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Jakobsen S, Nielsen CU. Exploring Amino Acid Transporters as Therapeutic Targets for Cancer: An Examination of Inhibitor Structures, Selectivity Issues, and Discovery Approaches. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:197. [PMID: 38399253 PMCID: PMC10893028 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Amino acid transporters are abundant amongst the solute carrier family and have an important role in facilitating the transfer of amino acids across cell membranes. Because of their impact on cell nutrient distribution, they also appear to have an important role in the growth and development of cancer. Naturally, this has made amino acid transporters a novel target of interest for the development of new anticancer drugs. Many attempts have been made to develop inhibitors of amino acid transporters to slow down cancer cell growth, and some have even reached clinical trials. The purpose of this review is to help organize the available information on the efforts to discover amino acid transporter inhibitors by focusing on the amino acid transporters ASCT2 (SLC1A5), LAT1 (SLC7A5), xCT (SLC7A11), SNAT1 (SLC38A1), SNAT2 (SLC38A2), and PAT1 (SLC36A1). We discuss the function of the transporters, their implication in cancer, their known inhibitors, issues regarding selective inhibitors, and the efforts and strategies of discovering inhibitors. The goal is to encourage researchers to continue the search and development within the field of cancer treatment research targeting amino acid transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Jakobsen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Carsten Uhd Nielsen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
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2
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Sapkota D, Wang D, Schreurs O, Vallenari EM, Pandey Dhakal S, Küntziger T, Toközlü BS, Utheim TP, Chaudhry FA. Investigation of Roles of SLC38A1 in Proliferation and Differentiation of Mouse Tongue Epithelium and Expression in Human Oral Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:405. [PMID: 38254895 PMCID: PMC10814082 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The aerobic glycolytic pathway, boosting lactate formation, and glutamine addiction are two hallmarks of cancer pathophysiology. Consistent with this, several cell membrane glutamine transporters, belonging to different solute carrier (SLC) families, have been shown to be upregulated in a cell-specific manner to furnish the cells with glutamine and glutamine-derived metabolic intermediates. Among them, the system A transporter Slc38a1 has a higher affinity for glutamine compared to other SLC transporters, and it undergoes highly multifaceted regulation at gene and protein levels. The current study aimed to investigate the functional role of Slc38a1 in the proliferation and maturation of the mouse tongue epithelium. Secondly, we aimed to examine the expression of SLC38A1 and its regulation in human tongue oral squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC). Employing Slc38a1 wild-type and knockout mice, we showed that Slc38a1 was not directly linked to the regulation of the proliferation and differentiation of the mouse tongue epithelium. External transcriptomic datasets and Western blot analyses showed upregulation of SLC38A1 mRNA/protein in human OTSCC and oral cancer cell lines as compared to the corresponding controls. Further, an investigation of external datasets indicated that mechanisms other than the amplification of the SLC38A1 chromosomal locus or hypomethylation of the SLC38A1 promoter region might be important for the upregulation of SLC38A1 in OTSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Sapkota
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Daxin Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Olaf Schreurs
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Evan M. Vallenari
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sushma Pandey Dhakal
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Küntziger
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Burcu Sengüven Toközlü
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara 06510, Turkey
| | - Tor Paaske Utheim
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Farrukh Abbas Chaudhry
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
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3
