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Thermal tolerance of the rosy apple aphid Dysaphis plantaginea and its parasitoids: Effect of low temperatures on some fitness activities of Aphidius matricariae. J Therm Biol 2022; 110:103377. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Li ZX, Ji MQ, Zhang C, Yang YB, Chen ZZ, Zhao HP, Xu YY, Kang ZW. The Influence of Host Aphids on the Performance of Aphelinus asychis. INSECTS 2022; 13:795. [PMID: 36135496 PMCID: PMC9500855 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The aphid parasitoid Aphelinus asychis Walker is an important biological control agent against many aphid species. In this study, we examined whether the rearing host aphid species (the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum and the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae) affect the performance of A. asychis. We found that A. pisum-reared A. asychis showed a significantly larger body size (body length and hind tibia length) and shorter developmental time than S. avenae-reared A. asychis. There was no difference in the sex ratio between them. The longevity of A. pisum-reared A. asychis was also significantly longer than that of S. aveane-reared A. asychis. Furthermore, A. pisum-reared A. asychis presented stronger parasitic capacity and starvation resistance than S. aveane-reared A. asychi. In addition, host aphid alteration experiments showed that A. asychis only takes two generations to adapt to its new host. Taken together, these results revealed that A. pisum is a better alternative host aphid for mass-rearing and releasing of A. asychis. The body size plasticity of A. asychis is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Xiang Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Meng-Qi Ji
- School of Life Science, Institutes of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Rural Energy and Environment Agency, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100125, China
| | - Yi-Bing Yang
- Jinxiang County Agriculture and Rural Bureau, Jining 272200, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Hai-Peng Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Yong-Yu Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Kang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- School of Life Science, Institutes of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
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Häner N, Amiresmaeili N, Stähli N, Romeis J, Collatz J. Overwintering of two pupal parasitoids of Drosophila under natural conditions. J Therm Biol 2022; 106:103231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Farahani HK, Ashouri A, Abroon P, Pierre JS, van Baaren J. Wolbachia manipulate fitness benefits of olfactory associative learning in a parasitoid wasp. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:269008. [PMID: 34086908 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.240549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Upon encountering a host, a female parasitoid wasp has to decide whether to learn positive or negative cues related to the host. The optimal female decision will depend on the fitness costs and benefits of learned stimuli. Reward quality is positively related to the rate of behavioral acquisition in processes such as associative learning. Wolbachia, an endosymbiotic bacterium, often plays an impressive role in the manipulation of its arthropod host's biology. Here, we studied the responses of two natural Wolbachia infected/uninfected Trichogramma brassicae wasp populations to theoretically high- and low-reward values during a conditioning process and the consequences of their responses in terms of memory duration. According to our results, uninfected wasps showed an attraction response to high-value rewards, but showed aversive learning in response to low-value rewards. The memory span of uninfected wasps after conditioning by low-value rewards was significantly shorter than that for high-value rewards. As our results revealed, responses to high-quality hosts will bring more benefits (bigger size, increased fecundity and enhanced survival) than those to low-quality hosts for uninfected wasps. Infected wasps were attracted to conditioned stimuli with the same memory duration after conditioning by both types of hosts. This was linked to the fact that parasitoids emerging from both types of hosts present the same life-history traits. Therefore, these hosts represent the same quality reward for infected wasps. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that Wolbachia manipulates the learning ability of its host, resulting in the wasp responding to all reward values similarly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Kishani Farahani
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ashouri
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Pouria Abroon
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Bu Ali, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Jean-Sebastien Pierre
- University of Rennes 1, UMR-CNRS 6553 EcoBio, Avenue du Général Leclerc, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Joan van Baaren
