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Lach L. Invasive ant establishment, spread, and management with changing climate. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 47:119-124. [PMID: 34252591 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ant invasions and climate change both pose globally widespread threats to the environment and economy. I highlight our current knowledge of how climate change will affect invasive ant distributions, population growth, spread, impact, and invasive ant management. Invasive ants often have traits that enable rapid colony growth in a range of habitats. Consequently, many invasive ant species will continue to have large global distributions as environmental conditions change. Distributions and impacts at community scales will depend on how resident ant communities respond to local abiotic conditions as well as availability of plant-based carbohydrate resources. Though target species may change under an altered climate, invasive ant impacts are unlikely to diminish, and novel control methods will be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Lach
- James Cook University, College of Science and Engineering, PO Box 6811, Cairns, 4870 Australia.
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2
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Lenancker P, Feldhaar H, Holzinger A, Greenfield M, Strain A, Yeeles P, Hoffmann BD, Tay WT, Lach L. Origin, behaviour, and genetics of reproductive workers in an invasive ant. Front Zool 2021; 18:13. [PMID: 33752683 PMCID: PMC7986258 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-021-00392-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Worker reproduction has an important influence on the social cohesion and efficiency of social insect colonies, but its role in the success of invasive ants has been neglected. We used observations of 233 captive colonies, laboratory experiments, and genetic analyses to investigate the conditions for worker reproduction in the invasive Anoplolepis gracilipes (yellow crazy ant) and its potential cost on interspecific defence. We determined the prevalence of worker production of males and whether it is triggered by queen absence; whether physogastric workers with enlarged abdomens are more likely to be reproductive, how normal workers and physogastric workers compare in their contributions to foraging and defence; and whether worker-produced males and males that could have been queen- or worker-produced differ in their size and heterozygosity. Results Sixty-six of our 233 captive colonies produced males, and in 25 of these, some males could only have been produced by workers. Colonies with more workers were more likely to produce males, especially for queenless colonies. The average number of days between the first appearance of eggs and adult males in our colonies was 54.1 ± 10.2 (mean ± SD, n = 20). In our laboratory experiment, queen removal triggered an increase in the proportion of physogastric workers. Physogastric workers were more likely to have yolky oocytes (37–54.9%) than normal workers (2–25.6%), which is an indicator of fertile or trophic egg production. Physogastric workers were less aggressive during interspecific aggression tests and foraged less than normal workers. The head width and wing length of worker-produced males were on average 4.0 and 4.3% greater respectively than those of males of undetermined source. Our microsatellite DNA analyses indicate that 5.5% of worker-produced males and 14.3% of males of undetermined source were heterozygous, which suggests the presence of diploid males and/or genetic mosaics in A. gracilipes. Conclusions Our experimental work provides crucial information on worker reproduction in A. gracilipes and its potential cost to colony defence. The ability of A. gracilipes workers to produce males in the absence of queens may also contribute to its success as an invasive species if intranidal mating can take place between virgin queens and worker-produced males. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12983-021-00392-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Lenancker
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia. .,CSIRO, Tropical Ecosystems Research Centre, Darwin, NT, 0822, Australia.
| | - Heike Feldhaar
- Animal Ecology I, Bayreuth Centre of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Anja Holzinger
- Animal Ecology I, Bayreuth Centre of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Melinda Greenfield
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia
| | - Angela Strain
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia
| | - Peter Yeeles
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia
| | | | - Wee Tek Tay
- CSIRO, Black Mountain Laboratories, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Lori Lach
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia
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Milligan PD, Martin TA, John GP, Riginos C, Goheen JR, Carpenter SM, Palmer TM. Mutualism disruption by an invasive ant reduces carbon fixation for a foundational East African ant-plant. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:1052-1062. [PMID: 33745197 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Invasive ants shape assemblages and interactions of native species, but their effect on fundamental ecological processes is poorly understood. In East Africa, Pheidole megacephala ants have invaded monodominant stands of the ant-tree Acacia drepanolobium, extirpating native ant defenders and rendering trees vulnerable to canopy damage by vertebrate herbivores. We used experiments and observations to quantify direct and interactive effects of invasive ants and large herbivores on A. drepanolobium photosynthesis over a 2-year period. Trees that had been invaded for ≥ 5 years exhibited 69% lower whole-tree photosynthesis during key growing seasons, resulting from interaction between invasive ants and vertebrate herbivores that caused leaf- and canopy-level photosynthesis declines. We also surveyed trees shortly before and after invasion, finding that recent invasion induced only minor changes in leaf physiology. Our results from individual trees likely scale up, highlighting the potential of invasive species to alter ecosystem-level carbon fixation and other biogeochemical cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D Milligan
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya
| | - Timothy A Martin
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Grace P John
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Jacob R Goheen
- Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya.,Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | | | - Todd M Palmer