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Fan S, Li L, Xian X, Liu L, Gao J, Li W. Ceftriaxone regulates glutamate production and vesicular assembly in presynaptic terminals through GLT-1 in APP/PS1 mice. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 183:107480. [PMID: 34153453 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Perturbations in the glutamate-glutamine cycle and glutamate release from presynaptic terminals have been involved in the development of cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and mouse models. Glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) removes glutamate from the synaptic cleft and transports it into astrocytes, where it is used as substrate for the glutamate-glutamine cycle. Ceftriaxone has been reported to improve cognitive deficits in AD mice by increasing GLT-1 expression, glutamate transformation to glutamine, and glutamine efflux from astrocytes. However, the impact of ceftriaxone on glutamine metabolism in neurons is unknown. The present study aimed to investigate whether ceftriaxone regulated the production and vesicular assembly of glutamate in the presynaptic terminals of neurons and to determine GLT-1 involvement in this process. We used the amyloid precursor protein (APP)/presenilin-1 (PS1) AD mouse model and GLT-1 knockdown APP/PS1 (GLT-1+/-/APP/PS1) mice. The expression levels of sodium-coupled neutral amino-acid transporter 1 (SNAT1) and vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2 (VGLUT1/2) were analyzed by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry staining as well as by Western blotting. Glutaminase activity was assayed by fluorometry. Ceftriaxone treatment significantly increased SNAT1 expression and glutaminase activity in neurons in APP/PS1 mice. Similarly, VGLUT1/2 levels were increased in the presynaptic terminals of APP/PS1 mice treated with ceftriaxone. The deletion of one GLT-1 allele in APP/PS1 mice prevented the ceftriaxone-induced upregulation of SNAT1 and VGLUT1/2 expression, indicating that GLT-1 played an important role in ceftriaxone effect. Based on the role of SNAT1, glutaminase, and VGLUT1/2 in the glutamate-glutamine cycle in neurons, the present results suggested that ceftriaxone improved the production and vesicular assembly of glutamate as a neurotransmitter in presynaptic terminals by acting on GLT-1 in APP/PS1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShuJuan Fan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Li Li
- Central Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang 050000, PR China
| | - XiaoHui Xian
- Department of Pathophysiology, Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China.
| | - LiRong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - JunXia Gao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - WenBin Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China.
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Wang LF, Li TT, Zhang Y, Guo JX, Lu KK, Liu WC. CAND2/PMTR1 Is Required for Melatonin-Conferred Osmotic Stress Tolerance in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4014. [PMID: 33924609 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Osmotic stress severely inhibits plant growth and development, causing huge loss of crop quality and quantity worldwide. Melatonin is an important signaling molecule that generally confers plant increased tolerance to various environmental stresses, however, whether and how melatonin participates in plant osmotic stress response remain elusive. Here, we report that melatonin enhances plant osmotic stress tolerance through increasing ROS-scavenging ability, and melatonin receptor CAND2 plays a key role in melatonin-mediated plant response to osmotic stress. Upon osmotic stress treatment, the expression of melatonin biosynthetic genes including SNAT1, COMT1, and ASMT1 and the accumulation of melatonin are increased in the wild-type plants. The snat1 mutant is defective in osmotic stress-induced melatonin accumulation and thus sensitive to osmotic stress, while exogenous melatonin enhances the tolerance of the wild-type plant and rescues the sensitivity of the snat1 mutant to osmotic stress by upregulating the expression and activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase to repress H2O2 accumulation. Further study showed that the melatonin receptor mutant cand2 exhibits reduced osmotic stress tolerance with increased ROS accumulation, but exogenous melatonin cannot revert its osmotic stress phenotype. Together, our study reveals that CADN2 functions necessarily in melatonin-conferred osmotic stress tolerance by activating ROS-scavenging ability in Arabidopsis.
