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Acharya SK, Shai S, Choon YF, Gunardi I, Hartanto FK, Kadir K, Roychoudhury A, Amtha R, Vincent-Chong VK. Cancer Stem Cells in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Narrative Review on Experimental Characteristics and Methodological Challenges. Biomedicines 2024; 12:2111. [PMID: 39335624 PMCID: PMC11429394 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12092111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2024] [Revised: 09/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a subpopulation of cancer cells that are believed to initiate and drive cancer progression. In animal models, xenotransplanted CSCs have demonstrated the ability to produce tumors. Since their initial isolation in blood cancers, CSCs have been identified in various solid human cancers, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In addition to their tumorigenic properties, dysregulated stem-cell-related signaling pathways-Wnt family member (Wnt), neurogenic locus notch homolog protein (Notch), and hedgehog-have been shown to endow CSCs with characteristics like self-renewal, phenotypic plasticity, and chemoresistance, contributing to recurrence and treatment failure. Consequently, CSCs have become targets for new therapeutic agents, with some currently in different phases of clinical trials. Notably, small molecule inhibitors of the hedgehog signaling pathway, such as vismodegib and glasdegib, have been approved for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma and acute myeloid leukemia, respectively. Other strategies for eradicating CSCs include natural compounds, nano-drug delivery systems, targeting mitochondria and the CSC microenvironment, autophagy, hyperthermia, and immunotherapy. Despite the extensive documentation of CSCs in OSCC since its first demonstration in head and neck (HN) SCC in 2007, none of these novel pharmacological approaches have yet entered clinical trials for OSCC patients. This narrative review summarizes the in vivo and in vitro evidence of CSCs and CSC-related signaling pathways in OSCC, highlighting their role in promoting chemoresistance and immunotherapy resistance. Additionally, it addresses methodological challenges and discusses future research directions to improve experimental systems and advance CSC studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Kumar Acharya
- Department of Oral Medicine, Radiology and Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Lincoln University College, Petaling Jaya 47301, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Saptarsi Shai
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Yee Fan Choon
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Jenjarom 42610, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Indrayadi Gunardi
- Oral Medicine Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta 11440, Indonesia; (I.G.); (F.K.H.)
| | - Firstine Kelsi Hartanto
- Oral Medicine Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta 11440, Indonesia; (I.G.); (F.K.H.)
| | - Kathreena Kadir
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Ajoy Roychoudhury
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Rahmi Amtha
- Oral Medicine Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta 11440, Indonesia; (I.G.); (F.K.H.)
| | - Vui King Vincent-Chong
- Department of Oral Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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Caglar HO, Aytatli A, Barlak N, Aydin Karatas E, Tatar A, Sahin A, Karatas OF. Bioinformatics approach combined with experimental verification reveals OAS3 gene implicated in paclitaxel resistance in head and neck cancer. Head Neck 2024; 46:2178-2196. [PMID: 38752376 DOI: 10.1002/hed.27803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to identify a candidate gene associated with paclitaxel (PTX) resistance and to evaluate functionally its biological role in the PTX-resistant head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines and clinical specimens. METHODS Microarray data series containing samples of different types of cancers resistant to PTX were analyzed and then a candidate gene associated with PTX resistance was identified using various bioinformatics tools. After the suppression of the target gene expression, changes in cell viability and colony-forming ability were evaluated in PTX-resistant FaDu and SCC-9 cell lines. RESULTS Bioinformatics analyses of upregulated genes in PTX-resistant cancer cells indicated that OAS3 was associated with PTX resistance. The downregulation of OAS3 expression significantly reduced the viability and colony-forming capacity of PTX-resistant SCC-9 cells by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. CONCLUSIONS The therapeutic targeting of OAS3 may resensitize PTX-resistant HNSCC cells with high OAS3 expression to PTX treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Onur Caglar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Abdulmelik Aytatli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
- Molecular Cancer Biology Laboratory, High Technology Application and Research Center, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Neslisah Barlak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
- Molecular Cancer Biology Laboratory, High Technology Application and Research Center, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Elanur Aydin Karatas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
- Molecular Cancer Biology Laboratory, High Technology Application and Research Center, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Arzu Tatar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Abdulkadir Sahin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Omer Faruk Karatas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
- Molecular Cancer Biology Laboratory, High Technology Application and Research Center, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Sapkota D, Wang D, Schreurs O, Vallenari EM, Pandey Dhakal S, Küntziger T, Toközlü BS, Utheim TP, Chaudhry FA. Investigation of Roles of SLC38A1 in Proliferation and Differentiation of Mouse Tongue Epithelium and Expression in Human Oral Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:405. [PMID: 38254895 PMCID: PMC10814082 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The aerobic glycolytic pathway, boosting lactate formation, and glutamine addiction are two hallmarks of cancer pathophysiology. Consistent with this, several cell membrane glutamine transporters, belonging to different solute carrier (SLC) families, have been shown to be upregulated in a cell-specific manner to furnish the cells with glutamine and glutamine-derived metabolic intermediates. Among them, the system A transporter Slc38a1 has a higher affinity for glutamine compared to other SLC transporters, and it undergoes highly multifaceted regulation at gene and protein levels. The current study aimed to investigate the functional role of Slc38a1 in the proliferation and maturation of the mouse tongue epithelium. Secondly, we aimed to examine the expression of SLC38A1 and its regulation in human tongue oral squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC). Employing Slc38a1 wild-type and knockout mice, we showed that Slc38a1 was not directly linked to the regulation of the proliferation and differentiation of the mouse tongue epithelium. External transcriptomic datasets and Western blot analyses showed upregulation of SLC38A1 mRNA/protein in human OTSCC and oral cancer cell lines as compared to the corresponding controls. Further, an investigation of external datasets indicated that mechanisms other than the amplification of the SLC38A1 chromosomal locus or hypomethylation of the SLC38A1 promoter region might be important for the upregulation of SLC38A1 in OTSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Sapkota
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Daxin Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Olaf Schreurs
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Evan M. Vallenari
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sushma Pandey Dhakal
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Küntziger
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Burcu Sengüven Toközlü
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara 06510, Turkey
| | - Tor Paaske Utheim
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Farrukh Abbas Chaudhry
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
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Sharma S, Khan Q, Schreurs OJF, Sapkota D, Samuelsen JT. Investigation of biological effects of HEMA in 3D-organotypic co-culture models of normal and malignant oral keratinocytes. Biomater Investig Dent 2023; 10:2234400. [PMID: 37456807 PMCID: PMC10348043 DOI: 10.1080/26415275.2023.2234400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Several in vitro studies utilizing 2-dimensional (2D) cell culture systems have linked 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) with cytotoxic effects in oral mucosa and dental pulp cells. Although such studies are invaluable in dissecting the cellular and molecular effects of HEMA, there is a growing interest in the utilization of appropriate 3-dimensional (3D) models that mimic the structure of oral mucosa. Using a previously characterized 3D-organotypic co-culture model, this study aimed to investigate the cellular and molecular effects of HEMA on a 3D-co-culture model consisting of primary normal oral keratinocyte (NOK) grown directly on top of collagen I gel containing primary oral fibroblasts (NOF). The second aim was to examine the suitability of a 3D-co-culture system consisting of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells as a model system to investigate the biological effects of HEMA. We demonstrated that HEMA treatment led to reduced viability of NOK, NOF and OSCC-cell lines in 2D-culture. The keratinocytes in 3D-co-cultures of NOK and OSCC-cells reacted similarly with respect to cell proliferation and activation of autophagy flux, to HEMA treatment. Nevertheless, NOK was found to be more susceptible to apoptosis following HEMA treatment than OSCC in 3D-co-cultures. These results indicate that 3D-organotypic co-cultures of NOK might represent an appropriate model system for the investigation of the biological effects of HEMA and other dental biomaterials. Given the challenges in obtaining primary cultures of NOK and issues associated with their rapid differentiation in culture, the possible use of OSCC cells as an alternative to NOK for 3D models represents an area for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Sharma
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials, Oslo, Norway
- Christiania Dental Clinic, Malo Dental, Oslo, Norway
| | - Qalbi Khan
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Blindern, Norway
| | | | - Dipak Sapkota
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Blindern, Norway
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Sengüven Toközlü B, Sapkota D, Vallenari EM, Schreurs O, Søland TM. Cortactin expression in a Norwegian cohort of human papilloma virus negative oral squamous cell carcinomas of the mobile tongue. Eur J Oral Sci 2023; 131:e12925. [PMID: 36790139 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (OTSCC) is the most common malignancy among oral squamous cell carcinomas and is frequently associated with an unfavorable prognosis. Local spread and distant metastasis are important causes of poor prognosis in OTSCC. Cortactin amplification and overexpression, a common molecular alteration in oral squamous cell carcinomas, have been linked to invasion and metastasis of tumor cells. However, the intra-tumor expression pattern and prognostic significance of cortactin in human papillomavirus (HPV) negative OTSCC is not fully investigated. Immunohistochemical analysis using tissue microarray consisting of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded HPV negative OTSCC (n = 123) specimens showed overexpression of cortactin at tissue cores from invading fronts as compared to the corresponding center cores. High overall cortactin expression was found to be associated with advanced (larger) tumor size and the occurrence of distance metastasis. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that patients with high overall cortactin expression were associated with reduced 5-year survival. Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified high cortactin expression to be an independent prognostic factor in OTSCC. Additionally, siRNA-mediated silencing of cortactin was found to suppress the proliferative and invasive abilities of OTSCC cells in an organotypic co-culture model. Overexpression of cortactin is a promising prognostic marker in HPV-negative OTSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sengüven Toközlü
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Oslo, Turkey
| | - D Sapkota
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - E M Vallenari
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - O Schreurs
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - T M Søland
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Vimentin-Induced Disruption of Cell-Cell Associations Augments Breast Cancer Cell Migration. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244035. [PMID: 36552797 PMCID: PMC9776984 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In advanced metastatic cancers with reduced patient survival and poor prognosis, expression of vimentin, a type III intermediate filament protein is frequently observed. Vimentin appears to suppress epithelial characteristics and augments cell migration but the molecular basis for these changes is not well understood. Here, we have ectopically expressed vimentin in MCF-7 and investigated its genomic and functional implications. Vimentin changed the cell shape by decreasing major axis, major axis angle and increased cell migration, without affecting proliferation. Vimentin downregulated major keratin genes KRT8, KRT18 and KRT19. Transcriptome-coupled GO and KEGG analyses revealed that vimentin-affected genes were linked to either cell-cell/cell-ECM or cell cycle/proliferation specific pathways. Using shRNA mediated knockdown of vimentin in two cell types; MCF-7FV (ectopically expressing) and MDA-MB-231 (endogenously expressing), we identified a vimentin-specific signature consisting of 13 protein encoding genes (CDH5, AXL, PTPRM, TGFBI, CDH10, NES, E2F1, FOXM1, CDC45, FSD1, BCL2, KIF26A and WISP2) and two long non-coding RNAs, LINC00052 and C15ORF9-AS1. CDH5, an endothelial cadherin, which mediates cell-cell junctions, was the most downregulated protein encoding gene. Interestingly, downregulation of CDH5 by shRNA significantly increased cell migration confirming our RNA-Seq data. Furthermore, presence of vimentin altered the lamin expression in MCF-7. Collectively, we demonstrate, for the first time, that vimentin in breast cancer cells could change nuclear architecture by affecting lamin expression, which downregulates genes maintaining cell-cell junctions resulting in increased cell migration.
