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Schäfer RB, Jackson M, Juvigny-Khenafou N, Osakpolor SE, Posthuma L, Schneeweiss A, Spaak J, Vinebrooke R. Chemical Mixtures and Multiple Stressors: Same but Different? ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:1915-1936. [PMID: 37036219 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystems are strongly influenced by multiple anthropogenic stressors, including a wide range of chemicals and their mixtures. Studies on the effects of multiple stressors have largely focussed on nonchemical stressors, whereas studies on chemical mixtures have largely ignored other stressors. However, both research areas face similar challenges and require similar tools and methods to predict the joint effects of chemicals or nonchemical stressors, and frameworks to integrate multiple chemical and nonchemical stressors are missing. We provide an overview of the research paradigms, tools, and methods commonly used in multiple stressor and chemical mixture research and discuss potential domains of cross-fertilization and joint challenges. First, we compare the general paradigms of ecotoxicology and (applied) ecology to explain the historical divide. Subsequently, we compare methods and approaches for the identification of interactions, stressor characterization, and designing experiments. We suggest that both multiple stressor and chemical mixture research are too focused on interactions and would benefit from integration regarding null model selection. Stressor characterization is typically more costly for chemical mixtures. While for chemical mixtures comprehensive classification systems at suborganismal level have been developed, recent classification systems for multiple stressors account for environmental context. Both research areas suffer from rather simplified experimental designs that focus on only a limited number of stressors, chemicals, and treatments. We discuss concepts that can guide more realistic designs capturing spatiotemporal stressor dynamics. We suggest that process-based and data-driven models are particularly promising to tackle the challenge of prediction of effects of chemical mixtures and nonchemical stressors on (meta-)communities and (meta-)food webs. We propose a framework to integrate the assessment of effects for multiple stressors and chemical mixtures. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:1915-1936. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf B Schäfer
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Univerität Kaiserslautern-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | | | - Noel Juvigny-Khenafou
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Univerität Kaiserslautern-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Stephen E Osakpolor
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Univerität Kaiserslautern-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Leo Posthuma
- Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anke Schneeweiss
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Univerität Kaiserslautern-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Jürg Spaak
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Univerität Kaiserslautern-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Rolf Vinebrooke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Wu S, Wen L, Dong S, Gao X, Xu Y, Li S, Dong Q, Wessell K. The Plant Interspecific Association in the Revegetated Alpine Grasslands Determines the Productivity Stability of Plant Community Across Restoration Time on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:850854. [PMID: 35386668 PMCID: PMC8978524 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.850854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Grassland cultivation is the key measure for restoring "Black Beach," the extremely degraded alpine meadow in the Three River Headwater Area of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. In this study, we examined the inter-specific relationship in the vegetation community of cultivated grasslands with different restoration times through the network analysis method. The results showed that with the extension of restoration time, the development of cultivated grassland would lead to increasing neutral interactions among the plant species. The proportion of species with positive and negative associations in the community decreased, while the number of species-independent pairs increased significantly. The complexity of plant interspecific association (species network density) had more influence on community stability with the extension of recovery time, which can be used to quantify the characteristics of community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Wu
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Wen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau and Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Shikui Dong
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxia Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yudan Xu
- College of Grassland Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Shuai Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Quanming Dong
- Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Kelly Wessell
- Tompkins Cortland Community College, Dryden, NY, United States
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Brooks PR, Crowe TP. Combined Effects of Multiple Stressors: New Insights Into the Influence of Timing and Sequence. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Noto AE, Shurin JB. Mean conditions predict salt marsh plant community diversity and stability better than environmental variability. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akana E. Noto
- Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, Univ. of California, San Diego; 9500 Gilman Drive, no. 0116 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Jonathan B. Shurin
- Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, Univ. of California, San Diego; 9500 Gilman Drive, no. 0116 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
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Bertocci I, Domínguez Godino JA, Freitas C, Incera M, Bio A, Domínguez R. Compounded perturbations in coastal areas: contrasting responses to nutrient enrichment and the regime of storm‐related disturbance depend on life‐history traits. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iacopo Bertocci
- CIIMAR/CIMAR Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões Av. General Norton de Matos s/n 4450‐208 Matosinhos Portugal
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Villa Comunale 80121 Naples Italy
| | - Jorge A. Domínguez Godino
- CIIMAR/CIMAR Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões Av. General Norton de Matos s/n 4450‐208 Matosinhos Portugal
- CCMAR CIMAR‐Laboratório Associado Universidade do Algarve Gambelas 8005‐139 Faro Portugal
| | - Cristiano Freitas
- CIIMAR/CIMAR Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões Av. General Norton de Matos s/n 4450‐208 Matosinhos Portugal
| | - Monica Incera
- CIIMAR/CIMAR Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões Av. General Norton de Matos s/n 4450‐208 Matosinhos Portugal
- Centro Tecnológico del Mar – Fundación CETMAR C/Eduardo Cabello s/n E‐36208 Bouzas Vigo Spain
| | - Ana Bio
- CIIMAR/CIMAR Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões Av. General Norton de Matos s/n 4450‐208 Matosinhos Portugal
| | - Rula Domínguez
- CIIMAR/CIMAR Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões Av. General Norton de Matos s/n 4450‐208 Matosinhos Portugal
- Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal Faculdade de Ciencias do Mar Universidade de Vigo Vigo Spain
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Díaz‐Sierra R, Verwijmeren M, Rietkerk M, Dios VR, Baudena M. A new family of standardized and symmetric indices for measuring the intensity and importance of plant neighbour effects. Methods Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Díaz‐Sierra