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya
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Lach L, Hoffmann BD, Moir ML. Native and non-native sources of carbohydrate correlate with abundance of an invasive ant. NEOBIOTA 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.63.57925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Invasive species threaten many ecological communities and predicting which communities and sites are invasible remains a key goal of invasion ecology. Although invasive ants often reach high abundances in association with plant-based carbohydrate resources, the source and provenance of these resources are rarely investigated. We characterized carbohydrate resources across ten sites with a range of yellow crazy ant abundance in Arnhem Land, Australia and New Caledonia to determine whether yellow crazy ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes) abundance and trophic position correlate with carbohydrate availability, as well as the relative importance of native and non-native sources of carbohydrates to ant diet. In both locations, measures of yellow crazy ant abundance strongly positively correlated with carbohydrate availability, particularly honeydew production, the number of tended hemipterans, and the number of plants with tended hemipterans. In Arnhem Land, 99.6% of honeydew came from native species, whereas in New Caledonia, only 0.2% of honeydew was produced by a native hemipteran. More honeydew was available in Australia due to three common large-bodied species of Auchenorrhyncha honeydew producers (treehoppers and leafhoppers). Yellow crazy ant trophic position declined with increasing yellow crazy ant abundance indicating that in greater densities the ants are obtaining more of their diet from plant-derived resources, including honeydew and extrafloral nectar. The relationships between yellow crazy ant abundance and carbohydrate availability could not be explained by any of the key environmental variables we measured at our study sites. Our results demonstrate that the positive correlation between yellow crazy ant abundance and honeydew production is not contingent upon the provenance of the hemipterans. Native sources of carbohydrate may play an underappreciated role in greatly increasing community invasibility by ants.
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Interactive effects of urbanization and year on invasive and native ant diversity of sacred groves of South India. Urban Ecosyst 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-020-01007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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6
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Palmer TM, Riginos C, Milligan PD, Hays BR, Pietrek AG, Maiyo NJ, Mutisya S, Gituku B, Musila S, Carpenter S, Goheen JR. Frenemy at the gate: Invasion by Pheidole megacephala facilitates a competitively subordinate plant ant in Kenya. Ecology 2020; 102:e03230. [PMID: 33098658 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Biological invasions can lead to the reassembly of communities and understanding and predicting the impacts of exotic species on community structure and functioning are a key challenge in ecology. We investigated the impact of a predatory species of invasive ant, Pheidole megacephala, on the structure and function of a foundational mutualism between Acacia drepanolobium and its associated acacia-ant community in an East African savanna. Invasion by P. megacephala was associated with the extirpation of three extrafloral nectar-dependent Crematogaster acacia ant species and strong increases in the abundance of a competitively subordinate and locally rare acacia ant species, Tetraponera penzigi, which does not depend on host plant nectar. Using a combination of long-term monitoring of invasion dynamics, observations and experiments, we demonstrate that P. megacephala directly and indirectly facilitates T. penzigi by reducing the abundance of T. penzigi's competitors (Crematogaster spp.), imposing recruitment limitation on these competitors, and generating a landscape of low-reward host plants that favor colonization and establishment by the strongly dispersing T. penzigi. Seasonal variation in use of host plants by P. megacephala may further increase the persistence of T. penzigi colonies in invaded habitat. The persistence of the T. penzigi-A. drepanolobium symbiosis in invaded areas afforded host plants some protection against herbivory by elephants (Loxodonta africana), a key browser that reduces tree cover. However, elephant damage on T. penzigi-occupied trees was higher in invaded than in uninvaded areas, likely owing to reduced T. penzigi colony size in invaded habitats. Our results reveal the mechanisms underlying the disruption of this mutualism and suggest that P. megacephala invasion may drive long-term declines in tree cover, despite the partial persistence of the ant-acacia symbiosis in invaded areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M Palmer
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32601, USA.,Mpala Research Centre, Box 555, Nanyuki, Kenya
| | - Corinna Riginos
- The Nature Conservancy, Lander, Wyoming, 82520, USA.,Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 82071, USA
| | - Patrick D Milligan
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32601, USA.,Mpala Research Centre, Box 555, Nanyuki, Kenya
| | - Brandon R Hays
- Mpala Research Centre, Box 555, Nanyuki, Kenya.,Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 82071, USA
| | - Alejandro G Pietrek
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32601, USA.,Mpala Research Centre, Box 555, Nanyuki, Kenya.,Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA (IBIGEO), Salta, Argentina
| | - Nelly J Maiyo
- Conservation Department, Ol Pejeta Conservancy, Private Bag-10400, Nanyuki, Kenya
| | - Samuel Mutisya
- Conservation Department, Ol Pejeta Conservancy, Private Bag-10400, Nanyuki, Kenya
| | - Benard Gituku
- Conservation Department, Ol Pejeta Conservancy, Private Bag-10400, Nanyuki, Kenya
| | - Simon Musila
- Mammalogy Section, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Scott Carpenter
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Jacob R Goheen
- Mpala Research Centre, Box 555, Nanyuki, Kenya.,Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 82071, USA