- University of Rennes 1, UMR-CNRS 6553 EcoBio, Avenue du Général Leclerc, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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Saeed MM, Tougeron K, Raza ABM, Afzal M, Aqueel A, Le Goff GJ, Renoz F, Pirotte J, Hance T. Transgenerational phenotypic plasticity of diapause induction and related fitness cost in a commercial strain of the parasitoid Aphidius ervi Haliday. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:780-792. [PMID: 32336036 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Diapause is an adaptation that insects have evolved to synchronize their life cycle with that of seasonal climatic changes and resources availability. However, cues for its induction are not always clear and, in some cases, a maternal effect may be involved. At the population level, just a part of the individuals may exhibit diapause with important consequences in terms of winter survival. Moreover, clear indicators of diapause state are difficult to identify. Diapause induction was thus investigated in the aphid parasitoid species Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) developing in the aphid Sitobion avenae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) at four crossed photothermal regimes (16 °C and 8 °C, 16:8 h L:D and 8:16 h L:D), and during 2 successive generations. We analyzed the reliability of changes in mummy color to assess for the diapausing state compared to dissections, and we measured parasitoid morphological and physiological traits. We observed that the proportion of dark brown mummies increased after one generation under low photothermal regime compared to other regimes. No diapause was recorded at 16 °C, 16:8 h L:D, while we observed 16.2% and 67.5% diapause incidence at 8 °C, 8:16 h L:D, at 1st and 2nd generation, respectively. Diapause induction is thus increased by short day-length conditions and low temperatures as well as by maternal effects. All parasitoid life-history traits (weight, size, fat content, water content, egg-load, and longevity) were affected by the photothermal regime and/or the generation. These results raise new questions on the environmental thresholds needed to induce diapause and on survival and adaptation potential of commercially available parasitoid strains in different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Mubashir Saeed
- Department of Entomology, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
- Earth and Life Institute, Biodiversity Research Centre, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | - Kévin Tougeron
- Earth and Life Institute, Biodiversity Research Centre, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | - Abu Bakar Muhammad Raza
- Department of Entomology, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Department of Entomology, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Anjum Aqueel
- Department of Entomology, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Guillaume Jean Le Goff
- Earth and Life Institute, Biodiversity Research Centre, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | - François Renoz
- Earth and Life Institute, Biodiversity Research Centre, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | - Jennifer Pirotte
- Earth and Life Institute, Biodiversity Research Centre, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | - Thierry Hance
- Earth and Life Institute, Biodiversity Research Centre, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
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Alford L, Louâpre P, Mougel F, van Baaren J. Measuring the evolutionary potential of a winter-active parasitic wasp to climate change. Oecologia 2020; 194:41-50. [PMID: 32960336 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04761-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In temperate climates, as a consequence of warming winters, an increasing number of ectothermic species are remaining active throughout winter months instead of diapausing, rendering them increasingly vulnerable to unpredictable cold events. One species displaying a shift in overwintering strategy is the parasitoid wasp and biological control agent Aphidius avenae. The current study aimed to better understand the consequence of a changing overwintering strategy on the evolutionary potential of an insect population to adapt to the cold stress events, set to increase in frequency, even during milder winters. Using a parental half-sibling breeding design, narrow-sense heritability of the cold tolerance, morphology and longevity of A. avenae was estimated. The heritability of cold tolerance was estimated at 0.07 (CI95% = [0.00; 0.25]) for the Critical Thermal Minima (CTmin) and 0.11 (CI95% = [0.00; 0.34]) for chill coma temperature; estimates much lower than those obtained for morphological traits (tibia length 0.20 (CI95% = [0.03; 0.37]); head width 0.23 (CI95% = [0.09; 0.39]); wing surface area 0.28 (CI95% = [0.11; 0.47])), although comparable with the heritability estimate of 0.12 obtained for longevity (CI95% = [0.00; 0.25]). The heritability estimates obtained thus suggest that A. avenae possesses low adaptive potential against cold stress. If such estimates are indicative of the evolutionary potential of A. avenae cold tolerance, more emphasis may be placed on adaptive phenotypic plasticity at the individual level to persist in a changing climate, with potential implications for the biological control function they provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Alford
- UMR 6553, ECOBIO, Université de Rennes I, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France.