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Qureshi T, Sørensen C, Berghuis P, Jensen V, Dobszay MB, Farkas T, Dalen KT, Guo C, Hassel B, Utheim TP, Hvalby Ø, Hafting T, Harkany T, Fyhn M, Chaudhry FA. The Glutamine Transporter Slc38a1 Regulates GABAergic Neurotransmission and Synaptic Plasticity. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:5166-5179. [PMID: 31050701 PMCID: PMC6918930 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
GABA signaling sustains fundamental brain functions, from nervous system development to the synchronization of population activity and synaptic plasticity. Despite these pivotal features, molecular determinants underscoring the rapid and cell-autonomous replenishment of the vesicular neurotransmitter GABA and its impact on synaptic plasticity remain elusive. Here, we show that genetic disruption of the glutamine transporter Slc38a1 in mice hampers GABA synthesis, modifies synaptic vesicle morphology in GABAergic presynapses and impairs critical period plasticity. We demonstrate that Slc38a1-mediated glutamine transport regulates vesicular GABA content, induces high-frequency membrane oscillations and shapes cortical processing and plasticity. Taken together, this work shows that Slc38a1 is not merely a transporter accumulating glutamine for metabolic purposes, but a key component regulating several neuronal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayyaba Qureshi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo (UiO), Oslo, Norway
| | - Christina Sørensen
- Department of Biosciences, UiO, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul Berghuis
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vidar Jensen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo (UiO), Oslo, Norway
| | - Marton B Dobszay
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tamás Farkas
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Caiying Guo
- Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - Bjørnar Hassel
- Department of Neurohabilitation, Oslo University Hospital (OUH) and UiO, Norway
| | - Tor Paaske Utheim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, OUH, Norway.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, OUS and UiO, Norway
| | - Øivind Hvalby
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo (UiO), Oslo, Norway
| | - Torkel Hafting
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo (UiO), Oslo, Norway
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Farrukh Abbas Chaudhry
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo (UiO), Oslo, Norway.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, OUS and UiO, Norway
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6
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Bröer S. Amino Acid Transporters as Targets for Cancer Therapy: Why, Where, When, and How. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176156. [PMID: 32859034 PMCID: PMC7503255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acids are indispensable for the growth of cancer cells. This includes essential amino acids, the carbon skeleton of which cannot be synthesized, and conditionally essential amino acids, for which the metabolic demands exceed the capacity to synthesize them. Moreover, amino acids are important signaling molecules regulating metabolic pathways, protein translation, autophagy, defense against reactive oxygen species, and many other functions. Blocking uptake of amino acids into cancer cells is therefore a viable strategy to reduce growth. A number of studies have used genome-wide silencing or knock-out approaches, which cover all known amino acid transporters in a large variety of cancer cell lines. In this review, these studies are interrogated together with other databases to identify vulnerabilities with regard to amino acid transport. Several themes emerge, such as synthetic lethality, reduced redundancy, and selective vulnerability, which can be exploited to stop cancer cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bröer
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2600, Australia
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7
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Qureshi T, Bjørkmo M, Nordengen K, Gundersen V, Utheim TP, Watne LO, Storm-Mathisen J, Hassel B, Chaudhry FA. Slc38a1 Conveys Astroglia-Derived Glutamine into GABAergic Interneurons for Neurotransmitter GABA Synthesis. Cells 2020; 9:E1686. [PMID: 32668809 PMCID: PMC7407890 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
GABA signaling is involved in a wide range of neuronal functions, such as synchronization of action potential firing, synaptic plasticity and neuronal development. Sustained GABA signaling requires efficient mechanisms for the replenishment of the neurotransmitter pool of GABA. The prevailing theory is that exocytotically released GABA may be transported into perisynaptic astroglia and converted to glutamine, which is then shuttled back to the neurons for resynthesis of GABA-i.e., the glutamate/GABA-glutamine (GGG) cycle. However, an unequivocal demonstration of astroglia-to-nerve terminal transport of glutamine and the contribution of astroglia-derived glutamine to neurotransmitter GABA synthesis is lacking. By genetic inactivation of the amino acid transporter Solute carrier 38 member a1 (Slc38a1)-which is enriched on parvalbumin+ GABAergic neurons-and by intraperitoneal injection of radiolabeled acetate (which is metabolized to glutamine in astroglial cells), we show that Slc38a1 mediates import of astroglia-derived glutamine into GABAergic neurons for synthesis of GABA. In brain slices, we demonstrate the role of Slc38a1 for the uptake of glutamine specifically into GABAergic nerve terminals for the synthesis of GABA depending on demand and glutamine supply. Thus, while leaving room for other pathways, our study demonstrates a key role of Slc38a1 for newly formed GABA, in harmony with the existence of a GGG cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayyaba Qureshi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (T.Q.); (M.B.); (K.N.); (V.G.); (J.S.-M.)
| | - Mona Bjørkmo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (T.Q.); (M.B.); (K.N.); (V.G.); (J.S.-M.)
| | - Kaja Nordengen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (T.Q.); (M.B.); (K.N.); (V.G.); (J.S.-M.)
| | - Vidar Gundersen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (T.Q.); (M.B.); (K.N.); (V.G.); (J.S.-M.)
| | - Tor Paaske Utheim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Leiv Otto Watne
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Jon Storm-Mathisen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (T.Q.); (M.B.); (K.N.); (V.G.); (J.S.-M.)
| | - Bjørnar Hassel
- Department of Neurohabilitation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, 0424 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Farrukh Abbas Chaudhry
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (T.Q.); (M.B.); (K.N.); (V.G.); (J.S.-M.)