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Prey–predator interaction suggests sacred groves are not functionally different from neighbouring used lands. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467420000140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSacred groves (SG) of south India are either relics of primary or secondary forests or swamps, worshipped by the local communities, and distributed in the countrysides (CS) and forest landscapes of India. Studies suggest that SGs harbour a biodiversity different from that of adjoining CS and have a structural similarity to protected forests. Studies also suggest a negative effect of structural complexity of forests on predation. Considering these two expectations, we compared the predation of artificial caterpillars inside SGs and CSs with the hypothesis that predation will be less in SG than in CS. Examining the predation marks, we identified the likely predator and scored the intensity of predation. Bite marks of arthropods, birds, lizards and mammals were observed on caterpillars of both habitats. The predation rate and predation intensity were similar for overall predators and for each predator taxon in both habitats, despite the fact that mammal predation was mostly encountered in SGs. Because the proportion of predated caterpillars is not different between habitats and the intensity of predation is high in SGs, we conclude that SGs may not have a quality of the expected standard.
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Infestation by pollination-disrupting alien ants varies temporally and spatially and is worsened by alien plant invasion. Biol Invasions 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-020-02272-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Johnson LR, Breger B, Drummond F. Novel plant–insect interactions in an urban environment: enemies, protectors, and pollinators of invasive knotweeds. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lea R. Johnson
- Longwood Gardens, Research and Conservation Division Kennett Square Pennsylvania 19348 USA
- Department of Biology Bates College Lewiston Maine 04240 USA
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA
| | - Benjamin Breger
- Department of Biology Bates College Lewiston Maine 04240 USA
| | - Francis Drummond
- School of Biology and Ecology University of Maine Orono Maine 04469 USA
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Lach L, Volp TM, Wilder SM. Previous diet affects the amount but not the type of bait consumed by an invasive ant. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:2627-2633. [PMID: 30706632 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent research on multiple invasive ant species has revealed the importance of carbohydrates for achieving high activity levels and outcompeting native ants. However, comparatively little is known about the role of diet and macronutrient preferences for uptake of insecticidal baits used to control invasive ants. We tested whether diet affected yellow crazy ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes Fr Smith) survival and behavior, and whether bait preference would be complementary to past diet. RESULTS We found that colonies fed only crickets for 28 days had fewer live workers and queens, and less brood per live queen than colonies fed crickets + honeydew but did not differ significantly from colonies fed only honeydew. Colonies that had been fed only crickets were more active (as assessed by interaction with a novel object), retrieved 16-17 times more bait per worker overall, and consumed more of the six bait types than cricket + honeydew and honeydew-only fed colonies. However, prior diet did not affect bait choice. The two highest sugar bait formulations combined accounted for most of the bait consumed across all treatments (cricket-only 74.8% ± 28.1; cricket + honeydew 69.2% ± 12.4; honeydew-only 62.5% ± 30.4). CONCLUSION Yellow crazy ant colonies fare better without protein than without carbohydrates. Yellow crazy ants ate the most bait when fed only crickets but did not choose baits complementary to their previous diet. Baits in a sugar-rich carrier may be most effective for the control of yellow crazy ants, regardless of the relative availability of macronutrients. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Lach
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, QLD, 4870
| | - Trevor M Volp
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, QLD, 4870
| | - Shawn M Wilder
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
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11
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Effects of park size, peri-urban forest spillover, and environmental filtering on diversity, structure, and morphology of ant assemblages in urban park. Urban Ecosyst 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-019-00851-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Sinu PA, Sibisha VC, Nikhila Reshmi MV, Reshmi KS, Jasna TV, Aswathi K, Megha PP. Invasive ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes) disrupts pollination in pumpkin. Biol Invasions 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-017-1470-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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The Antsy Social Network: Determinants of Nest Structure and Arrangement in Asian Weaver Ants. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156681. [PMID: 27271037 PMCID: PMC4896424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Asian weaver ants (Oecophylla smaragdina) are arboreal ants that are known to form mutualistic complexes with their host trees. They are eusocial ants that build elaborate nests in the canopy in tropical areas. A colony comprises of multiple nests, usually on multiple trees, and the boundaries of the colony may be difficult to identify. However, they provide the ideal model for studying group living in invertebrates since there are a definite number of nests for a given substrate, the tree. Here, we briefly examine the structure of the nests and the processes involved in the construction and maintenance of these nests. We have described the spatial arrangement of weaver ant nests on trees in two distinct tropical clusters, a few hundred kilometres apart in India. Measurements were made for 13 trees with a total of 71 nests in the two field sites. We have considered a host of biotic and abiotic factors that may be crucial in determining the location of the nesting site by Asian weaver ants. Our results indicate that tree characteristics and architecture followed by leaf features help determine nest location in Asian weaver ants. While environmental factors may not be as influential to nest arrangement, they seem to be important determinants of nest structure. The parameters that may be considered in establishing the nests could be crucial in picking the evolutionary drivers for colonial living in social organisms.