| | - Philippe Louâpre
- Biogéosciences, UMR 6282, CNRS, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Florence Mougel
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génome, Comportement et Ecologie (UMR CNRS-Univ. Paris-Sud-IRD, Univ. Paris-Saclay), 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Joan van Baaren
- UMR 6553, ECOBIO, Université de Rennes I, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France
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Tougeron K, Devogel M, van Baaren J, Le Lann C, Hance T. Trans-generational effects on diapause and life-history-traits of an aphid parasitoid. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 121:104001. [PMID: 31874137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.104001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Transgenerational effects act on a wide range of insects' life-history traits and can be involved in the control of developmental plasticity, such as diapause expression. Decrease in or total loss of winter diapause expression recently observed in some species could arise from inhibiting maternal effects. In this study, we explored transgenerational effects on diapause expression and traits in one commercial and one Canadian field strain of the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi. These strains were reared under short photoperiod (8:16 h LD) and low temperature (14 °C) conditions over two generations. Diapause levels, developmental times, physiological and morphological traits were measured. Diapause levels increased after one generation in the Canadian field but not in the commercial strain. For both strains, the second generation took longer to develop than the first one. Tibia length and wing surface decreased over generations while fat content increased. A crossed-generations experiment focusing on the industrial parasitoid strain showed that offspring from mothers reared at 14 °C took longer to develop, were heavier, taller with wider wings and with more fat reserves than those from mothers reared at 20 °C (8:16 h LD). No effect of the mother rearing conditions was shown on diapause expression. Additionally to direct plasticity of the offspring, results suggest transgenerational plasticity effects on diapause expression, development time, and on the values of life-history traits. We demonstrated that populations showing low diapause levels may recover higher levels through transgenerational plasticity in response to diapause-induction cues, provided that environmental conditions are reaching the induction-thresholds specific to each population. Transgenerational plasticity is thus important to consider when evaluating how insects adapt to changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tougeron
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101, Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, Québec H1X 2B2, Canada; Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (écosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution) - UMR 6553, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35000 Rennes, France; Earth and Life Institute, Centre de recherche sur la biodiversité, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - M Devogel
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (écosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution) - UMR 6553, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35000 Rennes, France; Earth and Life Institute, Centre de recherche sur la biodiversité, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - J van Baaren
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (écosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution) - UMR 6553, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - C Le Lann
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (écosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution) - UMR 6553, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - T Hance
- Earth and Life Institute, Centre de recherche sur la biodiversité, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Keinan Y, Keasar T. Evidence for trans-generational effects on egg maturation schedules in a syn-ovigenic parasitoid. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 117:103910. [PMID: 31279632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.103910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The lifetime reproductive success of a female parasitoid is limited by (1) host (or time) limitation - the number of hosts available for oviposition during its lifetime; and (2) egg limitation - its egg supply. Host limitation is expected to select for increased longevity and/or foraging efficiency, while increased fecundity is predicted to evolve under egg limitation. If the limiting factor varies, phenotypic plasticity in egg maturation schedules may be advantageous, i.e. adjusting investment in egg production to host availability. In the polyembryonic parasitoid Copidosoma koehleri, environmental conditions experienced during development indeed influence resource allocation to egg maturation. However, whether parasitoids' maternal environment also influences their daughters' egg production has hardly been studied. To address this knowledge gap, we tested whether exposure of C. koehleri females to previously parasitized hosts (signaling intraspecific exploitation competition and risk of host limitation) reduces their daughters' initial egg loads. We presented newly-emerged females with hosts that were either fresh or parasitized by conspecifics. The following day, we exposed both groups to additional fresh hosts, and reared out the daughters of these previously experienced, 24+ h old, individuals. The daughters' egg loads and body sizes were similar under both experimental conditions. Nevertheless, their egg loads were ~30% higher, and body sizes were ~10% lower, than in daughters of just-emerged parasitoids. We suggest that female experience or age, but not conditions associated with host exploitation, trigger maternal effects on the reproductive and developmental physiology of their daughters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Keinan
- Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Tamar Keasar
- Biology and the Environment, University of Haifa - Oranim, Israel.