- Mathematical and Fluid Physics Department Faculty of Sciences Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED) Madrid 28040 Spain
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development Environmental Science Group Utrecht University PO Box 80115 3508 TC Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Mart Verwijmeren
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development Environmental Science Group Utrecht University PO Box 80115 3508 TC Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Max Rietkerk
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development Environmental Science Group Utrecht University PO Box 80115 3508 TC Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Víctor Resco Dios
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences – AGROTECNIO Center Universitat de Lleida Lleida E25198 Spain
| | - Mara Baudena
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development Environmental Science Group Utrecht University PO Box 80115 3508 TC Utrecht The Netherlands
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Long W, Xiong M, Zang R, Schamp BS, Yang X, Ding Y, Huang Y, Xiang Y. Changes in Patterns of Species Co-occurrence across Two Tropical Cloud Forests Differing in Soil Nutrients and Air Temperature. Biotropica 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxing Long
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Development Utilization of Tropical Crop Germplasm Resource; Ministry of Education; College of Horticulture and Landscape Agriculture; Hainan University; Haikou China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of State Forestry Administration; Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection; Chinese Academy of Forestry; Beijing China
| | - Menghui Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Development Utilization of Tropical Crop Germplasm Resource; Ministry of Education; College of Horticulture and Landscape Agriculture; Hainan University; Haikou China
| | - Runguo Zang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of State Forestry Administration; Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection; Chinese Academy of Forestry; Beijing China
| | - Brandon S. Schamp
- Department of Biology; Algoma University; Sault Ste. Marie ON P6A 2G4 Canada
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Development Utilization of Tropical Crop Germplasm Resource; Ministry of Education; College of Horticulture and Landscape Agriculture; Hainan University; Haikou China
| | - Yi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of State Forestry Administration; Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection; Chinese Academy of Forestry; Beijing China
| | - Yunfeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of State Forestry Administration; Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection; Chinese Academy of Forestry; Beijing China
| | - Yangzhou Xiang
- Guizhou Institute of Forest Inventory and Planning Guiyang; Guizhou China
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Malanson GP, Resler LM. Neighborhood functions alter unbalanced facilitation on a stress gradient. J Theor Biol 2014; 365:76-83. [PMID: 25445188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The stress-gradient hypothesis states that individual and species competitive and facilitative effects change in relative importance or intensity along environmental gradients of stress. The importance of the number of facilitators in the neighborhood of a potential beneficiary has not been explored. Evenly distributed and stress-correlated facilitation and the increase in the intensity of facilitation with neighbors as linear, logarithmic, and unimodal functions is simulated for two hypothetical species, both of which improve the local environment. The mutualism is unbalanced in that the establishment of one species is enhanced by neighbors more than the other. Compared to no facilitation or evenly distributed facilitation, the stress gradient produces more edges in the spatially advancing population, more overall intensity of facilitation, and more individuals further advanced into the area of higher stress; the more enhanced species has increased population relative to the other - to the point where they are equal. Among three neighborhood functions, little difference exists in outcomes between the linear and logarithmic functions, but the unimodal function, which shifts peak facilitation intensity to fewer neighbors, increases the above state variables more than the differences between the even and stress gradient facilitation scenarios; the population of the beneficiary species exceeds that of the other. Different neighborhood functions change the effects of spatial pattern on the biological outcome. The unbalanced mutualism may be important where additional species alter the basic interaction in the high stress area of the environmental gradient, such as ecotones where the spatial pattern becomes central to facilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P Malanson
- Department of Geographical & Sustainability Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA and Division of Environmental Biology, National Science Foundation, 4201 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA 22230, USA.
| | - Lynn M Resler
- Department of Geography, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Lyons DA, Arvanitidis C, Blight AJ, Chatzinikolaou E, Guy-Haim T, Kotta J, Orav-Kotta H, Queirós AM, Rilov G, Somerfield PJ, Crowe TP. Macroalgal blooms alter community structure and primary productivity in marine ecosystems. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2014; 20:2712-2724. [PMID: 24890042 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Eutrophication, coupled with loss of herbivory due to habitat degradation and overharvesting, has increased the frequency and severity of macroalgal blooms worldwide. Macroalgal blooms interfere with human activities in coastal areas, and sometimes necessitate costly algal removal programmes. They also have many detrimental effects on marine and estuarine ecosystems, including induction of hypoxia, release of toxic hydrogen sulphide into the sediments and atmosphere, and the loss of ecologically and economically important species. However, macroalgal blooms can also increase habitat complexity, provide organisms with food and shelter, and reduce other problems associated with eutrophication. These contrasting effects make their overall ecological impacts unclear. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the overall effects of macroalgal blooms on several key measures of ecosystem structure and functioning in marine ecosystems. We also evaluated some of the ecological and methodological factors that might explain the highly variable effects observed in different studies. Averaged across all studies, macroalgal blooms had negative effects on the abundance and species richness of marine organisms, but blooms by different algal taxa had different consequences, ranging from strong negative to strong positive effects. Blooms' effects on species richness also depended on the habitat where they occurred, with the strongest negative effects seen in sandy or muddy subtidal habitats and in the rocky intertidal. Invertebrate communities also appeared to be particularly sensitive to blooms, suffering reductions in their abundance, species richness, and diversity. The total net primary productivity, gross primary productivity, and respiration of benthic ecosystems were higher during macroalgal blooms, but blooms had negative effects on the productivity and respiration of other organisms. These results suggest that, in addition to their direct social and economic costs, macroalgal blooms have ecological effects that may alter their capacity to deliver important ecosystem services.
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