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway;
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Chiu M, Taurino G, Bianchi MG, Dander E, Fallati A, Giuliani N, D'Amico G, Bussolati O. Functional Consequences of Low Activity of Transport System A for Neutral Amino Acids in Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1899. [PMID: 32164327 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In cultured human fibroblasts, SNAT transporters (System A) account for the accumulation of non-essential neutral amino acids, are adaptively up-regulated upon amino acid deprivation and play a major role in cell volume recovery upon hypertonic stress. No information is instead available on the expression and activity of SNAT transporters in human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC), although they are increasingly investigated for their staminal and immunomodulatory properties and used for several therapeutic applications. The uptake of glutamine and proline, two substrates of SNAT1 and SNAT2 transporters, was measured in primary human MSC and an MSC line. The amino acid analogue MeAIB, a specific substrate of these carriers, has been used to selectively inhibit SNAT-dependent transport of glutamine and, through its sodium-dependent transport, as an indicator of SNAT1/2 activity. SNAT1/2 expression and localization were assessed with RT-PCR and confocal microscopy, respectively. Cell volume was assessed from urea distribution space. In all these experiments, primary human fibroblasts were used as the positive control for SNAT expression and activity. Compared with fibroblasts, MSC have a lower SNAT1 expression and hardly detectable membrane localization of both SNAT1 and SNAT2. Moreover, they exhibit no sodium-dependent MeAIB uptake or MeAIB-inhibitable glutamine transport, and exhibit a lower ability to accumulate glutamine and proline than fibroblasts. MSC exhibited an only marginal increase in MeAIB transport upon amino acid starvation and did not recover cell volume after hypertonic stress. In conclusion, the activity of SNAT transporters is low in human MSC. MSC adaptation to amino acid shortage is expected to rely on intracellular synthesis, given the absence of an effective up-regulation of the SNAT transporters.
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Hwang OJ, Back K. Simultaneous Suppression of Two Distinct Serotonin N-Acetyltransferase Isogenes by RNA Interference Leads to Severe Decreases in Melatonin and Accelerated Seed Deterioration in Rice. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E141. [PMID: 31952365 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT) is the penultimate enzyme in the melatonin biosynthetic pathway, in which serotonin is converted into N-acetylserotonin (NAS) in plants. To date, two SNAT isogenes with low amino acid sequence homologies have been identified. Their single suppression in rice has been reported, but their double suppression in rice has not yet been attempted. Here, we generated double-suppression transgenic rice (snat1+2) using the RNA interference technique. The snat1+2 exhibited retarded seedling growths in conjunction with severe decreases in melatonin compared to wild-types and single-suppression rice plants (snat1 or snat2). The laminar angle was decreased in the snat1+2 rice compared to that of the wild-types and snat1, but was comparable to that of snat2. The reduced germination speed in the snat1+2 was comparable to that of snat2. Seed-aging testing revealed that snat1 was the most severely deteriorated, followed by snat1+2 and snat2, suggesting that melatonin is positively involved in seed longevity.