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Søland TM, Solhaug MB, Bjerkli IH, Schreurs O, Sapkota D. The prognostic role of combining Krüppel-like factor 4 score and grade of inflammation in a Norwegian cohort of oral tongue squamous cell carcinomas. Eur J Oral Sci 2022; 130:e12866. [PMID: 35363406 PMCID: PMC9321830 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is a zinc-finger transcription factor involved in inflammation, cancer development, and progression. However, the relationship between KLF4, inflammation, and prognosis in oral cancer is not fully understood. KLF4 expression levels were examined in a multicenter cohort of 128 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) specimens from the tongue (OTSCC) using immunohistochemistry. In two external KLF4 mRNA datasets (The Cancer Genome Atlas/The Genotype-Tissue Expression Portal), lower KLF4 mRNA expression was found in OSCC and head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) than in control oral epithelium. These data indicate that down-regulation of KLF4 mRNA is linked to OSCC/HNSCC progression. Using Cox-multivariate analysis, a significantly favorable 5-year disease-specific survival rate was observed for a subgroup of patients with a combination of high levels of KLF4 expression and inflammation. OSCC cell lines exposed to IFN-γ showed a significant upregulation of nuclear KLF4 expression, indicating a link between inflammation and KLF4 expression in OSCC. Overall, the current data suggest a functional link between KLF4 and inflammation. The combination of high KLF4 nuclear expression and marked/moderate stromal inflammation might be useful as a favorable prognostic marker for a subgroup of OTSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine M Søland
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maren B Solhaug
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger-Heidi Bjerkli
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Olav Schreurs
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dipak Sapkota
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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de Camargo MR, Frazon TF, Inacio KK, Smiderle FR, Amôr NG, Dionísio TJ, Santos CF, Rodini CO, Lara VS. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides inhibit in vitro tumorigenesis, cancer stem cell properties and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in oral squamous cell carcinoma. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 286:114891. [PMID: 34910952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The polysaccharides of the millenary mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (GL) have been shown for decades to present anti-tumor activities, but few studies evaluated its importance on cancer stem cells and EMT process. Cancer stem cells (CSC) drive the development of carcinoma and are also involved in cancer treatment failure, being a good target for treatment success. Also, the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved in metastasis and cancer relapse. Besides that, the increasing incidence worldwide of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) became a public health issue with a high rate of metastasis and poor quality of life for patients during and after treatment. AIM OF THE STUDY to evaluate G. lucidum polysaccharides (GLPS) in vitro effects on OSCC, focusing on hallmarks associated with tumorigenesis using the SCC-9, a squamous cells carcinoma lineage from the tongue. MATERIALS AND METHODS SCC-9 cells were treated in vitro for 72h with different GLPS concentrations. The controls cells were maintained with culture media only and cisplatin was used as treatment control. After the treatment period, the cells were evaluated. RESULTS GLPS treatment changed cell morphology and granularity, delayed migration, decreased colony, and impaired sphere formation, thereby leading to a non-invasive and less proliferative behavior of tumoral cells. Additionally, GLPS downregulated CSC, EMT, and drug sensitivity (ABC) markers. CONCLUSIONS These results show that the natural product GLPS has the potential to be an important ally for tongue squamous cell carcinoma treatment, bringing the millenary compound to modern therapy, providing a basis for future studies and the improvement of life quality for OSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Rodrigues de Camargo
- Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology and Radiology. Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Talita Fonseca Frazon
- Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology and Radiology. Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Kelly Karina Inacio
- Department of Biological Sciences. Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Fhernanda Ribeiro Smiderle
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Nádia Ghinelli Amôr
- Department of Biological Sciences. Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago José Dionísio
- Department of Biological Sciences. Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ferreira Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences. Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Oliveira Rodini
- Department of Biological Sciences. Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Soares Lara
- Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology and Radiology. Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil.
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Lee JW, Lee HY. Targeting Cancer Stem Cell Markers or Pathways: A Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Oral Cancer Treatment. Int J Stem Cells 2021; 14:386-399. [PMID: 34711702 PMCID: PMC8611309 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc21084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small subset of cancer cells with stem cell-like properties, self-renewal potential, and differentiation capacity into multiple cell types. Critical genetic alterations or aberrantly activated signaling pathways associated with drug resistance and recurrence have been observed in multiple types of CSCs. In this context, CSCs are considered to be responsible for tumor initiation, growth, progression, therapeutic resistance, and metastasis. Therefore, to effectively eradicate CSCs, tremendous efforts have been devoted to identify specific target molecules that play a critical role in regulating their distinct functions and to develop novel therapeutics, such as proteins, monoclonal antibodies, selective small molecule inhibitors, and small antisense RNA (asRNA) drugs. Similar to other CSC types, oral CSCs can be characterized by certain pluripotency-associated markers, and oral CSCs can also survive and form 3D tumor spheres in suspension culture conditions. These oral CSC-targeting therapeutics selectively suppress specific surface markers or key signaling components and subsequently inhibit the stem-like properties of oral CSCs. A large number of new therapeutic candidates have been tested, and some products are currently in the pre-clinical or clinical development phase. In the present study, we review new oral CSC-targeted therapeutic strategies and discuss the various specific CSC surface markers and key signaling components involved in the stem-like properties, growth, drug resistance, and tumorigenicity of oral CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Woo Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hwa-Yong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Jungwon University, Goesan, Korea.,Division of Science Education, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
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Kumbar VM, Muddapur UM, Bhat KG, Shwetha HR, Kugaji MS, Peram MR, Dindawar S. Cancer Stem Cell Traits in Tumor Spheres Derived from Primary Laryngeal Carcinoma Cell Lines. Contemp Clin Dent 2021; 12:247-254. [PMID: 34759681 PMCID: PMC8525812 DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_252_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Cancer stem cells (CSCs) belong to a subpopulation of undifferentiated cells present within tumors that have the potential to regenerate, differentiate, maintenance of pluripotency, drug resistance, and tumorigenicity when transplanted into an innate host. These can influence the growth and behavior of these tumors and are used to investigate the initiation, progression, and treatment strategies of laryngeal cancer. Research on CSC science and targeted therapies were hinge on their isolation and/or enrichment procedures. The object of the study is to isolate cancer stem cells from primary laryngeal carcinoma (CSCPLC) by tumor spheres enrichment. We checked the properties of self-renewal, stemness, clonogenicity, and chemotherapeutic resistance. Materials and Methods We performed tumor sphere formation assay (primary, secondary, and tertiary) chemotherapy resistance by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay were performed to evaluate the CSC cells. Immunofluorescence for stem cell markers (CD133+, CD44+) and gene expression of stem cell markers for CD133+, CD44+, OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG was done using the real-time polymerase chain reaction technique. Results We were able to isolated CSC subpopulations from PLC cell lines by the tumor sphere method. These cells exhibited good primary, secondary, and tertiary tumor sphere formation efficiency and also disclosed a resistant index of more than 2. Immunofluorescence for stem cell markers (CD133+ and CD44+) confirms the presence of CSC. There was significantly higher mRNA expression of stem cell markers in CSC enriched subpopulations compared to the parental cell lines. Conclusion We conclude that tumor spheres enrichment is an efficient, economical, and reliable approach for the isolation and characterization of CSC from PLC cell lines. These cells demonstrated the properties of self-renewal, stemness, clonogenicity, and chemotherapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Mahadev Kumbar
- Central Research Laboratory, Maratha Mandal's Nathajirao G. Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Hubballi, India.,Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University, BVB Campus, Hubballi, India
| | - Uday M Muddapur
- Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University, BVB Campus, Hubballi, India
| | - Kishore G Bhat
- Central Research Laboratory, Maratha Mandal's Nathajirao G. Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Hubballi, India
| | - H R Shwetha
- Department of Oral Pathology, Maratha Mandal's N. G. Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Manohar S Kugaji
- Central Research Laboratory, Maratha Mandal's Nathajirao G. Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Hubballi, India.,Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University, BVB Campus, Hubballi, India
| | - Malleswara Rao Peram
- Central Research Laboratory, Maratha Mandal's Nathajirao G. Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Hubballi, India.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Maratha Mandal's College of Pharmacy, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Santosh Dindawar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Maratha Mandal's N. G. Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
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Qallandar OB, Ebrahimi F, Islam F, Wahab R, Qiao B, Reher P, Gopalan V, Lam AKY. Bone Invasive Properties of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and its Interactions with Alveolar Bone Cells: An In Vitro Study. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 19:631-640. [PMID: 30387395 DOI: 10.2174/1568009618666181102144317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Co-culture of cancer cells with alveolar bone cells could modulate bone invasion and destructions. However, the mechanisms of interaction between oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and bone cells remain unclear. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to analyse the direct and indirect effects of OSCC cells in the stimulation of osteolytic activity and bone invasion. METHODS Direct co-culture was achieved by culturing OSCC (TCA8113) with a primary alveolar bone cell line. In the indirect co-culture, the supernatant of TCA8113 cells was collected to culture the alveolar bone cells. To assess the bone invasion properties, in vitro assays were performed. RESULTS The proliferation of co-cultured cancer cells was significantly (p<0.05) higher in comparison to the monolayer control cells. However, the proliferation rates were not significantly different between direct and indirect co-cultured cells with indirect co-cultured cells proliferated slightly more than the direct co-cultured cells. Invasion and migration capacities of co-cultured OSCC and alveolar bone cells enhanced significantly (p<0.05) when compared to that of control monolayer counterparts. Most importantly, we noted that OSCC cells directly co-cultured with alveolar bone cells stimulated pronounced bone collagen destruction. In addition, stem cells and epithelialmesenchymal transition markers have shown significant changes in their expression in co-cultured cells. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the findings of this study highlight the importance of the interaction of alveolar bone cells and OSCC cells in co-culture setting in the pathogenesis of bone invasion. This may help in the development of potential future biotherapies for bone invasion in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omel Baneen Qallandar
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Faeza Ebrahimi
