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Chamorro-Petronacci CM, Lafuente-Ibanez De Mendoza I, Suarez-Peñaranda JM, Padin-Iruegas E, Blanco-Carrion A, Lorenzo-Pouso AI, Ortega KL, Pérez-Sayáns M. Immunohistochemical Characterization of Bcl-2 in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2021; 29:706-712. [PMID: 34008487 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bcl-2 is a group of apoptotic proteins that play a key role in cellular homeostasis. Overexpression of Bcl-2 has been associated with the poor prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The aim of this study is to analyze the immunohistochemical expression of Bcl-2 in healthy oral mucosa, different oral potentially malignant disorders and OSCC, and to determine its diagnostic value. A retrospective observational study was carried out in the Oral Medicine Unit of the University of Santiago de Compostela. All the clinicopathologic data were collected and paraffin-embedded blocks were available to perform the immunohistochemistry study with Bcl-2. We studied 18 fibromas, 15 OSCC, 29 oral leukoplakia lesions (OL), 59 oral lichen planus (OLP) cases, and 16 healthy controls. OL with epithelial dysplasia (31.2%) showed the highest expression of Bcl-2 and OLP (1.9%) showed the lowest expression of Bcl-2 (P=0.025). Receiver operating characteristics curves showed that the detection of Bcl-2 enables discrimination between OL and OLPs (sensitivity: 58.6%, specificity of 99.32%). Bcl-2 negative expression in the OLP diagnosis obtained an odds ratio of 13.750 (95% confidence interval: 3.354-56.369; P<0.0001) and the positive expression in the OL 4.468 (95% confidence interval: 1.889-10.565; P=0.001). Bcl-2 could be used as a diagnostic biomarker to study their malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia M Chamorro-Petronacci
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, MedOralRes Group, University of Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS)
| | - Irene Lafuente-Ibanez De Mendoza
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Medicine Unit, Department of Stomatology II, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Jose M Suarez-Peñaranda
- Pathological Anatomy Service, University Hospital Complex of Santiago (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela
| | - Elena Padin-Iruegas
- Pathological Anatomy Service, University Hospital Complex of Santiago (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela
| | - Andres Blanco-Carrion
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, MedOralRes Group, University of Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS)
| | - Alejandro I Lorenzo-Pouso
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, MedOralRes Group, University of Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS)
| | - Karem L Ortega
- Special Care Dentistry Centre (CAPE) and Oral Pathology, Department of Stomatology, University of São Paulo School of Dentistry (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario Pérez-Sayáns
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, MedOralRes Group, University of Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS)
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Lenis-Rojas OA, Cabral R, Carvalho B, Friães S, Roma-Rodrigues C, Fernández JAA, Vila SF, Sanchez L, Gomes CSB, Fernandes AR, Royo B. Triazole-Based Half-Sandwich Ruthenium(II) Compounds: From In Vitro Antiproliferative Potential to In Vivo Toxicity Evaluation. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:8011-8026. [PMID: 33973771 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A new series of half-sandwich ruthenium(II) compounds [(η6-arene)Ru(L)Cl][CF3SO3] bearing 1,2,3-triazole ligands (arene = p-cymene, L = L1 (1); arene = p-cymene, L = L2 (2); arene = benzene, L = L1 (3); arene = benzene, L2 (4); L1 = 2-[1-(p-tolyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]pyridine and L2 = 1,1'-di-p-tolyl-1H,1'H-4,4'-bi(1,2,3-triazole) have been synthesized and fully characterized by 1H and 13C NMR and IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. The molecular structures of 1, 2, and 4 have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The cytotoxic activity of 1-4 was evaluated using the MTS assay against human tumor cells, namely ovarian carcinoma (A2780), colorectal carcinoma (HCT116), and colorectal carcinoma resistant to doxorubicin (HCT116dox), and against normal primary fibroblasts. Whereas compounds 2 and 4 showed no cytotoxic activity toward tumor cell lines, compounds 1 and 3 were active in A2780, while showing no antiproliferative effect in human normal dermal fibroblasts at the IC50 concentrations of the A2780 cell line. Exposure of ovarian carcinoma cells to IC50 concentrations of compound 1 or 3 led to an accumulation of reactive oxygen species and an increase of apoptotic and autophagic cells. While compound 3 displayed low levels of angiogenesis induction, compound 1 showed an ability to induce cell cycle delay and to interfere with cell migration. When the in vivo toxicity studies using zebrafish and chicken embryos are considered, compounds 1 and 3, which were not lethal, are promising candidates as anticancer agents against ovarian cancer due to their good cytotoxic activity in tumor cells and their low toxicity both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A Lenis-Rojas