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Bröer A, Gauthier-Coles G, Rahimi F, van Geldermalsen M, Dorsch D, Wegener A, Holst J, Bröer S. Ablation of the ASCT2 ( SLC1A5) gene encoding a neutral amino acid transporter reveals transporter plasticity and redundancy in cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:4012-4026. [PMID: 30635397 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The neutral amino acid transporter solute carrier family 1 member 5 (SLC1A5 or ASCT2) is overexpressed in many cancers. To identify its roles in tumors, we employed 143B osteosarcoma cells and HCC1806 triple-negative breast cancer cells with or without ASCT2 deletion. ASCT2ko 143B cells grew well in standard culture media, but ASCT2 was required for optimal growth at <0.5 mm glutamine, with tumor spheroid growth and monolayer migration of 143B ASCT2ko cells being strongly impaired at lower glutamine concentrations. However, the ASCT2 deletion did not affect matrix-dependent invasion. ASCT2ko 143B xenografts in nude mice exhibited a slower onset of growth and a higher number of small tumors than ASCT2wt 143B xenografts, but did not differ in average tumor size 25 days after xenotransplantation. ASCT2 deficiency was compensated by increased levels of sodium neutral amino acid transporter 1 (SNAT1 or SLC38A1) and SNAT2 (SLC38A2) in ASCT2ko 143B cells, mediated by a GCN2 EIF2α kinase (GCN2)-dependent pathway, but this compensation was not observed in ASCT2ko HCC1806 cells. Combined SNAT1 silencing and GCN2 inhibition significantly inhibited growth of ASCT2ko HCC1806 cells, but not of ASCT2ko 143B cells. Similarly, pharmacological inhibition of l-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) and GCN2 significantly inhibited growth of ASCT2ko HCC1806 cells, but not of ASCT2ko 143B cells. We conclude that cancer cells with reduced transporter plasticity are more vulnerable to disruption of amino acid homeostasis than cells with a full capacity to up-regulate redundant transporters by an integrated stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Bröer
- From the Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Gregory Gauthier-Coles
- From the Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Farid Rahimi
- From the Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Michelle van Geldermalsen
- Origins of Cancer Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | | | | | - Jeff Holst
- School of Medical Sciences and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Stefan Bröer
- From the Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia,
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11
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Wang M, Liu Y, Fang W, Liu K, Jiao X, Wang Z, Wang J, Zang YS. Increased SNAT1 is a marker of human osteosarcoma and potential therapeutic target. Oncotarget 2017; 8:78930-78939. [PMID: 29108276 PMCID: PMC5668009 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SLC38A1/SNAT1 has been found to play an essential role in human development, but its role in osteosarcoma (OS) has yet to be evaluated. The purpose of this study was to assess the expression of SLC38A1/SNAT1 in patients with OS, and further investigate the mechanisms by which it affects tumor growth and metastasis. Methods Tissue microarray blocks and immunohistochemical studies were carried out to assess the expression of SNAT1 in 165 OS specimens. Its correlation with clinicopathological characteristics was then analyzed. The function of SNAT1 in OS cells was investigated by silencing SNAT1 using SNAT1-shRNA in vitro and in vivo. Results SNAT1 was highly expressed in 85% OS and significantly closely associated with pulmonary metastasis. Patients with high SNAT1 expression survived for shorter periods than those with low SNAT1 expression. Suppression of endogenous SNAT1 led to inhibition of cell proliferation, cell colony formation, and cell migration in vitro, and retarded tumor growth in xenograft models. Silencing SNAT1 reduced expression of MMP9, vimentin, fibronectin, p-Akt, p-mTOR, and VEGF. Conclusions Our results indicated that increased expression of SNAT1 is a common event in OS. SNAT1 played an essential role in the development and progression of osteosarcoma, which may serve as a prognostic and therapeutic marker of OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200070, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200070, China
| | - Wenzheng Fang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200070, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200070, China
| | - Xiaodong Jiao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200070, China
| | - Zhan Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200070, China
| | - Jiejun Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200070, China
| | - Yuan-Sheng Zang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200070, China
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12
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Lee K, Back K. Overexpression of rice serotonin N-acetyltransferase 1 in transgenic rice plants confers resistance to cadmium and senescence and increases grain yield. J Pineal Res 2017; 62. [PMID: 28118490 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