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Farhadul Islam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Riajul Wahab
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bin Qiao
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, China
| | - Peter Reher
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vinod Gopalan
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alfred King-Yin Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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12
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Amôr NG, Buzo RF, Ortiz RC, Lopes NM, Saito LM, Mackenzie IC, Rodini CO. In vitro and in vivo characterization of cancer stem cell subpopulations in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2020; 50:52-59. [PMID: 32816395 DOI: 10.1111/jop.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite advances in cancer diagnosis and therapeutics, the overall 5-year survival rate of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains low. Tumor formation, progression, recurrence, and chemo-resistance are associated with the presence of cancer stem cells (CSC) that show phenotypic heterogeneity, but how they influence tumor behavior remains poorly understood. We aimed to describe how two CSC phenotypes from an OSCC cell line, CD44High ESAHigh (Epi-CSC) and CD44High ESALow (EMT-CSC), behave in vitro and in vivo. METHODS In vitro behavior of FACS-sorted Epi-CSC and EMT-CSC from OSCC cells was characterized by their ability to form colonies, migrate, proliferate, and to invade a solid matrix. In vivo experiments were conducted in immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice by orthotopic xenografting of FACS-sorted OSCC subpopulations. RESULTS In vitro, the Epi-CSC phenotype was more proliferative and generated more holoclones than the EMT phenotype. On the other hand, EMT-CSC migrate and invaded more than Epi-CSC cells in 3D culture, suggesting the CSC phenotype affects tumor cell behavior. When inoculated orthotopically into the tongues of immunodeficient mice, both subpopulations generated OSCC, but EMT-CSC formed fewer and smaller tumors. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that while cells in the Epi-CSC form the subpopulation that enables tumor growth, the EMT-CSC are related to migration and invasion. Clinically, this may reflect the importance of Epi-CSC for tumorigenesis and of the EMT-CSC for metastasis and highlights that variation in the proportion of CSC phenotypes from patient to patient may be relevant to the design of individual treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia Ghinelli Amôr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Fonseca Buzo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Rafael Carneiro Ortiz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Nathália Martins Lopes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Luciana Mieli Saito
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Ian Campbell Mackenzie
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Camila Oliveira Rodini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
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13
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Head and Neck Cancer Stem Cell-Enriched Spheroid Model for Anticancer Compound Screening. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071707. [PMID: 32708734 PMCID: PMC7408407 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a rare cell population in tumors, are resistant to conventional chemotherapy and thus responsible for tumor recurrence. To screen for active compounds targeting CSCs, a good CSC-enriched model compatible with high-throughput screening (HTS) is needed. Here, we describe a new head and neck cancer stem cell-enriched spheroid model (SCESM) suitable for HTS analyses of anti-CSC compounds. We used FaDu cells, round-bottom ultra-low adherent (ULA) microplates, and stem medium. The formed spheroids displayed increased expression of all stem markers tested (qRT-PCR and protein analysis) in comparison to the FaDu cells grown in a standard adherent culture or in a well-known HTS-compatible multi-cellular tumor spheroid model (MCTS). Consistent with increased stemness of the cells in the spheroid, confocal microscopy detected fast proliferating cells only at the outer rim of the SCESM spheroids, with poorly/non-proliferating cells deeper in. To confirm the sensitivity of our model, we used ATRA treatment, which strongly reduced the expression of selected stem markers. Altogether, we developed a CSC-enriched spheroid model with a simple protocol, a microplate format compatible with multimodal detection systems, and a high detection signal, making it suitable for anti-CSC compounds' HTS.
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14
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Prostate cancer-derived holoclones: a novel and effective model for evaluating cancer stemness. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11329. [PMID: 32647229 PMCID: PMC7347552 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68187-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer accounts for approximately 13.5% of all newly diagnosed male cancer cases. Significant clinical burdens remain in terms of ineffective prognostication, with overtreatment of insignificant disease. Additionally, the pathobiology underlying disease heterogeneity remains poorly understood. As the role of cancer stem cells in the perpetuation of aggressive carcinoma is being substantiated by experimental evidence, it is crucially important to understand the molecular mechanisms, which regulate key features of cancer stem cells. We investigated two methods for in vitro cultivation of putative prostate cancer stem cells based on ‘high-salt agar’ and ‘monoclonal cultivation’. Data demonstrated ‘monoclonal cultivation’ as the superior method. We demonstrated that ‘holoclones’ expressed canonical stem markers, retained the exclusive ability to generate poorly differentiated tumours in NOD/SCID mice and possessed a unique mRNA-miRNA gene signature. miRNA:Target interactions analysis visualised potentially critical regulatory networks, which are dysregulated in prostate cancer holoclones. The characterisation of this tumorigenic population lays the groundwork for this model to be used in the identification of proteomic or small non-coding RNA therapeutic targets for the eradication of this critical cellular population. This is significant, as it provides a potential route to limit development of aggressive disease and thus improve survival rates.
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15
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Pandey S, Osman TA, Sharma S, Vallenari EM, Shahdadfar A, Pun CB, Gautam DK, Uhlin-Hansen L, Rikardsen O, Johannessen AC, Costea DE, Sapkota D. Loss of S100A14 expression at the tumor-invading front correlates with poor differentiation and worse prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2020; 42:2088-2098. [PMID: 32202693 DOI: 10.1002/hed.26140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously showed a tumor-suppressive function of S100A14 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study aimed to examine the prognostic significance and differentiation-related function of S100A14 in OSCC. METHODS S100A14 expression was examined in 170 OSCCs from Norwegian and Nepalese populations using immunohistochemistry. Pro-differentiation function was investigated by overexpressing and silencing S100A14 expression in OSCC-derived cells. External transcriptomic datasets were used to validate association between S100A14 and differentiation markers in OSCC. RESULT Loss of S100A14 expression at the invading tumor fronts significantly correlated with poor differentiation and reduced 10-years survival of OSCC-patients. Multivariate Cox analysis identified S100A14 to be an independent prognostic factor. Modulation of S100A14 expression in OSCC-derived cells positively correlated with the expression of differentiation markers. Analysis of external datasets supported the pro-differentiation function of S100A14. CONCLUSION These results indicate that S100A14 is a pro-differentiation protein and its expression might be useful as a prognostic marker in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Pandey
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tarig A Osman
- Department of Clinical Medicine, the Gade Laboratory for Pathology, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sunita Sharma
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Centre for Clinical Dental Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Evan M Vallenari
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aboulghassem Shahdadfar
- Centre for Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Chin B Pun
- Department of Pathology, B.P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal
| | - Dej K Gautam
- Department of Surgical Oncology, B.P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal
| | - Lars Uhlin-Hansen
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Medical Biology-Tumor Biology Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Oddveig Rikardsen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anne C Johannessen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, the Gade Laboratory for Pathology, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Daniela E Costea
- Department of Clinical Medicine, the Gade Laboratory for Pathology, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Dipak Sapkota
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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16
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Khare R, Yasir M, Singh P, Shrivastava R. Diagnostic aids for early detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma: concepts and emerging techniques. MINERVA BIOTECNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.23736/s1120-4826.19.02586-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Marcu LG, Marcu D. The role of hypofractionated radiotherapy in the management of head and neck cancer - a modelling approach. J Theor Biol 2019; 482:109998. [PMID: 31493484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.109998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer stem cells (CSCs) and hypoxia are key contributors towards radioresistance and they influence the choice of radiotherapy schedule for optimal tumour control. Since hypofractionation is becoming more popular in head and neck cancer (HNC) management, the aim of this work is to use a modelling approach to evaluate the efficacy of hypofractionated radiotherapy on both early stage and advanced tumours. METHODS An in silico HNC was developed starting from one CSC. For a biologically indorsed tumour, CSCs generate all heterogeneous cell lineages with a 1.9% probability of symmetrical division, 33 h mean cell cycle time and 52 days volume doubling time. The simulated schedules include conventional, hyperfractionated, and hypofractionated radiotherapy and they target tumours with various oxygenation levels. RESULTS Oxic and mildly hypoxic tumours can benefit from hypofractionation, which reduces treatment time without increasing adverse events. Advanced tumours are only controlled by hyperfractionation, however a tumour with oxygen levels below 6 mmHg and 5.9% pre-treatment CSCs, needs either a dose greater than 81.6 Gy to be eradicated or the addition of adjuvant therapies. CONCLUSIONS Hypofractionation is suited for early stage tumours, whereas aggressive HNC require hyperfractionation. The interplay between CSCs and hypoxia dictates the optimal treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana G Marcu
- Faculty of Science, University of Oradea, Oradea 410087, Romania; Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - David Marcu
- Faculty of Science, University of Oradea, Oradea 410087, Romania
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18
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Stroma-Rich Co-Culture Multicellular Tumor Spheroids as a Tool for Photoactive Drugs Screening. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8101686. [PMID: 31618880 PMCID: PMC6832590 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional 3D multicellular tumor spheroids of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) consisting exclusively of cancer cells have some limitations. They are compact cell aggregates that do not interact with their extracellular milieu, thus suffering from both insufficient extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and absence of different types of stromal cells. In order to better mimic in vivo HNSCC tumor microenvironment, we have constructed a 3D stroma-rich in vitro model of HNSCC, using cancer-associated MeWo skin fibroblasts and FaDu pharynx squamous cell carcinoma. The expression of stromal components in heterospheroids was confirmed by immunochemical staining. The generated co-culture FaDu/MeWo spheroids were applied to study penetration, distribution and antitumor efficacy of photoactive drugs such as Temoporfin and Chlorin e6 used in the photodynamic therapy flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy techniques. We also investigated the distribution of photodiagnostic agent Indocyanine Green. We demonstrated that the presence of stroma influences the behavior of photoactive drugs in different ways: (i) No effect on Indocyanine Green distribution; (ii) lower accumulation of Chlorin e6; (iii) better penetration and PDT efficiency of Temoporfin. Overall, the developed stroma-rich spheroids enlarge the arsenal of in vitro pre-clinical models for high-throughput screening of anti-cancer drugs.