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, ITQB NOVA, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rui Cabral
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Carvalho
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Sofia Friães
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, ITQB NOVA, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina Roma-Rodrigues
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Jhonathan A A Fernández
- Laboratory of Zebrafish, Department of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-887, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Zoología Genética y Antropología Física, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Sabela F Vila
- Departamento de Zoología Genética y Antropología Física, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Laura Sanchez
- Departamento de Zoología Genética y Antropología Física, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain.,Preclinical Animal Models Group. Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Clara S B Gomes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE UCIBIO, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Alexandra R Fernandes
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Royo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, ITQB NOVA, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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Sequeira D, Baptista PV, Valente R, Piedade MFM, Garcia MH, Morais TS, Fernandes AR. Cu(I) complexes as new antiproliferative agents against sensitive and doxorubicin resistant colorectal cancer cells: synthesis, characterization, and mechanisms of action. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:1845-1865. [PMID: 33470993 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03566a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the worst health issues worldwide, representing the second leading cause of death. Current chemotherapeutic drugs face some challenges like the acquired resistance of the tumoral cells and low specificity leading to unwanted side effects. There is an urgent need to develop new compounds that may target resistant cells. The synthesis and characterization of two Cu(i) complexes of general formula [Cu(PP)(LL)][BF4], where PP is a phosphane ligand (triphenylphosphine or 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphano) ethane) and LL = is a heteroaromatic bidentate ligand (4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine and 6,3-(2-pyridyl)-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine). The new compounds were fully characterized by spectroscopic techniques (NMR, FTIR and UV-vis.), elemental analysis (C, H, N and S) and two structures were determined by single X-ray diffraction studies. The antiproliferative potential of the new Cu(i) complexes were studied in tumor (breast adenocarcinoma, ovarian carcinoma and in colorectal carcinoma sensitive and resistant to doxorubicin) and normal (fibroblasts) cell lines. Complexes 1-4 did not show any antiproliferative potential. Amongst the complexes 5-8, complex 8 shows high cytotoxic potential against colorectal cancer sensitive and resistant to doxorubicin and low cytotoxicity towards healthy cells. We show that complexes 5-8 can cleave pDNA and, in particular, the in vitro pDNA cleavage is due to an oxidative mechanism. This oxidative mechanism corroborates the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), that triggers HCT116 cell death via apoptosis, as proved by the increased expression of BAX protein relative to BCL-2 protein and the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, and via autophagy. Additionally, complex 8 can block the cell cycle in the G1 phase, also exhibiting a cytostatic potential. Proteomic analysis confirmed the apoptotic, autophagic and cytostatic potential of complex 8, as well as its ability to produce ROS and cause DNA damage. The interference of the complex in folding and protein synthesis and its ability to cause post-translational modifications was also verified. Finally, it was observed that the complex causes a reduction in cellular metabolism. The results herein demonstrated the potential of Cu(i) complexes in targeting doxorubicin sensitive and resistant cells which is positive and must be further explored using in vivo animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Sequeira
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Pedro V Baptista
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Ruben Valente
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - M Fátima M Piedade
- DQB-FCUL, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal. and CQE@IST, Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Helena Garcia
- DQB-FCUL, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal. and CQE@FCUL, Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tânia S Morais
- DQB-FCUL, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal. and CQE@FCUL, Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexandra R Fernandes
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal.