While ectopic overexpression of serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT) in plants has been accomplished using animal SNAT genes, ectopic overexpression of plant SNAT genes in plants has not been investigated. Because the plant SNAT protein differs from that of animals in its subcellular localization and enzyme kinetics, its ectopic overexpression in plants would be expected to give outcomes distinct from those observed from overexpression of animal SNAT genes in transgenic plants. Consistent with our expectations, we found that transgenic rice plants overexpressing rice (Oryza sativa) SNAT1 (OsSNAT1) did not show enhanced seedling growth like that observed in ovine SNAT-overexpressing transgenic rice plants, although both types of plants exhibited increased melatonin levels. OsSNAT1-overexpressing rice plants did show significant resistance to cadmium and senescence stresses relative to wild-type controls. In contrast to tomato, melatonin synthesis in rice seedlings was not induced by selenium and OsSNAT1 transgenic rice plants did not show tolerance to selenium. T2 homozygous OsSNAT1 transgenic rice plants exhibited increased grain yield due to increased panicle number per plant under paddy field conditions. These benefits conferred by ectopic overexpression of OsSNAT1 had not been observed in transgenic rice plants overexpressing ovine SNAT, suggesting that plant SNAT functions differently from animal SNAT in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungjin Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Bioenergy Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Kyoungwhan Back
- Department of Biotechnology, Bioenergy Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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Zhou J, Shen W, He X, Qian J, Liu S, Yu G. Overexpression of Prdx1 in hilar cholangiocarcinoma: a predictor for recurrence and prognosis. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2015; 8:9863-9874. [PMID: 26617696 PMCID: PMC4637781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Prdx1 is an important member of peroxiredoxins (Prdxs) regulating various cellular signaling and differentiation. Prdx1 confers an aggressive survival phenotype of cancer cells and drug-resistance, yet its role in hilar cholangiocarcinoma is not fully investigated. In present study, we detected the expression profile of Prdx1 in 88 hilar cholangiocarcinoma by tissue arrays and immunohistochemistry. Prdx1 level was down-regulated by specific Prdx1-shRNA in vitro and the possible mechanism was investigated. Overexpression of Prdx1 was observed in 53 of 88 cases (60.2%). Prdx1 expression was significantly associated with tumor invasion, nodal metastasis, advanced disease stage. Down-regulation of Prdx1 inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation of QBC939 cells and reduced the level of SNAT1 expression. Patients with Prdx1 overexpression had a shorter disease-free survival and overall survival than those without Prdx1 expression. Multivariate analysis showed that Prdx1 was an independent prognostic factor for patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. The data indicate that Prdx1 may contribute to the development and progression of hilar cholangiocarcinoma, partially through regulating SNAT1 expression, and may be used as a biomarker in predicting the outcome of patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai 200120, China
- Department of Radiology, Changzheng HospitalShanghai 20003, China
| | - Weiwen Shen
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai 200120, China
| | - Xiaojing He
- Department of Oncology, Changzheng HospitalShanghai 200433, China
| | - Jing Qian
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai 200120, China
| | - Shiyuan Liu
- Department of Radiology, Changzheng HospitalShanghai 20003, China
| | - Guanzhen Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai 200120, China
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Solbu TT, Bjørkmo M, Berghuis P, Harkany T, Chaudhry FA. SAT1, A Glutamine Transporter, is Preferentially Expressed in GABAergic Neurons. Front Neuroanat 2010; 4:1. [PMID: 20161990 PMCID: PMC2820376 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.05.001.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Subsets of GABAergic neurons are able to maintain high frequency discharge patterns, which requires efficient replenishment of the releasable pool of GABA. Although glutamine is considered a preferred precursor of GABA, the identity of transporters involved in glutamine uptake by GABAergic neurons remains elusive. Molecular analyses revealed that SAT1 (Slc38a1) features system A characteristics with a preferential affinity for glutamine, and that SAT1 mRNA expression is associated with GABAergic neurons. By generating specific antibodies against SAT1 we show that this glutamine carrier is particularly enriched in GABAergic neurons. Cellular SAT1 distribution resembles that of GAD67, an essential GABA synthesis enzyme, suggesting that SAT1 can be involved in translocating glutamine into GABAergic neurons to facilitate inhibitory neurotransmitter generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Tallak Solbu
- The Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway
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