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Moiroux J, Boivin G, Brodeur J. Ovigeny index increases with temperature in an aphid parasitoid: Is early reproduction better when it is hot? JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 109:157-162. [PMID: 29870689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Studying relative investment of resources towards early and delayed reproduction is central to understand life history evolution since these traits are generally negatively correlated and traded-off against several other fitness components. For this purpose, ovigeny index (OI), which is calculated as the fraction of the maximum potential lifetime egg complement that is mature upon female emergence, has been developed in insects. Despite the central role of temperature on life history evolution in ectotherms, its influence on ovigeny index has never been tested. Adaptive models imply that OI should increase with temperature because of changes in body size, but the same influence may be expected considering physiological effects of temperature on egg maturation rate or amount of energy available. We investigated in the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi the influence of temperature experienced by the immature and/or the adult (from 12 °C to 28 °C) on ovigeny index and oviposition behaviour. As predicted, OI increased between 16 and 28 °C, i.e. females were able to reproduce earlier as temperature increased but this was traded off against a lower delayed reproduction. The highest OI was however observed at 12°, probably because this temperature was too low for females to mature eggs. Females that developed at 20 °C and were transferred as adult at 24 °C and 28 °C had the highest ovigeny index and laid more eggs during the early oviposition period while those transferred at 16 °C laid more eggs at the end of their life. Our results suggest that ovigeny index is not only influenced by body size - i.e. the adaptive explanation - but also by adult egg maturation rate, lifespan or amount of energy available - i.e. a physiological and adaptive explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joffrey Moiroux
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, Québec H1X 2B2, Canada; Centre de Recherche et de Développement en Horticulture, Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada, 430 boul. Gouin, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Québec J3B 3E6, Canada; UMR 7263 IMBE, Aix Marseille Université - CNRS - IRD - Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, Université d'Avignon, 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza, 84916 Avignon Cedex 09, France.
| | - Guy Boivin
- Centre de Recherche et de Développement en Horticulture, Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada, 430 boul. Gouin, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Québec J3B 3E6, Canada
| | - Jacques Brodeur
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, Québec H1X 2B2, Canada
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Keinan Y, Braun R, Keasar T. Phenotypic plasticity of pre-adult egg maturation in a parasitoid: Effects of host-starvation and brood size. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195767. [PMID: 29659607 PMCID: PMC5901773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Larvae of parasitoid wasps develop on a single arthropod host, and often face resource limitation that induces a tradeoff between egg maturation and somatic growth. Part of the variation in the growth-reproduction allocation was shown to be heritable, but how the larval developmental environment affects this allocation is not well-known. Detection of life history tradeoffs is often facilitated under stress conditions. We therefore exposed developing female larvae of the polyembryonic parasitoid Copidosoma koehleri (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) to laboratory manipulations aimed to restrict host resources (either host-starvation or high larval density). We compared the females’ body sizes and egg loads shortly after adult emergence (<24 h) to those of closely related control females, which developed at a lower larval density within non-starved hosts. Host-starvation reduced the females’ body sizes but not their initial egg loads. Females that experienced high larval density produced more eggs but were similar in body size to the low-density controls. Thus, the relative allocation to reproduction increased in response to both manipulations of host condition. Developmental duration and longevity were similar in all treatments. The negative correlation between body size and reproductive allocation, observed in the host-starvation treatment, is compatible with previous evidence from other parasitoids. In the high larval density treatment, however, reproductive allocation increased while body size was maintained, suggesting that the higher density increased rather than limited host resources per developing parasitoid female. The additional host resources that were diverted into egg production possibly resulted from increased feeding and body mass gain by hosts parasitized by large broods of wasps. Our results demonstrate phenotypic plasticity in resource allocation between growth and reproduction in a developing parasitoid. This plasticity may contribute to an adaptive balance between longevity and mobility vs. fecundity during the adult stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Keinan
- Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rachel Braun
- Human Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tamar Keasar
- Biology and the Environment, University of Haifa–Oranim, Tivon, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Alford L, Kishani Farahani H, Pierre JS, Burel F, van Baaren J. Why is there no impact of the host species on the cold tolerance of a generalist parasitoid? JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 103:71-77. [PMID: 29038015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