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Belciug S. Remission and recurrence. What do to next? Artif Intell Cancer 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-820201-2.00008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Pavithra V, Kumari K, Haragannavar VC, Rao RS, Nambiar S, Augustine D, Sowmya SV. Possible Role of Bcl-2 Expression in Metastatic and Non Metastatic Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:ZC51-ZC54. [PMID: 29207833 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/29363.10601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Oral carcinoma is a global health problem. India accounts for one-third of world burden with high prevalence rate of 2.5 million and mortality rate of 5.5 lacs per year. Oral carcinogenesis is a multistage process that frequently involves invasion and metastasis that needs early detection and treatment to improve the overall quality of life. The ability of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) to metastasize to lymph nodes does not always show a relationship with clinical staging. A spectrum of molecular mechanisms is involved in carcinogenesis, where defect in the regulation of apoptosis is assumed to contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of cancer. Apoptosis regulatory genes include the antiapoptotic protein such as B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) gene that might be used as a molecular marker to evaluate the biological behaviour of oral cancer. Aim To evaluate and correlate the Bcl-2 expression in OSCC patients with lymphnode metastasis and without metastasis. Materials and Methods The study comprised of 30 samples, 15 cases of metastatic and 15 non-metastatic primary OSCC. All the cases were stained for routine Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), and Bcl-2 antibody by immunohistochemistry. The H&E stained sections were evaluated for Lymphocytic Infiltrate (LI) and Pattern Of Invasion (POI). Bcl-2 stained sections were evaluated for staining intensity and distribution. The differences between the groups were statistically analysed using chi-square test. Results The histopathological parameters, LI and POI did not show any statistical difference between the study groups. Expression of Bcl-2 in OSCC was 33.3% among the study groups, where metastatic group showed a positive expression of 13.3% and 20% in non-metastatic OSCC that did not show statistically significance among the study groups. Conclusion There was no significant difference in the expression of Bcl-2 between the study groups. Apoptosis is regulated by interaction among the Bcl-2 gene family. Hence, evaluation of Bcl-2 along with other apoptotic regulating proteins could define the role in pathogenesis and prognosis of metastatic and non-metastatic OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Pavithra
- Postgraduate, Department of Oral Pathology, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Karuna Kumari
- Postgraduate, Department of Oral Pathology, M S Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vanishri C Haragannavar
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral Pathology, M S Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Roopa S Rao
- Professor and Head, Department of Oral Pathology, M S Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shwetha Nambiar
- Tutor, Department of Oral Pathology, M S Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Dominic Augustine
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral Pathology, M S Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - S V Sowmya
- Associate Professor, Department of Oral Pathology, M S Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Gulati N, Shetty DC, Rathore AS, Juneja S, Jain A. E-cadherin-mediated impairment increases anti-apoptotic mechanism through upregulation of Bcl-2: An immunohistochemical study in various patterns of invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2017; 46:934-939. [PMID: 28294427 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bcl-2 and E-cadherin proteins are known to be involved in the control of apoptotic cell death and invasive potential, respectively, which is an important hallmark of tumor regulation that influences their biologic behavior. AIM This study investigates the relationship of Bcl-2 and E-cadherin immunoexpression in various Bryne's patterns of invasion. MATERIAL AND METHODS Immunohistochemical analyses for Bcl-2 and E-cadherin were performed on paraffin-embedded tissue sections on 40 cases (32 cases of Oral squamous cell carcinoma and eight cases of controls) and were scored using qualitative and quantitative (percentage positive) analysis. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The resulting data were analyzed using SPSS software version 19. Correlation between patterns of invasion and qualitative scores of Bcl-2 and E-cadherin was calculated using Spearman rho correlation. Difference of mean percentage of positive cells of Bcl-2 and E-cadherin in different patterns of invasion was tested by ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD test. RESULTS Bcl-2 and E-cadherin immunoreactivity was positively correlated with Bryne's pattern of invasion (P value<.05). An inverse relation was found between Bcl-2 and E-cadherin expression with Bryne's patterns 1-5 of invasion. CONCLUSIONS The results pointed to the antagonistic role of E-cadherin and Bcl-2 and thus provide the opportunity for cell survival along with increased invasive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Gulati
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, I.T.S. Center for Dental Studies and Research, Ghaziabad (U.P), India
| | - Devi Charan Shetty
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, I.T.S. Center for Dental Studies and Research, Ghaziabad (U.P), India
| | - Ajit Singh Rathore
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, I.T.S. Center for Dental Studies and Research, Ghaziabad (U.P), India
| | - Saurabh Juneja
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, I.T.S. Center for Dental Studies and Research, Ghaziabad (U.P), India
| | - Anshi Jain
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, I.T.S. Center for Dental Studies and Research, Ghaziabad (U.P), India
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Thongsuksai P, Pruegsanusak K, Boonyaphiphat P. Prognostic significance of p16, p53, Bcl-2, and Bax in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. ASIAN BIOMED 2017. [DOI: 10.5372/1905-7415.0802.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: The proteins p16, p53, Bcl-2, and Bax are important cell cycle and apoptotic regulators involved in carcinogenesis and found to have prognostic significance in various cancers. However, the data for squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity (OSCC) and of oropharynx (OPSCC) are conflicting.