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19
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Chen D, Wang CY. Targeting cancer stem cells in squamous cell carcinoma. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2019; 2:152-165. [PMID: 31598386 PMCID: PMC6770277 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbz016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a highly aggressive tumor and the sixth
most common cancer worldwide. Current treatment strategies for HNSCC are surgery,
radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy or combinatorial therapies. However, the overall
5-year survival rate of HNSCC patients remains at about 50%. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a
small population among tumor cells, are able to self-renew and differentiate into
different tumor cell types in a hierarchical manner, similar to normal tissue. In HNSCC,
CSCs are proposed to be responsible for tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, drug
resistance, and recurrence. In this review, we discuss the molecular and cellular
characteristics of CSCs in HNSCC. We summarize current approaches used in the literature
for identification of HNSCC CSCs, and mechanisms required for CSC regulation. We also
highlight the role of CSCs in treatment failure and therapeutic targeting options for
eliminating CSCs in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demeng Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Cun-Yu Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and Broad Stem Cell Research Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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20
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Cancer Stem Cells in Head and Neck Carcinomas: Identification and Possible Therapeutic Implications. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1083:89-102. [PMID: 29139089 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The recurrence and/or lack of response of certain tumors to radio- and chemotherapy has been attributed to a small subpopulation of cells termed cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs have been identified in many tumors (including solid and hematological tumors). CSCs are characterized by their capacity for self-renewal, their ability to introduce heterogeneity within a tumor mass and its metastases, genomic instability, and their insensitivity to both radiation and chemotherapy. The latter highlights the clinical importance of studying this subpopulation since their resistance to traditional treatments may lead to metastatic disease and/or tumor relapse. Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are the sixth most common malignancy worldwide with the highest incidence occurring in East Asia and eastern and southern Africa. Several cellular subpopulations believed to have CSC properties have been isolated from HNSCCs, but at present, identification and characterization of CSCs remains an experimental challenge with no established or standardized protocols in place to confirm their identity. In this review we discuss current approaches to the study of CSCs with a focus on HNSCCs, particularly in the context of what this might mean from a therapeutic perspective.
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21
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Peitzsch C, Nathansen J, Schniewind SI, Schwarz F, Dubrovska A. Cancer Stem Cells in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Identification, Characterization and Clinical Implications. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050616. [PMID: 31052565 PMCID: PMC6562868 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. Despite advances in the treatment management, locally advanced disease has a poor prognosis, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 50%. The growth of HNSCC is maintained by a population of cancer stem cells (CSCs) which possess unlimited self-renewal potential and induce tumor regrowth if not completely eliminated by therapy. The population of CSCs is not only a promising target for tumor treatment, but also an important biomarker to identify the patients at risk for therapeutic failure and disease progression. This review aims to provide an overview of the recent pre-clinical and clinical studies on the biology and potential therapeutic implications of HNSCC stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Peitzsch
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Jacqueline Nathansen
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Sebastian I Schniewind
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Franziska Schwarz
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology-OncoRay, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Anna Dubrovska
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology-OncoRay, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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22
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Buhl M, Kloskowski T, Jundzill A, Gagat M, Balcerczyk D, Adamowicz J, Grzanka A, Nowacki M, Drewa G, Olszewska-Słonina D, Drewa T, Pokrywczynska M. The different expression of key markers on urothelial holoclonal, meroclonal, and paraclonal cells in in vitro culture. Cell Biol Int 2019; 43:456-465. [PMID: 30729622 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Urothelial cell populations which differ in morphology and proliferation capacities can be isolated from the urinary bladder. The goal of this study was to analyze a clonal, proliferative, and self-renewing potential of porcine urothelial cells and to compare expression of selected adhesion and tight junction molecules, urothelial and stem cell markers for the urothelial clone types. Urothelial cells were isolated from 10 porcine urinary bladders. Three different clone types: holoclone-, meroclone-and paraclone-like colonies were identified based on their morphology. To characterize and compare the urothelial clones the immunofluorescent stains were performed. Expression of pancytokeratin (PanCK), Ki-67 and p63 was higher for holoclone- like cells compared to meroclone-and paraclone-like cells (P < 0.05). Meroclone-like cells expressed higher levels of p63 compared to paraclone- like cells (P < 0.05). The level of Ki-67 and PanCK for meroclone- and paraclone- like cells was comparable (P > 0.05). β1 and β4 integrins were not expressed. Expression of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) in cell-cell junctions for paraclone-, meroclone-and holoclone-like cells was 17.6 ± 0.6, 14.7 ± 0.5, and 16.1 ± 0.4, respectively. The results of actin filaments (F-actin) expression were 253,634 ± 6,920 for meroclone-like cells, 198,512 ± 7,977 for paraclone-like cells and 133,544 ± 3,169 for holoclone-like cells. Three urothelial cell types with differing features can be isolated from the bladder. Holoclone-like cells are the richest in stem cells and should be used in further studies for construction of neo-bladder or neo-conduit using tissue engineering methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Buhl
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell and Tissue Bank, Chair of Urology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Ludwik Rydygier Medical College in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kloskowski
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell and Tissue Bank, Chair of Urology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Ludwik Rydygier Medical College in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Jundzill
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell and Tissue Bank, Chair of Urology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Ludwik Rydygier Medical College in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Maciej Gagat
- Department of Embriology and Histology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Ludwik Rydygier Medical College in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Daria Balcerczyk
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell and Tissue Bank, Chair of Urology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Ludwik Rydygier Medical College in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jan Adamowicz
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell and Tissue Bank, Chair of Urology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Ludwik Rydygier Medical College in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Alina Grzanka
- Department of Embriology and Histology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Ludwik Rydygier Medical College in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Maciej Nowacki
- Chair and Department of Surgical Oncology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Ludwik Rydygier Medical College in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | | | - Dorota Olszewska-Słonina
- Department of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University University in Torun, Ludwik Rydygier Medical College in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Drewa
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell and Tissue Bank, Chair of Urology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Ludwik Rydygier Medical College in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marta Pokrywczynska
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell and Tissue Bank, Chair of Urology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Ludwik Rydygier Medical College in Bydgoszcz, Poland
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23
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Tièche CC, Gao Y, Bührer ED, Hobi N, Berezowska SA, Wyler K, Froment L, Weis S, Peng RW, Bruggmann R, Schär P, Amrein MA, Hall SRR, Dorn P, Kocher G, Riether C, Ochsenbein A, Schmid RA, Marti TM. Tumor Initiation Capacity and Therapy Resistance Are Differential Features of EMT-Related Subpopulations in the NSCLC Cell Line A549. Neoplasia 2018; 21:185-196. [PMID: 30591423 PMCID: PMC6309124 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cell lines are essential tools to standardize and compare experimental findings in basic and translational cancer research. The current dogma states that cancer stem cells feature an increased tumor initiation capacity and are also chemoresistant. Here, we identified and comprehensively characterized three morphologically distinct cellular subtypes in the non–small cell lung cancer cell line A549 and challenge the current cancer stem cell dogma. Subtype-specific cellular morphology is maintained during short-term culturing, resulting in the formation of holoclonal, meroclonal, and paraclonal colonies. A549 holoclone cells were characterized by an epithelial and stem-like phenotype, paraclone cells featured a mesenchymal phenotype, whereas meroclone cells were phenotypically intermediate. Cell-surface marker expression of subpopulations changed over time, indicating an active epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), in vitro and in vivo. EMT has been associated with the overexpression of the immunomodulators PD-L1 and PD-L2, which were 37- and 235-fold overexpressed in para- versus holoclone cells, respectively. We found that DNA methylation is involved in epigenetic regulation of marker expression. Holoclone cells were extremely sensitive to cisplatin and radiotherapy in vitro, whereas paraclone cells were highly resistant. However, inhibition of the receptor tyrosine kinase AXL, whose expression is associated with an EMT, specifically targeted the otherwise highly resistant paraclone cells. Xenograft tumor formation capacity was 24- and 269-fold higher in holo- than mero- and paraclone cells, respectively. Our results show that A549 subpopulations might serve as a unique system to explore the network of stemness, cellular plasticity, tumor initiation capacity, invasive and metastatic potential, and chemo/radiotherapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Charles Tièche
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yanyun Gao
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elias Daniel Bührer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nina Hobi
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, Organs-on-Chip Technologies, University of Bern, Switzerland, Institute of General Physiology, University of Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Kurt Wyler
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laurène Froment
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Weis
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ren-Wang Peng
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Bruggmann
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Primo Schär
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Alex Amrein
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sean Ralph Robert Hall
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Dorn
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Kocher
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Riether
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Ochsenbein
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Alexander Schmid
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas Michael Marti
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Switzerland.
