity and mortality of HIV-1-infected individuals. A total of 25 licensed drugs provide the basis for an optimized virus-suppressive treatment of nearly each subject. The promises of immune reconstitution and normal life expectancy, however, fall short for a number of patients, either through inadequate recovery of CD4+ T-cell counts or the occurrence of non-AIDS defining malignancies. In this respect, the prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus-associated Hodgkin lymphoma and human papillomavirus-related anal neoplasia is rising in aging HIV-1-infected individuals despite antiretroviral therapy. An important cause appears to be the HIV-1-induced chronic immune activation, propagated by inappropriate release of proinflammatory cytokines and type I interferons. This immune dysregulation can be reduced in vitro by inhibitors blocking the endosomal acidification. Recent data suggest that this concept is also of relevance in vivo, which opens the door for adjuvant immunomodulatory therapies in HIV-1 infection.
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Increased microbial translocation in ≤ 180 days old perinatally human immunodeficiency virus-positive infants as compared with human immunodeficiency virus-exposed uninfected infants of similar age. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2011; 30:877-82. [PMID: 21552185 PMCID: PMC3173518 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e31821d141e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of early versus deferred antiretroviral treatment (ART) on plasma concentration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and host LPS-binding molecules in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected infants up to 1 year of age was investigated. METHODS We evaluated 54 perinatally HIV-infected and 22 HIV-exposed uninfected infants (controls) at the first and second semester of life. All HIV-infected infants had a baseline CD4 of ≥ 25%, participated in the Comprehensive International Program of Research on AIDS Children with HIV Early Antiretroviral Therapy trial in South Africa, and were randomized in the following groups: group 1 (n = 20), ART deferred until CD4 < 25% or severe HIV disease; and group 2 (n = 34), ART initiation within 6 to 12 weeks of age. LPS, endotoxin-core antibodies, soluble CD14 (sCD14), and LPS-binding protein (LBP) were measured in cryopreserved plasma. T-cell activation was measured in fresh whole blood. RESULTS At the first semester, LPS concentration was higher in HIV-infected infants than in controls; sCD14, LBP, and T-cell activation were higher in group 1 than in group 2 and controls. Although LPS was not correlated with study variables, viral load was positively associated with sCD14, LBP, or endotoxin-core antibodies. At the second semester, LPS was not detectable and elevated host LPS-control molecules values were sustained in all groups and in conjunction with ART in all HIV-infected infants. CONCLUSIONS Although plasma concentration of LPS was higher in perinatally HIV-infected infants 0 to 6 months of age than in controls independent of ART initiation strategy, concentration of LPS-control molecules was higher in infants with deferred ART, suggesting the presence of increased microbial translocation in HIV-infected infants with sustained early viral replication.
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Demberg T, Ettinger AC, Aladi S, McKinnon K, Kuddo T, Venzon D, Patterson LJ, Phillips TM, Robert-Guroff M. Strong viremia control in vaccinated macaques does not prevent gradual Th17 cell loss from central memory. Vaccine 2011; 29:6017-28. [PMID: 21708207 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that microbial translocation might play a role in chronic immune activation during HIV/SIV infection. Key roles in fighting bacterial and fungal infections have been attributed to Th17 and Tc17 cells. Th17 cells can be infected with HIV/SIV, however whether effective vaccination leads to their maintenance following viral challenge has not been addressed. Here we retrospectively investigated if a vaccine regimen that potently reduced viremia post-challenge preserved Th17 and Tc17 cells, thus adding benefit in the absence of sterilizing protection. Rhesus macaques were previously vaccinated with replication-competent Adenovirus recombinants expressing HIVtat and HIVenv followed by Tat and gp140 protein boosting. Upon SHIV(89.6P) challenge, the vaccines exhibited a significant 4 log reduction in chronic viremia compared to sham vaccinated controls which rapidly progressed to AIDS [39]. Plasma and cryopreserved PBMC samples were examined pre-challenge and during acute and chronic infection. Control macaques exhibited a rapid loss of CD4(+) cells, including Th17 cells. Tc17 cells tended to decline over the course of infection although significance was not reached. Immune activation, assessed by Ki-67 expression, was associated with elevated chronic viremia of the controls. Significantly increased plasma IFN-γ levels were also observed. No increase in plasma LPS levels were observed suggesting a lack of microbial translocation. In contrast, vaccinated macaques had no evidence of immune activation within the chronic phase and preserved both CD4(+) T-cells and Tc17 cells in PBMC. Nevertheless, they exhibited a gradual, significant loss of Th17 cells which concomitantly displayed significantly higher CCR6 expression over time. The gradual Th17 cell decline may reflect mucosal homing to inflammatory sites and/or slow depletion due to ongoing low levels of SHIV replication. Our results suggest that potent viremia reduction during chronic SHIV infection will delay but not prevent the loss of Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Demberg