Objective: We sought to determine if expression of p16, p53, Bcl-2, and Bax expression are associated with 5-year overall survival (OS) of patients with OSCC and OPSCC.
Methods: One-hundred thirty-seven cases of OSCC and 140 cases of OPSCC diagnosed from January 2002 to December 2004 at Songklanagrind Hospital, Songkhla, Thailand, were analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards model for 5-year OS in relation to immunohistochemical detection of Bcl-2, Bax, p53, and p16 proteins.
Results: The frequencies of p16, p53, Bcl-2, and Bax expression in OSCC were 13%, 45%, 4%, and 66%, and in OPSCC were 18%, 53%, 22%, and 75%, respectively. In univariate analysis, clinical variables including T stage, N stage and treatment were significantly associated with survival. In multivariate Cox regression, Bax overexpression was significantly associated with poor survival both in OSCC (HR 1.77, 95% CI 1.04-3.01) and in OPSCC (HR 2.21, 95% CI 1.00-4.85). We found no significant association of p16, Bcl-2, and p53 expression with survival.
Conclusion: The expression pattern of p16, p53, Bcl-2, and Bax are similar in OSCC and OPSCC. Only Bax expression has prognostic significance for both tumor sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramee Thongsuksai
- MD, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Kowit Pruegsanusak
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Pleumjit Boonyaphiphat
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
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Shukla P, Prabhu S, Jose M, Sripathi Rao BH. Comparative immunohistochemical study of Bcl-X in ameloblastoma, keratocystic odontogenic tumor and adenomatoid odontogenic tumor. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2017; 21:51-57. [PMID: 28479687 PMCID: PMC5406819 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_199_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Since its recognition as a physiologic process associated with tumor, among molecular mechanisms involved in tumor progression, defects in regulation of apoptosis have generated an accelerating volume of research that has sought to elucidate the role of programed cell death in pathogenesis and treatment of various tumors. Therefore, this study was performed to understand better the diverse biological profile of epithelial odontogenic tumors with the help of immunohistochemical expression of Bcl-X protein. Materials and Methods: We studied Bcl-X protein expression in 45 cases of epithelial odontogenic tumors which included 15 cases each of ameloblastomas, keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT) and adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT) and correlated the expression with their growth pattern. Results: Cytoplasmic staining of Bcl-X revealed overexpression in ameloblastoma when compared to KCOT and AOT. Percentage of positive cells showed a statistically significant difference, P = 0.007 between ameloblastoma and KCOT, whereas P < 0.001 between ameloblastoma and AOT. However, no significance was observed between KCOT and AOT (P = 0.132). Conclusion: The present study supports the fact that epithelial odontogenic tumors show diverse growth profiles. An increased Bcl-X expression was seen in ameloblastoma compared to KCOT and least expression in case of AOT which could be indicative of more aggressive biological behavior and increased cell survival activity of ameloblastoma than KCOT and AOT. This signifies the diagnostic relevance of this biomarker and also could be a possible regulator of the proliferative compartment by contributing in tumor progression and cytodifferentiation of epithelial odontogenic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Shukla
- Department of Oral Pathology, Yenepoya Dental College, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sudeendra Prabhu
- Department of Oral Pathology, Yenepoya Dental College, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Maji Jose
- Department of Oral Pathology, Yenepoya Dental College, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - B H Sripathi Rao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yenepoya Dental College, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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Xiong L, Tang Y, Liu Z, Dai J, Wang X. BCL-2 inhibition impairs mitochondrial function and targets oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1626. [PMID: 27722045 PMCID: PMC5031576 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3310-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To understand the role of Bcl-2 overexpression in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) patients and investigate the efficacy of targeting Bcl-2 in OTSCC. Methods The expression level of Bcl-2 on normal tongue cells and OTSCC cells were measured by real-time PCR and western blotting. The functional roles of Bcl-2 were examined by MTS, flow cytometry and xenograft cancer mouse model. Mechanism studies were performed by analyzing mitochondrial functions in a panel of OTSCC cell lines. Results Bcl-2 is up-regulated at mRNA and protein levels in a panel of OTSCC cell lines compared to normal tongue epithelial cells (NTEC). Importantly, overexpression of Bcl-2 confers resistance of OTSCC cells to chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin treatment. Overexpression of Bcl-2 in NTEC significantly increased cell growth. In contrast, inhibition of Bcl-2 by genetic and pharmacological approaches inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in OTSCC cells. Mechanistically, Bcl-2 inhibitor ABT-199 impairs mitochondrial functions as shown by the decreased levels of mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial respiration and ATP, and the increased levels of ROS in OTSCC cells. In addition, ABT-199 inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunctions in NTEC cells, but to a less extent than in OTSCC cells. We further show that ABT-199 augments the effects of cisplatin in eliminating OTSCC cells in in vitro tongue cancer cellular system and in vivo tongue cancer xenograft mouse model. Conclusions Inhibition of Bcl-2 effectively targets OTSCC cells through inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Inhibition of Bcl-2 also augments the inhibitory effects of cisplatin in vitro and in vivo. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40064-016-3310-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xiong