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24
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Lai Y, Yu W, Kuo S, Ho C, Hung C, Way T, Chen C. CSC‐3436 inhibits TWIST‐induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition via the suppression of Twist/Bmi1/Akt pathway in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:9118-9129. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying‐Ju Lai
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes Miaoli Taiwan
| | - Wan‐Nien Yu
- Division of Head & Neck Oncology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery Changhua Christian Hospital Changhua Taiwan
| | - Sheng‐Chu Kuo
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University Taichung Taiwan
| | - Chi‐Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science Rutgers University New Brunswick New Jersey
| | - Chao‐Ming Hung
- Department of General Surgery E‐Da Hospital, I‐Shou University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- School of Medicine, I‐Shou University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Tzong‐Der Way
- Department of Biological Science and Technology College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University Taichung Taiwan
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology College of Health Science, Asia University Taichung Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan
| | - Chiung‐Tong Chen
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes Miaoli Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University Taichung Taiwan
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25
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Marcu LG, Reid P, Bezak E. The Promise of Novel Biomarkers for Head and Neck Cancer from an Imaging Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2511. [PMID: 30149561 PMCID: PMC6165113 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
It is an agreed fact that overall survival among head and neck cancer patients has increased over the last decade. Several factors however, are still held responsible for treatment failure requiring more in-depth evaluation. Among these, hypoxia and proliferation-specific parameters are the main culprits, along with the more recently researched cancer stem cells. This paper aims to present the latest developments in the field of biomarkers for hypoxia, stemness and tumour proliferation, from an imaging perspective that includes both Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) as well as functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Quantitative imaging of biomarkers is a prerequisite for accurate treatment response assessment, bringing us closer to the highly needed personalised therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana G Marcu
- Faculty of Science, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania.
- Cancer Research Institute and School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Paul Reid
- Cancer Research Institute and School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Eva Bezak
- Cancer Research Institute and School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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26
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Mohajertehran F, Sahebkar A, Zare R, Mohtasham N. The promise of stem cell markers in the diagnosis and therapy of epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:8499-8507. [PMID: 29797575 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of head and neck cancer. Epithelial dysplasia is often initiated in the cells and cell nuclei adjacent to the epithelial cell membrane. Reduced cell-cell adhesions enable cancer cells to detach from the tumor and disseminate to other organs. The mutations in epithelial dysplasia markers such as E-cadherin and epithelial cell adhesion molecules (CD326) can lead to proliferation, growth and survival of the tumor cells and persistence of numerous malignancies that play a key role in epithelial dysplasia of OSCC. Accordingly, these genes can be considered prognostic markers or potential therapeutic targets for the tailored management of patients with OSCC. The gene expression profile of OSCC stem cells indicates a differential pattern that facilitates establishing a cell signature. Owing to the highly tumorigenic behavior of cancer stem cells and the role of these cells in tumor differentiation, treatment resistance, relapse, and metastasis, we reviewed the role of stem cell markers in epithelial dysplasia and OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Mohajertehran
- Oral and Maxillofacial Disease Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Dental Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Zare
- Dental Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nooshin Mohtasham
- Dental Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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27
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Al Labban D, Jo SH, Ostano P, Saglietti C, Bongiovanni M, Panizzon R, Dotto GP. Notch-effector CSL promotes squamous cell carcinoma by repressing histone demethylase KDM6B. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:2581-2599. [PMID: 29757189 DOI: 10.1172/jci96915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch 1/2 genes play tumor-suppressing functions in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), a very common malignancy in skin and internal organs. In contrast with Notch, we show that the transcription factor CSL (also known as RBP-Jκ), a key effector of canonical Notch signaling endowed with intrinsic transcription-repressive functions, plays a tumor-promoting function in SCC development. Expression of this gene decreased in upper epidermal layers and human keratinocytes (HKCs) undergoing differentiation, while it increased in premalignant and malignant SCC lesions from skin, head/neck, and lung. Increased CSL levels enhanced the proliferative potential of HKCs and SCC cells, while silencing of CSL induced growth arrest and apoptosis. In vivo, SCC cells with increased CSL levels gave rise to rapidly expanding tumors, while cells with silenced CSL formed smaller and more differentiated tumors with enhanced inflammatory infiltrate. Global transcriptomic analysis of HKCs and SCC cells with silenced CSL revealed major modulation of apoptotic, cell-cycle, and proinflammatory genes. We also show that the histone demethylase KDM6B is a direct CSL-negative target, with inverse roles of CSL in HKC and SCC proliferative capacity, tumorigenesis, and tumor-associated inflammatory reaction. CSL/KDM6B protein expression could be used as a biomarker of SCC development and indicator of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dania Al Labban
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Seung-Hee Jo
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paola Ostano
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Edo and Elvo Tempia Valenta Foundation, Biella, Italy
| | | | | | - Renato Panizzon
- Department of Dermatology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - G Paolo Dotto
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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28
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Hufbauer M, Maltseva M, Meinrath J, Lechner A, Beutner D, Huebbers CU, Akgül B. HPV16 increases the number of migratory cancer stem cells and modulates their miRNA expression profile in oropharyngeal cancer. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:1426-1439. [PMID: 29663357 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) is a major risk for development of oropharyngeal squamous-cell-carcinoma (OPSCC). Although HPV+ OPSCC metastasize faster than HPV- tumors, they have a better prognosis. The molecular and cellular alterations underlying this pathobiology of HPV+ OPSCC remain elusive. In this study, we examined whether expression of HPV16-E6E7 targets the number of migratory and stationary cancer stem cells (CSC). Furthermore, we wanted to elucidate if aberrantly expressed miRNAs in migratory CSC may be responsible for progression of OPSCCs and whether they may serve as potential novel biomarkers for increased potential of metastasis. Our studies revealed that HPV16-E6E7 expression leads to an increase in the number of stationary (CD44high /EpCAMhigh ) stem cells in primary keratinocyte cultures. Most importantly, expression of E6E7 in the cell line H357 increased the migratory (CD44high /EpCAMlow ) CSC pool. This increase in migratory CSCs could also be confirmed in HPV+ OPSCC. Differentially expressed miRNAs from HPV16-E6E7 positive CD44high /EpCAMlow CSCs were validated by RT-qPCR and in situ hybridization on HPV16+ OPSCCs. These experiments led to the identification of miR-3194-5p, which is upregulated in primary HPV16+ OPSCC and matched metastasis. MiR-1281 was also found to be highly expressed in HPV+ and HPV- metastasis. As inhibition of this miRNA led to a markedly reduction of CD44high /EpCAMlow cells, it may prove to be a promising drug target. Taken together, our findings highlight the capability of HPV16 to modify the phenotype of infected stem cells and that miR-1281 and miR3194-5p may represent promising targets to block metastatic spread of OPSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hufbauer
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Margaret Maltseva
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Axel Lechner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Interventional Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dirk Beutner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian U Huebbers
- Jean-Uhrmacher-Institute for Otorhinolaryngological Research, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Baki Akgül
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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29
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Rodini CO, Lopes NM, Lara VS, Mackenzie IC. Oral cancer stem cells - properties and consequences. J Appl Oral Sci 2018; 25:708-715. [PMID: 29211293 PMCID: PMC5701542 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2016-0665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on cancer stem cells (CSCs) has greatly increased in the field of medicine and pathology; however, some conceptual misunderstandings are still present among the public as well as within the general scientific community that is not yet familiar with the subject. The very first problem is the misinterpretation of CSCs as a synonym of their normal counterparts, the well-known stem cells (SCs). Particularly in Dentistry, another common mistake is the misinterpretation of oral CSCs as normal tooth-derived SCs. The present review aims to clarify important concepts related to normal SCs and CSCs, as well as discuss the relevance of CSCs to the development, metastasis and therapy resistance of oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Oliveira Rodini
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | - Nathália Martins Lopes
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | - Vanessa Soares Lara
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Departamento de Cirurgia, Estomatologia, Patologia e Radiologia. Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | - Ian Campbell Mackenzie
- Queen Mary University of London, Blizard Institute - Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
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30
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Setúbal Destro Rodrigues MF, Gammon L, Rahman MM, Biddle A, Nunes FD, Mackenzie IC. Effects of Cetuximab and Erlotinib on the behaviour of cancer stem cells in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:13488-13500. [PMID: 29568372 PMCID: PMC5862593 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic responses of many solid tumours to chemo- and radio-therapies are far from fully effective but therapies targeting malignancy-related cellular changes show promise for further control. In head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is commonly overexpressed and investigation of agents that block this receptor indicate a limited response when used alone but an ability to enhance the actions of other drugs. The hierarchical stem cell patterns present in tumours generate cellular heterogeneity and this is further complicated by cancer stem cells (CSC) shifting between epithelial (Epi-CSC) and mesenchymal (EMT-CSC) states. To clarify how such heterogeneity influences responses to EGFR blocking, we examined the effects of Cetuximab and Erlotinib on the cell sub-populations in HNSCC cell lines. These agents reduced cell proliferation for all subpopulations but induced little cell death. They did however induce large shifts of cells between the EMT-CSC, Epi-CSC and differentiating cell compartments. Loss of EMT-CSCs reduced cell motility and is expected to reduce invasion and metastasis. EGFR blocking also induced shifts of Epi-CSCs into the differentiating cell compartment which typically has greater sensitivity to chemo/radiation, an effect expected to enhance the overall response of tumour cell populations to adjunctive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luke Gammon
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Muhammad M Rahman
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Adrian Biddle
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Fabio Daumas Nunes
- Oral Pathology Department, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ian C Mackenzie
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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31
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Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapy and cancer relapse are major clinical challenges attributed to a sub population of cancer stem cells (CSCs). The concept of CSCs has been the subject of intense research by the oncology community since evidence for their existence was first published over twenty years ago. Emerging data indicates that they are also able to evade novel therapies such as targeted agents, immunotherapies and anti-angiogenics. The inability to appropriately identify and isolate CSCs is a major hindrance to the field and novel technologies are now being utilized. Agents that target CSC-associated cell surface receptors and signaling pathways have generated promising pre-clinical results and are now entering clinical trial. Here we discuss and evaluate current therapeutic strategies to target CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Annett
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Ireland
| | - Tracy Robson
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Ireland.