For generalist parasitoids such as those belonging to the Genus Aphidius, the choice of host species can have profound implications for the emerging parasitoid. Host species is known to affect a variety of life history traits. However, the impact of the host on thermal tolerance has never been studied. Physiological thermal tolerance, enabling survival at unfavourable temperatures, is not a fixed trait and may be influenced by a number of external factors including characteristics of the stress, of the individual exposed to the stress, and of the biological and physical environment. As such, the choice of host species is likely to also have implications for the thermal tolerance of the emerging parasitoid. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of cereal aphid host species (Sitobion avenae, Rhopalosiphum padi and Metopolophium dirhodum) on adult thermal tolerance, in addition to sex and size, of the aphid parasitoids Aphidius avenae, Aphidius matricariae and Aphidius rhopalosiphi. Results revealed no effect of host species on the cold tolerance of the emerging parasitoid, as determined by CTmin and Chill Coma, for all parasitoid species. Host species significantly affected the size of the emerging parasitoid for A. rhopalosiphi only, with individuals emerging from R. padi being significantly larger than those emerging from S. avenae, although this did not correspond to a difference in thermal tolerance. Furthermore, a significant difference in the size of male and female parasitoids was observed for A. avenae and A. matricariae, although, once again this did not correspond to a difference in cold tolerance. It is suggested that potential behavioural thermoregulation via host manipulation may act to influence the thermal environment experienced by the wasp and thus wasp thermal tolerance and, in doing so, may negate physiological thermal tolerance or any impact of the aphid host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Alford
- UMR 6553 ECOBIO, Université de Rennes I, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France; Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Davidson Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
| | | | - Jean-Sébastien Pierre
- UMR 6553 ECOBIO, Université de Rennes I, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Françoise Burel
- UMR 6553 ECOBIO, Université de Rennes I, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Joan van Baaren
- UMR 6553 ECOBIO, Université de Rennes I, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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12
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Kishani Farahani H, Ashouri A, Zibaee A, Abroon P, Alford L. The effect of host nutritional quality on multiple components of Trichogramma brassicae fitness. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2016; 106:633-641. [PMID: 27215662 DOI: 10.1017/s000748531600033x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
For parasitoids, the host represents the sole source of nutrients for the developing immature. Subsequently, host quality is an important factor affecting immature development and the resulting fitness of the emerging parasitoid, with impacts on fecundity, longevity and offspring sex ratio. Host age is an integral component of host quality and a key factor in host selection by the female parasitoid. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of decreasing host quality (determined by increasing host age) on adult life history traits (size, wing loading, longevity, and fecundity) and nutritional reserves (protein, lipid and glycogen concentrations) of the parasitoid Trichogramma brassicae. Higher quality hosts resulted in the production of larger offspring with increased resource reserves and enhanced mobility. One-day-old eggs contained significantly more protein and triglyceride than 25- and 45-day-old eggs. Quality of host and fitness of reared wasps decreased due to host aging. Parasitoids reared on 1-day-old hosts were larger, with greater fecundity and longevity, a reduced wind loading index, and produced a higher proportion of female offspring when compared with those reared on 25- and 45-day-old hosts. In addition, wasps reared on 1-day-old hosts contained higher energy resources, as determined by triglyceride, glycogen and protein reserves, which are essential to successful offspring production. One-day-old hosts can therefore be considered as the best age for producing wasps with greater fitness, since they contain the highest amount of protein, glycogen, and triglyceride. This has implications for the mass rearing of T. brassicae and enhancing the efficacy of this biological control agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kishani Farahani
- Department of Plant Protection,Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources,University of Tehran,Karaj,Iran
| | - A Ashouri
- Department of Plant Protection,Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources,University of Tehran,Karaj,Iran
| | - A Zibaee
- Department of Plant Protection,Faculty of Agricultural Sciences,University of Guilan,Rasht,Iran
| | - P Abroon
- Department of Plant Protection,Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources,University of Tehran,Karaj,Iran
| | - L Alford
- Institute of Molecular,Cell and Systems Biology,College of Medical,Veterinary and Life Sciences,University of Glasgow,Davidson Building,Glasgow G12 8QQ,UK
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13