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University, Jingzhou Central Hospital, Jingzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University, Jingzhou Central Hospital, Jingzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyang Liu
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University, Jingzhou Central Hospital, Jingzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Dai
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University, Jingzhou Central Hospital, Jingzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaozhou Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Hubei College of Chinese Medicine, Academy Road 87, Jingzhou, 434020 People's Republic of China
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Zeren T, Inan S, Vatansever HS, Sayhan S. Significance of apoptosis related proteins on malignant transformation of ovarian tumors: A comparison between Bcl-2/Bax ratio and p53 immunoreactivity. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:1251-8. [PMID: 25108507 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we compared the immunoreactivities of Bcl-2, Bax and p53 proteins in ovarian tumors and related the immunohistochemical findings to the histological type of the tumors. Formalin-fixed, paraffin wax-embedded tissue sections from 40 patients who had serous-mucinous borderline tumors and serous-mucinous adenocarcinoma of the ovary (n=10 each) were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E). After histopathological examination, serial sections were stained immunohistochemically with primary antibodies to Bcl-2, Bax and p53 using an avidin-biotin-peroxidase method. A semi-quantitative grading system was used to compare the immunohistochemical staining intensities. The nuclear DNA fragmentation of apoptosis was determined using TUNEL method. As a result of immunohistochemical staining, increased immunoreactivity of Bcl-2 was observed in adenocarcinomas when compared to borderline tumors (P<0.001). Strong immunoreactivity of Bcl-2 and mild immunoreactivities of Bax and p53 were detected in ovarian adenocarcinomas. There were no significant statistical differences in the immunoreactivity of Bax among the histological type of ovarian tumors. Whereas a balance was observed between the immunoreactivities of Bcl-2 and Bax in the borderline cases, and this balance was strongly changed toward the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein in patients with adenocarcinoma. TUNEL staining of sections indicated apoptotic cells in the serous borderline tumors were about 8-fold higher than in the serous adenocarcinoma. The results of this study on apoptosis-related factors might help to develop novel protective and therapeutic approaches, such as isoflavonoids and isothiocyanates, which were associated with decreased Bcl-2/Bax ratio, against the malignant epithelial ovarian tumors.
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Jia LF, Wei SB, Gong K, Gan YH, Yu GY. Prognostic implications of micoRNA miR-195 expression in human tongue squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56634. [PMID: 23451060 PMCID: PMC3579853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background miR-195 is aberrantly expressed in multiple types of disease. But little is known about the dysregulation of miR-195 in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC). In this study, we investigated the roles of miR-195 in the development and progression of TSCC. Methods Using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), we evaluated miR-195 expression in TSCC samples from 81 patients. Overall survival of these patients was examined using Kaplan–Meier curves with log-rank tests and the Cox proportional hazards model. The expression of two known miR-195 target genes, Cyclin D1 and Bcl-2, was also examined in the TSCC samples by immunohistochemistry. The effects of miR-195 overexpression on cell cycle progression and apoptosis and its effects on the expression of Cyclin D1 and Bcl-2 were examined in transfected TSCC cell lines (SCC-15 and Cal27) using fluorescence-activated cell sorting assays, luciferase reporter assays, and Western blots. Results Reduced miR-195 expression was associated with tumor size and the clinical stage of TSCC tumors. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis indicated that the TSCC patients with reduced expression of miR-195 had poor overall survival and in multivariable analyses low levels of miR-195 emerged as an independent prognostic factor for this clinical outcome. Levels of miR-195 expression were inversely correlated with the expression of Cyclin D1 and Bcl-2. Overexpression of miR-195 inhibited cell cycle progression, promoted apoptosis, and reduced Cyclin D1 and Bcl-2 expression in two TSCC cell lines. Conclusions miR-195 may have potential applications as a prognostic factor for TSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-fei Jia