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32
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Wang Z, von Au A, Schnölzer M, Hackert T, Zöller M. CD44v6-competent tumor exosomes promote motility, invasion and cancer-initiating cell marker expression in pancreatic and colorectal cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:55409-55436. [PMID: 27419629 PMCID: PMC5342426 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-initiating cells (CIC) account for metastatic spread, which may rely mostly on CIC exosomes (TEX) that affect host cells and can transfer CIC features into Non-CIC. The CIC marker CD44 variant isoform v6 (CD44v6) being known for metastasis-promotion, we elaborated in cells its contribution to migration and invasion and in TEX the tranfer of migratory and invasive capacity to Non-CIC, using a CD44v6 knockdown (CD44v6kd) as Non-CIC model.A CD44v6kd in human pancreatic and colorectal cancer (PaCa, CoCa) lines led to loss of CIC characteristics including downregulation of additional CIC markers, particularly Tspan8. This aggravated the loss of CD44v6-promoted motility and invasion. Loss of motility relies on the distorted cooperation of CD44v6 and Tspan8 with associated integrins and loss of invasiveness on reduced protease expression. These deficits, transferred into TEX, severely altered the CD44v6kd-TEX composition. As a consequence, unlike the CIC-TEX, CD44v6kd TEX were not taken up by CD44v6kd cells and CIC. The uptake of CIC-TEX was accompanied by partial correction of CIC marker and protease expression in CD44v6kd cells, which regained migratory, invasive and metastatic competence. CIC-TEX also fostered angiogenesis and expansion of myeloid cells, likely due to a direct impact of CIC-TEX on the host, which could be supported by reprogrammed CD44v6kd cells.Taken together, the striking loss of tumor progression by a CD44v6kd relies on the capacity of CD44v6 to cooperate with associating integrins and proteases and its promotion of additional CIC marker expression. The defects by a CD44v6kd are efficiently corrected upon CIC-TEX uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Tumor Cell Biology, University Hospital of Surgery, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja von Au
- Tumor Cell Biology, University Hospital of Surgery, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina Schnölzer
- Proteome Analysis Department, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thilo Hackert
- Section Pancreas Research, University Hospital of Surgery, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Margot Zöller
- Tumor Cell Biology, University Hospital of Surgery, Heidelberg, Germany
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33
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Schmohl JU, Gleason MK, Dougherty PR, Miller JS, Vallera DA. Heterodimeric Bispecific Single Chain Variable Fragments (scFv) Killer Engagers (BiKEs) Enhance NK-cell Activity Against CD133+ Colorectal Cancer Cells. Target Oncol 2017; 11:353-61. [PMID: 26566946 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-015-0391-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer (NK) cells are potent cytotoxic lymphocytes that play a critical role in tumor immunosurveillance and control. Cancer stem cells (CSC) initiate and sustain tumor cell growth, mediate drug refractory cancer relapse, and express the well-known surface marker CD133. METHODS DNA fragments from two fully humanized single chain fragment variable (scFv) antibodies recognizing CD16 on NK-cells and CD133 on CSC were genetically spliced forming a novel drug, 16 × 133 BiKE that simultaneously recognizes these antigens to facilitate an immunologic synapse. The anti-CD133 was created using a fusion protein prepared by fusing DNA fragments encoding the two extracellular domains of CD133. Immunization of mice with the resulting fusion protein generated a unique antibody that recognized the molecular framework and was species cross-reactive. RESULTS In vitro chromium-51 ((51)Cr) release cytotoxicity assays at both high and low effector:target ratios demonstrated the ability of the heterodimeric biological drug to greatly enhance NK-cell killing of human Caco-2 colorectal carcinoma cells known to overexpress CD133. The tumor associated antigen specificity of the drug for CD133 even enhanced NK-cell cytotoxicity against the NK-resistant human Burkitt's lymphoma Daudi cell line, which has less than 5 % CD133 surface expression. Flow cytometry analysis revealed increases in NK-cell degranulation and Interferon-γ production upon co-culture with Caco-2 targets in the presence of the drug. CONCLUSION These studies demonstrate that the innate immune system can be effectively recruited to kill CSC using bispecific antibodies targeting CD133 and that this anti-CD133 scFv may be useful in this bispecific platform or perhaps in the design of more complex trispecific molecules for carcinoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J U Schmohl
- University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Section of Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, Therapeutic Radiology-Radiation Oncology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department for Hematology and Oncology, Medicine Department 2, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, 72076, Germany
| | - M K Gleason
- University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Adult Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation Oncology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Medical Science Liaison, Immuno-Oncology, Novartis Oncology/Sandoz, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - P R Dougherty
- University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Section of Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, Therapeutic Radiology-Radiation Oncology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - J S Miller
- University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Adult Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation Oncology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - D A Vallera
- University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Section of Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, Therapeutic Radiology-Radiation Oncology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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34
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Moharil RB, Dive A, Khandekar S, Bodhade A. Cancer stem cells: An insight. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2017; 21:463. [PMID: 29391738 PMCID: PMC5763886 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_132_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have the ability to self-renew and are present in most tissues including breast, brain, lung, head and neck, prostates, testis, ovary, esophagus, colon and liver. Their origin is yet to be discovered though a series of hypotheses have been proposed in this regard. CSCs play a role in not only the creation of cancer but also its evolution, metastasis and recurrence. CSCs have an important role in cancer therapy and the resistance toward chemotherapeutic agents. This article reviews the characteristics of CSCs in terms of origin, methods of isolation and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alka Dive
- Department of Oral Pathology, VSPM DCRC, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Ashish Bodhade
- Department of Oral Pathology, VSPM DCRC, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
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35
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Marcu LG, Marcu D. The effect of targeted therapy on recruited cancer stem cells in a head and neck carcinoma model. Cell Prolif 2017; 50. [PMID: 28857306 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Head and neck cancers (HNC) are known for their repopulation ability driven by cancer stem cells (CSCs). While a small fraction of CSCs proliferates, there are quiescent CSCs that are long-lived and reside outside the cell cycle. Recruitment of quiescent CSCs into the cycle occurs as a response to cell loss and their proliferation may lead to treatment failure. Therefore, CSCs require a more targeted approach to be destroyed. An agent that sensitizes CSC response to treatment is all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA). The aim of this work is to assess the impact of ATRA combined with radiotherapy on HNC and to analyse the interplay between these agents and cell recruitment. METHODS An in silico model is employed to grow a HNC consisting of all cancer cell lineages, with biologically valid kinetic and dynamic parameters. The fate of both cycling and quiescent cancer stem cells is assessed. The Linear Quadratic model is used to simulate radiotherapy, while cellular recruitment and the effects of ATRA on cancer stem cells are modelled based on literature data. RESULTS A Dose Enhancement Factor (DEF) was determined in order to undertake a quantitative assessment of the effect of ATRA on tumour control. Without recruitment, DEF for the tumour population is 1.06, indicating a slight radiosensitizing effect. Yet, when CSCs are being recruited, the dose enhancement factor is significantly greater (DEF = 1.89). Radiation-induced cell arrest and CSC sensitization by ATRA significantly decreases the dose required for CSC eradication in the cycling population. However, the tumour as a whole is not notably affected as the quiescent cells appear to dictate the shape of the survival curve. CONCLUSIONS The model shows that ATRA exhibits a powerful effect on CSCs when combined with radiotherapy. However, the more radioresistant quiescent cell population should not be ignored, as it can be a potential threat to treatment outcome when cells are recruited into the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana G Marcu
- Faculty of Science, University of Oradea, Romania.,School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, SA, Australia
| | - David Marcu
- Faculty of Science, University of Oradea, Romania
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de Andrade NP, Rodrigues MFSD, Rodini CO, Nunes FD. Cancer stem cell, cytokeratins and epithelial to mesenchymal transition markers expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma derived from ortothopic xenoimplantation of CD44 high cells. Pathol Res Pract 2016; 213:235-244. [PMID: 28214216 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most prevalent neoplasia of oral cavity worldwide and prognosis remains unchanged in decades. Recently, different authors reported that head and neck squamous cell carcinomas have a subpopulation of tumor initiating cells that apparently correspond to cancer stem cells (CSC) and are also responsible for tumor growth and metastasis. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the microscopic and phenotypic characteristics of OSCC tumors induced after orthotopic xenoimplantation of SCC9WT cell line and CSC-enriched subpopulation isolated from SCC9 cell line based on high expression of the putative CSC marker CD44. Different numbers of FACS-sorted SCC9 CD44high and CD44low cells as well as SCC9WT (wild type) were transplanted into the tongue of BALB/C nude (NOD/SCID) mice to evaluate their tumorigenic potential. Sixty days post-induction, tumors were morphologically characterized and immunostained for CSC markers (CD44, Nanog and Bmi-1), epithelial-mesenchymal transition (Snail, Slug) and epithelial differentiating cell markers (cytokeratins 4, 13, 15, 17 and 19), as well as E-cadherin and β-catenin. The data presented here shows that SCC9 CD44high cells have higher ability to form tumors than SCC9 CD44low cells, even when significantly lower numbers of SCC9 CD44high cells were transplanted. Immunoassessment of tumors derived from SCC9 CD44high cells revealed high expression of cytokeratin CK19, β-catenin, E-cadherin and CD44, and negative or low expression of CK17, CK4, CK15, CK13, Nanog, Bmi-1, Snail and Slug. While tumors derived from SCC9WT showed high expression of CK17, CK19, CD44, Nanog, Bmi-1, Snail and Slug, and negative or low expression of CK4, CK15, CK13, β-catenin and E-cadherin. Thus, SCC9 CD44high cells were highly tumorigenic, capable of originating heterogeneous tumors and these tumors have a immunohistochemical profile different from those formed by the wild type cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Camila Oliveira Rodini
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Fabio Daumas Nunes
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Pascual G, Avgustinova A, Mejetta S, Martín M, Castellanos A, Attolini CSO, Berenguer A, Prats N, Toll A, Hueto JA, Bescós C, Di Croce L, Benitah SA. Targeting metastasis-initiating cells through the fatty acid receptor CD36. Nature 2016; 541:41-45. [PMID: 27974793 DOI: 10.1038/nature20791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 893] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The fact that the identity of the cells that initiate metastasis in most human cancers is unknown hampers the development of antimetastatic therapies. Here we describe a subpopulation of CD44bright cells in human oral carcinomas that do not overexpress mesenchymal genes, are slow-cycling, express high levels of the fatty acid receptor CD36 and lipid metabolism genes, and are unique in their ability to initiate metastasis. Palmitic acid or a high-fat diet specifically boosts the metastatic potential of CD36+ metastasis-initiating cells in a CD36-dependent manner. The use of neutralizing antibodies to block CD36 causes almost complete inhibition of metastasis in immunodeficient or immunocompetent orthotopic mouse models of human oral cancer, with no side effects. Clinically, the presence of CD36+ metastasis-initiating cells correlates with a poor prognosis for numerous types of carcinomas, and inhibition of CD36 also impairs metastasis, at least in human melanoma- and breast cancer-derived tumours. Together, our results indicate that metastasis-initiating cells particularly rely on dietary lipids to promote metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Pascual
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexandra Avgustinova
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefania Mejetta
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Martín
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Castellanos
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Camille Stephan-Otto Attolini
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Berenguer
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Prats
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Agustí Toll
- IMIM, Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona
| | - Juan Antonio Hueto
- Vall D´Hebron Hospital, Barcelona, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035 Spain
| | - Coro Bescós
- Vall D´Hebron Hospital, Barcelona, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035 Spain
| | - Luciano Di Croce
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08002, Spain