- National Cancer Institute, Vaccine Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Eller MA, Blom KG, Gonzalez VD, Eller LA, Naluyima P, Laeyendecker O, Quinn TC, Kiwanuka N, Serwadda D, Sewankambo NK, Tasseneetrithep B, Wawer MJ, Gray RH, Marovich MA, Michael NL, de Souza MS, Wabwire-Mangen F, Robb ML, Currier JR, Sandberg JK. Innate and adaptive immune responses both contribute to pathological CD4 T cell activation in HIV-1 infected Ugandans. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18779. [PMID: 21526194 PMCID: PMC3079731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 disease progression is associated with persistent immune activation. However, the nature of this association is incompletely understood. Here, we investigated immune activation in the CD4 T cell compartment of chronically HIV-1 infected individuals from Rakai, Uganda. Levels of CD4 T cell activation, assessed as co-expression of PD-1, CD38 and HLA-DR, correlated directly to viral load and inversely to CD4 count. Deeper characterization of these cells indicated an effector memory phenotype with relatively frequent expression of Ki67 despite their PD-1 expression, and levels of these cells were inversely associated with FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. We therefore use the term deregulated effector memory (DEM) cells to describe them. CD4 T cells with a DEM phenotype could be generated by antigen stimulation of recall responses in vitro. Responses against HIV-1 and CMV antigens were enriched among the DEM CD4 T cells in patients, and the diverse Vβ repertoire of DEM CD4 T cells suggested they include diverse antigen-specificities. Furthermore, the levels of DEM CD4 T cells correlated directly to soluble CD14 (sCD14) and IL-6, markers of innate immune activation, in plasma. The size of the activated DEM CD4 T cell subset was predictive of the rate of disease progression, whereas IL-6 was only weakly predictive and sCD14 was not predictive. Taken together, these results are consistent with a model where systemic innate immune activation and chronic antigen stimulation of adaptive T cell responses both play important roles in driving pathological CD4 T cell immune activation in HIV-1 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Eller
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
- U. S. Military HIV Research Program, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kim G. Blom
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Veronica D. Gonzalez
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leigh Anne Eller
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
- U. S. Military HIV Research Program, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas C. Quinn
- National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Noah Kiwanuka
- School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - David Serwadda
- School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Nelson K. Sewankambo
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
- Faculty of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Boonrat Tasseneetrithep
- U. S. Military HIV Research Program, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Maria J. Wawer
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ronald H. Gray
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
- Johns Hopkins Center for Global Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mary A. Marovich
- U. S. Military HIV Research Program, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- U. S. Military HIV Research Program, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mark S. de Souza
- U. S. Military HIV Research Program, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Fred Wabwire-Mangen
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
- School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- U. S. Military HIV Research Program, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey R. Currier
- U. S. Military HIV Research Program, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Johan K. Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Redd AD, Gray RH, Quinn TC. Is microbial translocation a cause or consequence of HIV disease progression? J Infect Dis 2011; 203:744-5; author reply 746. [PMID: 21220777 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiq107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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