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Su-bi Wei
- Medical Systems Biology Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ye-hua Gan
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YHG); (GYY)
| | - Guang-yan Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YHG); (GYY)
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Bose P, Klimowicz AC, Kornaga E, Petrillo SK, Matthews TW, Chandarana S, Magliocco AM, Brockton NT, Dort JC. Bax expression measured by AQUAnalysis is an independent prognostic marker in oral squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:332. [PMID: 22852863 PMCID: PMC3487960 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance to apoptosis is a hallmark of cancer and proteins regulating apoptosis have been proposed as prognostic markers in several malignancies. However, the prognostic impact of apoptotic markers has not been consistently demonstrated in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This inconsistency in reported associations between apoptotic proteins and prognosis can be partly attributed to the intrinsic low resolution and misclassification associated with manual, semi-quantitative methods of biomarker expression measurement. The aim of this study was to examine the association between apoptosis-regulating proteins and clinical outcomes in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) using the quantitative fluorescence immunohistochemistry (IHC) based AQUAnalysis technique. Methods Sixty-nine OSCC patients diagnosed between 1998–2005 in Calgary, Alberta, Canada were included in the study. Clinical data were obtained from the Alberta Cancer Registry and chart review. Tissue microarrays (TMAs) were assembled from triplicate cores of formalin-fixed paraffin embedded pre-treatment tumour tissue. Bax, Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL protein expression was quantified using fluorescent IHC and AQUA technology in normal oral cavity squamous epithelium (OCSE) and OSCC tumour samples. Survival was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier plots and the Cox proportional hazard model. Results Bax expression was predominantly nuclear in OCSE and almost exclusively cytoplasmic in OSCC. No similar differences in localization were observed for Bcl-2 or Bcl-XL. Only Bax expression associated with disease-specific survival (DSS), with 5-year survival estimates of 85.7% for high Bax versus 50.3% for low Bax (p = 0.006), in univariate analysis. High Bax expression was also significantly associated with elevated Ki67 expression, indicating that increased proliferation might lead to an improved response to radiotherapy in patients with elevated Bax expression. In multivariate analyses, Bax protein expression remained an independent predictor of DSS in OSCC [HR 0.241 (0.078-0.745), p = 0.013]. Conclusions The AQUA technique used in our study eliminates observer bias and provides reliable and reproducible estimates for biomarker expression. AQUA also provides essential measures of quality control that cannot be achieved with manual biomarker scoring techniques. Our results support the use of Bax protein expression as a prognostic marker in conjunction with other clinico-pathological variables when designing personalized treatment strategies for OSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinaki Bose
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Geomela PA, Kontos CK, Yiotakis I, Scorilas A. Quantitative expression analysis of the apoptosis-related gene, BCL2L12, in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2012; 42:154-61. [PMID: 22747515 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2012.01190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BCL2L12 is a recently identified gene belonging to the BCL2 family, members of which are implicated in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). We have recently shown that BCL2L12 mRNA expression is an unfavorable prognostic indicator in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and that BCL2L12 can be regarded as a novel, useful tissue biomarker for the prediction of NPC patients' short-term relapse. The aim of this study was to analyze the mRNA expression of the novel apoptosis-related gene BCL2L12 in patients with HNSCC. METHODS Total RNA was isolated from 53 malignant tumors originating in larynx, pharynx, tongue, buccal mucosa, parotid glands, and nasal cavity, as well as from 34 adjacent non-cancerous tissue specimens, resected from patients with HNSCC. A highly sensitive real-time PCR method for BCL2L12 mRNA quantification in head and neck tissues was developed using the SYBR(®) Green chemistry. After preparing cDNA by reverse transcription, relative quantification was performed using the comparative C(T) () method. RESULTS BCL2L12 mRNA levels were lower in laryngeal tumors of advanced tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) stage or bigger size and in well-differentiated malignant tongue neoplasms, compared with early-stage laryngeal tumors or poorly differentiated tongue tumors. Interestingly, the BCL2L12 expression showed significant discriminatory value, distinguishing efficiently patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) from non-cancerous population. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study examining the BCL2L12 mRNA expression in HNSCC. Our results suggest that BCL2L12 mRNA expression may serve as a potential prognostic biomarker in tongue and/or larynx SCC, which principally constitute the great majority of HNSCC cases worldwide.