| | - Salvador Aznar Benitah
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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38
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Yamamoto VN, Thylur DS, Bauschard M, Schmale I, Sinha UK. Overcoming radioresistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2016; 63:44-51. [PMID: 27938999 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Radiation therapy plays an essential role in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), yet therapeutic efficacy is hindered by treatment-associated toxicity and tumor recurrence. In comparison to other cancers, innovation has proved challenging, with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody cetuximab being the only new radiosensitizing agent approved by the FDA in over half a century. This review examines the physiological mechanisms that contribute to radioresistance in HNSCC as well as preclinical and clinical data regarding novel radiosensitizing agents, with an emphasis on those with highest translational promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky N Yamamoto
- USC Tina and Rick Caruso Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - David S Thylur
- USC Tina and Rick Caruso Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michael Bauschard
- USC Tina and Rick Caruso Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Isaac Schmale
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Uttam K Sinha
- USC Tina and Rick Caruso Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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39
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Kaseb HO, Fohrer-Ting H, Lewis DW, Lagasse E, Gollin SM. Identification, expansion and characterization of cancer cells with stem cell properties from head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Exp Cell Res 2016; 348:75-86. [PMID: 27619333 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a major public health concern. Recent data indicate the presence of cancer stem cells (CSC) in many solid tumors, including HNSCC. Here, we assessed the stem cell (SC) characteristics, including cell surface markers, radioresistance, chromosomal instability, and in vivo tumorigenic capacity of CSC isolated from HNSCC patient specimens. We show that spheroid enrichment of CSC from early and short-term HNSCC cell cultures was associated with increased expression of CD44, CD133, SOX2 and BMI1 compared with normal oral epithelial cells. On immunophenotyping, five of 12 SC/CSC markers were homogenously expressed in all tumor cultures, while one of 12 was negative, four of 12 showed variable expression, and two of the 12 were expressed heterogeneously. We showed that irradiated CSCs survived and retained their self-renewal capacity across different ionizing radiation (IR) regimens. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses of parental and clonally-derived tumor cells revealed different chromosome copy numbers from cell to cell, suggesting the presence of chromosomal instability in HNSCC CSC. Further, our in vitro and in vivo mouse engraftment studies suggest that CD44+/CD66- is a promising, consistent biomarker combination for HNSCC CSC. Overall, our findings add further evidence to the proposed role of HNSCC CSCs in therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem O Kaseb
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, United States of America.,Department of Clinical Pathology, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Helene Fohrer-Ting
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, United States of America.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, United States of America
| | - Dale W Lewis
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, United States of America
| | - Eric Lagasse
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, United States of America.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, United States of America
| | - Susanne M Gollin
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, United States of America.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, United States of America
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40
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Marcu LG, Marcu D. In silico modelling of a cancer stem cell-targeting agent and its effects on tumour control during radiotherapy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32332. [PMID: 27573059 PMCID: PMC5004146 DOI: 10.1038/srep32332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancers (HNC), like most solid tumours, contain a subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSC) that are commonly responsible for treatment failure. Conventional therapies are unsuccessful in controlling CSCs, thus novel, targeting therapies are needed. A promising agent is ATRA (All-trans-retinoic acid) that was shown to induce CSC differentiation, cell cycle redistribution and CSCs radiosensitisation. To add to the limited data, this work simulated the effects of ATRA on a virtual HNC and evaluated tumour response to radiotherapy. A Monte Carlo technique was employed to grow a HNC consisting of all lineages of cancer cells. The biologically realistic input parameters led to a pre-treatment CSC population of 5.9%. The Linear Quadratic model was employed to simulate radiotherapy. ATRA-induced differentiation, cell arrest and apoptosis were modelled, based on literature data. While the effect of differentiation was marginal, the strongest influence on CSC subpopulation was displayed by ATRA’s cell arrest effect via an exponential behaviour of the dose-response curve. The apoptotic effect induced by ATRA shows linear correlation between the percentage of apoptotic cells and dose required to eradicate CSCs. In conclusion, ATRA is a potent CSC-targeting agent with viable impact on tumour control when combined with radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana G Marcu
- Faculty of Science, University of Oradea, Oradea 410087, Romania.,School of Physical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - David Marcu
- Faculty of Science, University of Oradea, Oradea 410087, Romania
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41
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Kaseb HO, Lewis DW, Saunders WS, Gollin SM. Cell division patterns and chromosomal segregation defects in oral cancer stem cells. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2016; 55:694-709. [PMID: 27123539 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a serious public health problem caused primarily by smoking and alcohol consumption or human papillomavirus. The cancer stem cell (CSC) theory posits that CSCs show unique characteristics, including self-renewal and therapeutic resistance. Examining biomarkers and other features of CSCs is critical to better understanding their biology. To this end, the results show that cellular SOX2 immunostaining correlates with other CSC biomarkers in OSCC cell lines and marks the rare CSC population. To assess whether CSC division patterns are symmetrical, resulting in two CSC, or asymmetrical, leading to one CSC and one cancer cell, cell size and fluorescence intensity of mitotic cells stained with SOX2 were analyzed. Asymmetrical SOX2 distribution in ≈25% of the mitoses analyzed was detected. Chromosomal instability, some of which is caused by chromosome segregation defects (CSDs), is a feature of cancer cells that leads to altered gene copy numbers. We compare chromosomal instability (as measured by CSDs) between CSCs (SOX2+) and non-CSCs (SOX2-) from the same OSCC cell lines. CSDs were more common in non-CSCs (SOX2-) than CSCs (SOX2+) and in symmetrical CSC (SOX2+) mitotic pairs than asymmetrical CSC (SOX2+/SOX2-) mitotic pairs. CSCs showed fewer and different types of CSDs after ionizing radiation treatment than non-CSCs. Overall, these data are the first to demonstrate both symmetrical and asymmetrical cell divisions with CSDs in OSCC CSC. Further, the results suggest that CSCs may undergo altered behavior, including therapeutic resistance as a result of chromosomal instability due to chromosome segregation defects. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem O Kaseb
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Clinical Pathology, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dale W Lewis
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - William S Saunders
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Susanne M Gollin
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
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Wang K, Zhou XK, Wu M, Kang FW, Wang ZL, Zhu Y. Role of CD133 + cells in tongue squamous carcinomas: Characteristics of 'stemness' in vivo and in vitro. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:863-870. [PMID: 27446361 PMCID: PMC4950504 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine the ‘stemness’ characteristics of CD133+ cells (harvested from the squamous cell tongue carcinoma Tca-8113 cell line) in vitro and to observe the tumourigenicity of the CD133+ cells in the bodies of NOD/SCID mice. Single cells from the Tca-8113 cell line were observed for multiplication capacity in vitro. The suspending and pelletizing phenomena of Tca-8113 cells in vitro were also observed, and the expression of CD133 in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue was measured. The CD133+ cells from the Tca-8113 cell line were purified, and their multiplication capacity and differentiation potency were observed. The NOD/SCID mouse model was established, and the tumourigenicity of the CD133+ cells was determined. The Tca-8113 cells were observed to emerge in the form of suspending tumour spheres in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. Monoplasts with sustainable multiplication capacity accounted for ~5.32% of the spheres, and 0.95% of the CD133+ cells were expressed in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue, with stronger multiplication capacity and differentiation potency in vitro. Stronger tumourigenicity was also observed in the bodies of the NOD/SCID mice. CD133– cells exhibited a multiplication capacity to a certain extent. Overall, the CD133+ cells in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue are characterised by relatively strong tumourigenicity capacity in vivo and in vitro. To a certain extent, these CD133+ cells demonstrate the characteristics of ‘stemness’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China; Department of Oral Stomatology, Gongli Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200135, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Kang Zhou
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Fei-Wu Kang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Zuo-Lin Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
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Marcu LG, Marcu D, Filip SM. In silico study of the impact of cancer stem cell dynamics and radiobiological hypoxia on tumour response to hyperfractionated radiotherapy. Cell Prolif 2016; 49:304-14. [PMID: 27079860 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Advanced head and neck carcinomas (HNCs) are aggressive tumours, mainly due to hypoxia and a cancer stem cell (CSC) subpopulation. The aim of this study was to simulate tumour growth and behaviour during radiotherapy of three HNC groups (governed by different growth kinetics, hypoxia levels and CSC division pattern) to determine correlation between resistance factors and responses to hyperfractionated radiotherapy. METHODS An in silico HNC model was developed based on biologically realistic input parameters. During radiotherapy simulation, three parameters were studied: growth kinetics, hypoxia and probability of CSC symmetrical division. Both independent and combined effects on tumour response to hyperfractionated radiotherapy were assessed. RESULTS Oxic and very mildly hypoxic HNCs were revealed to be controlled by hyperfractionated radiotherapy, irrespective of growth kinetics and CSC division pattern. Moderately hypoxic tumours had different responses to radiotherapy: while slowly proliferating HNCs were still controllable, tumours with higher cell turnover were more resistant. In rapidly proliferating tumours, the number of fractions needed for tumour control increased exponentially with the probability of CSC symmetrical division, whereas in moderately growing HNC, this behaviour was linear. Severely hypoxic tumours could not be controlled by radiotherapy alone. Tumours with CSCs in a severely hypoxic niche required adjuvant therapies to be eradicated. CONCLUSIONS Growth kinetics strongly influence tumour responses to treatment. Slowly growing tumours showed linear dependence between dose and hypoxia/CSC, whereas rapidly growing tumours followed exponential behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Marcu
- Faculty of Science, University of Oradea, Oradea, 410087, Romania.,School of Physical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - D Marcu
- Faculty of Science, University of Oradea, Oradea, 410087, Romania
| | - S M Filip
- Faculty of Science, University of Oradea, Oradea, 410087, Romania
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44
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Méry B, Guy JB, Espenel S, Wozny AS, Simonet S, Vallard A, Alphonse G, Ardail D, Rodriguez-Lafrasse C, Magné N. Targeting head and neck tumoral stem cells: From biological aspects to therapeutic perspectives. World J Stem Cells 2016; 8:13-21. [PMID: 26839637 PMCID: PMC4723718 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v8.i1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer in the world. Effective therapeutic modalities such as surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and combinations of each are used in the management of the disease. In most cases, treatment fails to obtain total cancer cure. In recent years, it appears that one of the key determinants of treatment failure may be the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) that escape currently available therapies. CSCs form a small portion of the total tumor burden but may play a disproportionately important role in determining outcomes. CSCs have stem features such as self-renewal, high migration capacity, drug resistance, high proliferation abilities. A large body of evidence points to the fact that CSCs are particularly resistant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In HNSCC, CSCs have been increasingly shown to have an integral role in tumor initiation, disease progression, metastasis and treatment resistance. In the light of such observations, the present review summarizes biological characteristics of CSCs in HNSCC, outlines targeted strategies for the successful eradication of CSCs in HNSCC including targeting the self-renewal controlling pathways, blocking epithelial mesenchymal transition, niche targeting, immunotherapy approaches and highlights the need to better understand CSCs biology for new treatments modalities.