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Lach L, Volp TM, Greenwood TA, Rose A. High invasive ant activity drives predation of a native butterfly larva. Biotropica 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lori Lach
- Centre for Tropical Biodiversity and Climate Change; Centre for Tropical Environmental Sustainability Science; College of Marine and Environmental Sciences; James Cook University; PO Box 6811 Cairns Qld 4870 Australia
- School of Plant Biology; The University of Western Australia; 35 Stirling Highway Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Trevor M. Volp
- Centre for Tropical Biodiversity and Climate Change; Centre for Tropical Environmental Sustainability Science; College of Marine and Environmental Sciences; James Cook University; PO Box 6811 Cairns Qld 4870 Australia
| | - Todd A. Greenwood
- Centre for Tropical Biodiversity and Climate Change; Centre for Tropical Environmental Sustainability Science; College of Marine and Environmental Sciences; James Cook University; PO Box 6811 Cairns Qld 4870 Australia
| | - Annaleice Rose
- Centre for Tropical Biodiversity and Climate Change; Centre for Tropical Environmental Sustainability Science; College of Marine and Environmental Sciences; James Cook University; PO Box 6811 Cairns Qld 4870 Australia
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Cooling M, Hoffmann BD. Here today, gone tomorrow: declines and local extinctions of invasive ant populations in the absence of intervention. Biol Invasions 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-015-0963-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Heil M. Extrafloral nectar at the plant-insect interface: a spotlight on chemical ecology, phenotypic plasticity, and food webs. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 60:213-32. [PMID: 25564741 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-020753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants secrete extrafloral nectar (EFN) as an induced defense against herbivores. EFN contains not only carbohydrates and amino acids but also pathogenesis-related proteins and other protective enzymes, making EFN an exclusive reward. EFN secretion is commonly induced after wounding, likely owing to a jasmonic acid-induced cell wall invertase, and is limited by phloem sucrose availability: Both factors control EFN secretion according to the optimal defense hypothesis. Non-ant EFN consumers include parasitoids, wasps, spiders, mites, bugs, and predatory beetles. Little is known about the relevance of EFN to the nutrition of its consumers and, hence, to the structuring of arthropod communities. The mutualism can be established quickly among noncoevolved (e.g., invasive) species, indicating its easy assembly is due to ecological fitting. Therefore, increasing efforts are directed toward using EFN in biocontrol. However, documentation of the importance of EFN for the communities of plants and arthropods in natural, invasive, and agricultural ecosystems is still limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Heil
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, CINVESTAV-Irapuato, 36821 Irapuato, Guanajuato, México;
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Floral visitation by the Argentine ant reduces pollinator visitation and seed set in the coast barrel cactus, Ferocactus viridescens. Oecologia 2013; 174:163-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-013-2739-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ness JH, Morales MA, Kenison E, Leduc E, Leipzig-Scott P, Rollinson E, Swimm BJ, von Allmen DR. Reciprocally beneficial interactions between introduced plants and ants are induced by the presence of a third introduced species. OIKOS 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.20212.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Savage AM, Whitney KD. Trait-mediated indirect interactions in invasions: unique behavioral responses of an invasive ant to plant nectar. Ecosphere 2011. [DOI: 10.1890/es11-00145.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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