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Jung CW, Jo JR, Lee SH, Park YK, Jung NK, Song DK, Bae J, Nam KY, Ha JS, Park IS, Park GY, Jang BC, Park JW. Anti-cancer properties of glucosamine-hydrochloride in YD-8 human oral cancer cells: Induction of the caspase-dependent apoptosis and down-regulation of HIF-1α. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:42-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Jo JR, Park JS, Park YK, Chae YZ, Lee GH, Park GY, Jang BC. Pinus densiflora leaf essential oil induces apoptosis via ROS generation and activation of caspases in YD-8 human oral cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2011; 40:1238-45. [PMID: 22086183 PMCID: PMC3584576 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2011.1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The leaf of Pinus (P.) densiflora, a pine tree widely distributed in Asian countries, has been used as a traditional medicine. In the present study, we investigated the anticancer activity of essential oil, extracted by steam distillation, from the leaf of P. densiflora in YD-8 human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells. Treatment of YD-8 cells with P. densiflora leaf essential oil (PLEO) at 60 μg/ml for 8 h strongly inhibited proliferation and survival and induced apoptosis. Notably, treatment with PLEO led to generation of ROS, activation of caspase-9, PARP cleavage, down-regulation of Bcl-2, and phosphorylation of ERK-1/2 and JNK-1/2 in YD-8 cells. Treatment with PLEO, however, did not affect the expression of Bax, XIAP and GRP78. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition studies demonstrated that treatment with vitamin E (an anti-oxidant) or z-VAD-fmk (a pan-caspase inhibitor), but not with PD98059 (an ERK-1/2 inhibitor) or SP600125 (a JNK-1/2 inhibitor), strongly suppressed PLEO-induced apoptosis in YD-8 cells and reduction of their survival. Vitamin E treatment further blocked activation of caspase-9 and Bcl-2 down-regulation induced by PLEO. Thus, these results demonstrate firstly that PLEO has anti-proliferative, anti-survival and pro-apoptotic effects on YD-8 cells and the effects are largely due to the ROS-dependent activation of caspases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Rang Jo
- Department of Medical Genetic Engineering, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea
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Zhang B, Liu M, Tang HK, Ma HB, Wang C, Chen X, Huang HZ. The expression and significance of MRP1, LRP, TOPOIIβ, and BCL2 in tongue squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2011; 41:141-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2011.01066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Oliveira LR, Ribeiro-Silva A. Prognostic significance of immunohistochemical biomarkers in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011; 40:298-307. [PMID: 21269808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Advances in understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) have resulted in an increasing number of biomarkers that can be used to predict the behaviour of this disease. The authors conducted a literature review of studies examining the role of immunohistochemistry-based protein biomarkers in predicting OSCC outcome. Only articles published in PubMed-indexed journals over the past 5 years were considered. 22 molecular biomarkers were identified and classified into five groups based on their biological functions: cell cycle acceleration and proliferation; tumour suppression and apoptosis; hypoxia; angiogenesis; and cell adhesion and matrix degradation. The cell cycle acceleration and proliferation biomarkers showed the most divergent prognostic findings. Studies on tumour suppression and apoptosis biomarkers were the most prevalent. There were only a few studies examining molecular biomarkers of hypoxia and angiogenesis, and studies examining cell adhesion and matrix degradation biomarkers have shown that this group has the greatest potential for assessing prognostic parameters. Amongst the several proteins analysed, the immunohistochemical expression levels of epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR), p53, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have demonstrated the greatest potential for survival prediction in OSCC, but this review demonstrates that their prognostic relevance is debatable and requires further standardisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Oliveira
- Department of Pathology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Suzuki H, Fukuyama R, Hasegawa Y, Tamaki T, Nishio M, Nakashima T, Tatematsu M. Tumor thickness, depth of invasion, and Bcl-2 expression are correlated with FDG-uptake in oral squamous cell carcinomas. Oral Oncol 2009; 45:891-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Expression of Bcl-2 family proteins and associated clinicopathologic factors predict survival outcome in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2009; 45:225-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2008.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Revised: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zhang M, Zhang P, Zhang C, Sun J, Wang L, Li J, Tian Z, Chen W. Prognostic significance of Bcl-2 and Bax protein expression in the patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2008; 38:307-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2008.00689.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Evaluation of caspase-3 and caspase-8 deregulation in tongue squamous cell carcinoma, based on immunohistochemistry and computerised image analysis. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2008; 122:1213-8. [PMID: 18501034 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215108002636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the potential role of caspase-3 and caspase-8 protein expression in the biological behaviour of tongue squamous cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted immunohistochemical analyses of 87 specimens of primary tongue squamous cell carcinoma, using monoclonal anti-caspase-3 and anti-caspase-8 antibodies. A digital image analysis assay was also performed in order to evaluate the results. RESULTS Reduced expression of caspase-8 and -3 proteins was observed in 30/87 (34.5 per cent) and 79/87 (90.5 per cent) cases, respectively. Cox regression analysis showed no prognostic significance for the association between overall protein expression of either marker and survival probability (p = 0.174 for caspase-3; p = 0.608 for caspase-8). Interestingly, the size of the examined tumours was strongly correlated with survival status (p = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS Simultaneous deregulation of caspase-8 and -3 is a frequent event in tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Activation of caspase-3, which is predominantly down-regulated, may be a crucial process for induction of apoptosis and response to therapeutic strategies.