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45
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Cancer stem cells in human digestive tract malignancies. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:7-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4155-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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46
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Seino S, Shigeishi H, Hashikata M, Higashikawa K, Tobiume K, Uetsuki R, Ishida Y, Sasaki K, Naruse T, Rahman MZ, Ono S, Simasue H, Ohta K, Sugiyama M, Takechi M. CD44high
/ALDH1high
head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells exhibit mesenchymal characteristics and GSK3β-dependent cancer stem cell properties. J Oral Pathol Med 2015; 45:180-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Seino
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima Japan
| | - Hideo Shigeishi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima Japan
| | - Miho Hashikata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima Japan
| | - Koichiro Higashikawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima Japan
| | - Kei Tobiume
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima Japan
| | - Ryo Uetsuki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima Japan
| | - Yoko Ishida
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima Japan
| | - Kazuki Sasaki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima Japan
| | - Takako Naruse
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima Japan
| | - Mohammad Zeshaan Rahman
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima Japan
| | - Shigehiro Ono
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima Japan
| | - Hiroshi Simasue
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima Japan
| | - Kouji Ohta
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima Japan
| | - Masaru Sugiyama
- Department of Public Oral Health; Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima Japan
| | - Masaaki Takechi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima Japan
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Sapkota D, Bruland O, Parajuli H, Osman TA, Teh MT, Johannessen AC, Costea DE. S100A16 promotes differentiation and contributes to a less aggressive tumor phenotype in oral squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:631. [PMID: 26353754 PMCID: PMC4564982 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1622-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Altered expression of S100A16 has been reported in human cancers, but its biological role in tumorigenesis is not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the clinical significance and functional role of S100A16 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) suppression. Methods S100A16 mRNA and/or protein levels were examined by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry in whole- and laser microdissected-specimens of normal human oral mucosa (NHOM, n = 65), oral dysplastic lesions (ODL, n = 21), OSCCs (n = 132) and positive cervical nodes (n = 17). S100A16 protein expression in OSCC was examined for correlations with clinicopathological variables and patient survival. S100A16 was over-expressed and knocked-down in OSCC-derived (CaLH3 and H357) cells by employing retroviral constructs to investigate its effects on cell proliferation, sphere formation and three dimensional (3D)-organotypic invasive abilities in vitro and tumorigenesis in a mouse xenograft model. Results Both S100A16 mRNA and protein levels were found to be progressively down-regulated from NHOM to ODL and OSCC. Low S100A16 protein levels in OSCC significantly correlated with reduced 10-year overall survival and poor tumor differentiation. Analysis of two external OSCC microarray datasets showed a positive correlation between the mRNA expression levels of S100A16 and keratinocyte differentiation markers. CaLH3 and H357 cell fractions enriched for differentiated cells either by lack of adherence to collagen IV or FACS sorting for low p75NTR expression expressed significantly higher S100A16 mRNA levels than the subpopulations enriched for less differentiated cells. Corroborating these findings, retroviral mediated S100A16 over-expression and knock-down in CaLH3 and H357 cells led to respective up- and down-regulation of differentiation markers. In vitro functional studies showed significant reduction in cell proliferation, sphere formation and 3D-invasive abilities of CaLH3 and H357 cells upon S100A16 over-expression. These functional effects were associated with concomitant down-regulation of self-renewal (Bmi-1 and Oct 4A) and invasion related (MMP1 and MMP9) molecules. S100A16 over-expression also suppressed tumorigenesis of H357 cells in a mouse xenograft model and the resulting tumor xenografts displayed features/expression of increased differentiation and reduced proliferation/self-renewal. Conclusions These results indicate that S100A16 is a differentiation promoting protein and might function as a tumor suppressor in OSCC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1622-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Sapkota
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Gade Laboratory for Pathology, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021, Bergen, Norway. .,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, N-5021, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Ove Bruland
- Center of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, N-5021, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Himalaya Parajuli
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Gade Laboratory for Pathology, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021, Bergen, Norway. .,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, N-5021, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Tarig A Osman
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Gade Laboratory for Pathology, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021, Bergen, Norway. .,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, N-5021, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Muy-Teck Teh
- Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, England, UK.
| | - Anne C Johannessen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Gade Laboratory for Pathology, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021, Bergen, Norway. .,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, N-5021, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Daniela Elena Costea
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Gade Laboratory for Pathology, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021, Bergen, Norway. .,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, N-5021, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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48
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Goodspeed A, Heiser LM, Gray JW, Costello JC. Tumor-Derived Cell Lines as Molecular Models of Cancer Pharmacogenomics. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 14:3-13. [PMID: 26248648 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-15-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Compared with normal cells, tumor cells have undergone an array of genetic and epigenetic alterations. Often, these changes underlie cancer development, progression, and drug resistance, so the utility of model systems rests on their ability to recapitulate the genomic aberrations observed in primary tumors. Tumor-derived cell lines have long been used to study the underlying biologic processes in cancer, as well as screening platforms for discovering and evaluating the efficacy of anticancer therapeutics. Multiple -omic measurements across more than a thousand cancer cell lines have been produced following advances in high-throughput technologies and multigroup collaborative projects. These data complement the large, international cancer genomic sequencing efforts to characterize patient tumors, such as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC). Given the scope and scale of data that have been generated, researchers are now in a position to evaluate the similarities and differences that exist in genomic features between cell lines and patient samples. As pharmacogenomics models, cell lines offer the advantages of being easily grown, relatively inexpensive, and amenable to high-throughput testing of therapeutic agents. Data generated from cell lines can then be used to link cellular drug response to genomic features, where the ultimate goal is to build predictive signatures of patient outcome. This review highlights the recent work that has compared -omic profiles of cell lines with primary tumors, and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of cancer cell lines as pharmacogenomic models of anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Goodspeed
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Laura M Heiser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Joe W Gray
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - James C Costello
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado. University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
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49
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Mannelli G, Magnelli L, Deganello A, Busoni M, Meccariello G, Parrinello G, Gallo O. Detection of putative stem cell markers, CD44/CD133, in primary and lymph node metastases in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. A preliminary immunohistochemical andin vitrostudy. Clin Otolaryngol 2015; 40:312-20. [DOI: 10.1111/coa.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Mannelli
- First Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; University of Florence; Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi; Florence Italy
| | - L. Magnelli
- Department of Sperimental Pathology and Oncology Medical School; University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - A. Deganello
- First Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; University of Florence; Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi; Florence Italy
| | - M. Busoni
- First Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; University of Florence; Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi; Florence Italy
| | - G. Meccariello
- First Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; University of Florence; Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi; Florence Italy
| | - G. Parrinello
- First Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; University of Florence; Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi; Florence Italy
| | - O. Gallo
- First Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; University of Florence; Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi; Florence Italy
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50
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Kadletz L, Heiduschka G, Domayer J, Schmid R, Enzenhofer E, Thurnher D. Evaluation of spheroid head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell models in comparison to monolayer cultures. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:1281-1286. [PMID: 26622664 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cell culture models are the most common method used to investigate tumor cells in vitro. In the few last decades, a multicellular spheroid model has gained attention due to its adjacency to tumors in vivo. The aim of the present study was to investigate immunohistochemical differences between these two cell culture systems. The FaDu, CAL27 and SCC25 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines were seeded out in monolayer and multicellular spheroids. The FaDu and SCC25 cells were treated with increasing doses of cisplatin and irradiation. CAL27 cells were not used in theproliferation experiments, since the spheroids of CAL27 cells were not able to process the reagent in CCK-8 assays. Furthermore, they were stained to present alterations of the following antigens: Ki-67, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, epithelial growth factor and survivin. Differences in growth rates and expression patterns were detected in certain HNSCC cell lines. The proliferation rates showed a significant divergence of cells grown in the three-dimensional model compared with cells grown in the 2D model. Overall, multicellular spheroids are a promising method to reproduce the immunohistochemical aspects and characteristics of tumor cells, and may show different response rates to therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Kadletz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Gregor Heiduschka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Julian Domayer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Rainer Schmid
- Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Enzenhofer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Dietmar Thurnher
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
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