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The impact of geographical origin of two strains of the herbivore, Eccritotarsus catarinensis, on several fitness traits in response to temperature. J Therm Biol 2016; 60:222-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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14
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Sulmon C, van Baaren J, Cabello-Hurtado F, Gouesbet G, Hennion F, Mony C, Renault D, Bormans M, El Amrani A, Wiegand C, Gérard C. Abiotic stressors and stress responses: What commonalities appear between species across biological organization levels? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 202:66-77. [PMID: 25813422 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Organisms are regularly subjected to abiotic stressors related to increasing anthropogenic activities, including chemicals and climatic changes that induce major stresses. Based on various key taxa involved in ecosystem functioning (photosynthetic microorganisms, plants, invertebrates), we review how organisms respond and adapt to chemical- and temperature-induced stresses from molecular to population level. Using field-realistic studies, our integrative analysis aims to compare i) how molecular and physiological mechanisms related to protection, repair and energy allocation can impact life history traits of stressed organisms, and ii) to what extent trait responses influence individual and population responses. Common response mechanisms are evident at molecular and cellular scales but become rather difficult to define at higher levels due to evolutionary distance and environmental complexity. We provide new insights into the understanding of the impact of molecular and cellular responses on individual and population dynamics and assess the potential related effects on communities and ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Sulmon
- UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, Université de Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France.
| | - Joan van Baaren
- UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, Université de Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Francisco Cabello-Hurtado
- UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, Université de Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Gwenola Gouesbet
- UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, Université de Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Françoise Hennion
- UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, Université de Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Cendrine Mony
- UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, Université de Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - David Renault
- UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, Université de Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Myriam Bormans
- UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, Université de Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Abdelhak El Amrani
- UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, Université de Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Claudia Wiegand
- UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, Université de Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France; Biologisk Institut, Syddansk Universitet, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Claudia Gérard
- UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, Université de Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France.
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15
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Knapp M, Uhnavá K. Body size and nutrition intake effects on fecundity and overwintering success in Anchomenus dorsalis (Coleoptera: Carabidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2014; 14:ieu102. [PMID: 25525105 PMCID: PMC5633967 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieu102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Structural body size and adult feeding conditions seem to be important determinants of fitness in income breeding species. However, little is known about the relative importance of structural body size and nutritional state on fecundity and winter survival in carabids. In this study, two separate experiments were performed. The effects of the structural body size of females (expressed as the length of the elytra and the width of the pronotum) and the effect of starvation on the fecundity of the ground beetle Anchomenus dorsalis (Pontoppidan, 1763) were investigated in the "fecundity experiment." The influence of structural body size, feeding conditions (full, partial, or no feeding) before the winter, and behavior during the winter (burrowing into the substrate) on winter survival in A. dorsalis females were studied in the "overwintering experiment." Egg production was positively influenced by both the structural body size of females and adult feeding. The effect of structural body size on the number of eggs laid outweighed the effect of feeding. However, the total fecundity (the number of eggs laid plus the number of mature eggs in ovaries) were more strongly affected by feeding in comparison to the structural body size of females. Interestingly, there was no significant effect of structural body size, feeding before winter, or behavior during winter on the survival of A. dorsalis females during the winter. However, our overwintering results could be affected by extreme weather conditions throughout experimental season and by the experimental design, which is discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Knapp
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 Suchdol, 165 21, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Uhnavá
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 Suchdol, 165 21, Czech Republic
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