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Kato K, Kawashiri S, Yoshizawa K, Kitahara H, Yamamoto E. Apoptosis-associated markers and clinical outcome in human oral squamous cell carcinomas. J Oral Pathol Med 2008; 37:364-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2008.00642.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Endothelial cells enhance tumor cell invasion through a crosstalk mediated by CXC chemokine signaling. Neoplasia 2008; 10:131-9. [PMID: 18283335 DOI: 10.1593/neo.07815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Field cancerization involves the lateral spread of premalignant or malignant disease and contributes to the recurrence of head and neck tumors. The overall hypothesis underlying this work is that endothelial cells actively participate in tumor cell invasion by secreting chemokines and creating a chemotactic gradient for tumor cells. Here we demonstrate that conditioned medium from head and neck tumor cells enhance Bcl-2 expression in neovascular endothelial cells. Oral squamous cell carcinoma-3 (OSCC3) and Kaposi's sarcoma (SLK) show enhanced invasiveness when cocultured with pools of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells stably expressing Bcl-2 (HDMEC-Bcl-2), compared to cocultures with empty vector controls (HDMEC-LXSN). Xenografted OSCC3 tumors vascularized with HDMEC-Bcl-2 presented higher local invasion than OSCC3 tumors vascularized with control HDMEC-LXSN. CXCL1 and CXCL8 were upregulated in primary endothelial cells exposed to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), as well as in HDMEC-Bcl-2. Notably, blockade of CXCR2 signaling, but not CXCR1, inhibited OSCC3 and SLK invasion toward endothelial cells. These data demonstrate that CXC chemokines secreted by endothelial cells induce tumor cell invasion and suggest that the process of lateral spread of tumor cells observed in field cancerization is guided by chemotactic signals that originated from endothelial cells.
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Yao J, Duan L, Fan M, Yuan J, Wu X. Overexpression of BLCAP induces S phase arrest and apoptosis independent of p53 and NF-κB in human tongue carcinoma. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 297:81-92. [PMID: 17031575 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-006-9332-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer-associated protein gene (BLCAP) is a novel candidate tumor suppressor gene identified from the human bladder carcinoma. Our previous studies have shown that BLCAP overexpression could inhibit cell growth by inducing apoptosis in HeLa cells [Zuo Z, Zhao M, Liu J, Gao G, Wu X: Tumor Biol 27: 221-226, 2006]. Such evidence suggests the alterations in BLCAP may play an important role in tumorigenesis. To further study the biological function of the BLCAP gene, we constructed a recombinant retroviral vector encoding BLCAP cDNA. Overexpressed BLCAP, via stable infection of exogenous BLCAP, resulted in growth inhibition of the human tongue cancer cell line Tca8113 in vitro, accompanied by S phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The growth inhibition was correlated with up-regulation of p21(WAF1/CIP1 )expression and down-regulation of Bcl-XL and Bcl-2 expressions. However, p53 expression and NF-kappaB activity remained unchanged post infection. Furthermore, no changes in p53 phosphorylation at Ser46 and nuclear localization, which are critical to p53 function, were observed in BLCAP-overexpressed cells. Taken together, BLCAP may play a role not only in regulating cell proliferation but also in coordinating apoptosis and cell cycle via a novel way independent of p53 and NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yao
- School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
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